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The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war which is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups.
The coast off Somalia was considered to be one of the most dangerous waters in the world due to the threat of pirates to finance the war of the rebels .
Started in 2008: Pirates hijacked more than 30 ships in Somalia.
In December 2008 soldiers and warships were sent to demonstrate the safety of ships on the Somali coast. The British and French warships were the first, and then the others followed.

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NATO conducted its first major crisis response operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and was replaced a year later by the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR). SFOR helped to maintain a secure environment and facilitate the country's reconstruction in the wake of the 1992-1995 war.

Highlights

NATO conducted its first major crisis-response operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

NATO implemented the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement, which marked the end of the 1992-1995 war in the country.

The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 and was followed by the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR), which ended in December 2004.

Once NATO had successfully implemented the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement, the European Union (EU) took on NATO's stabilisation role.

NATO maintains a military headquarters in Sarajevo that complements the work of the EU mission and assists, inter alia, in defence reform and counter-terrorism.

Bosnia and Herzegovina became a NATO partner country in December 2006 and is focusing on introducing democratic, institutional and defence reforms, as well as developing practical cooperation in other areas.

More background information

IFOR
The Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in December 1995 with a one-year mandate.

IFOR operated under Chapter VII of the United Nations (UN) Charter, deriving its authority from UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1031 of 15 December 1995. This gave it a mandate not just to maintain peace, but also, where necessary, to enforce it. As such, IFOR was a peace enforcement operation, which was more generally referred to as a peace support operation. This was also the case for SFOR.

IFOR's aim
IFOR aimed to oversee implementation of the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement, the accord ending the Bosnian War. Its main task was to guarantee the end of hostilities and separate the armed forces of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the one hand, and Republika Srpska, on the other.

IFOR in the field
IFOR oversaw the transfer of territory between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, the demarcation of the inter-entity boundary and the removal of heavy weapons into approved cantonment sites.
As the situation on the ground improved, IFOR began providing support to organisations involved in overseeing the implementation of the civilian aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement, including the Office of the High Representative, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the United Nations.
IFOR's goals were essentially completed by the September 1996 elections. As the situation was still potentially unstable and much remained to be accomplished on the civilian side, NATO agreed to deploy a new Stabilisation Force (SFOR) from December 1996.

SFOR
The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) operated under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, deriving its authority from UN Security Council Resolution 1088 of 12 December 1996. As was the case for IFOR, it was a peace enforcement operation that was more generally referred to as a peace support operation.

SFOR's aim
SFOR's primary task was to contribute to a safe and secure environment conducive to civil and political reconstruction.
Specifically, SFOR was tasked to deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities; to promote a climate in which the peace process could continue to move forward; and, to provide selective support within its means and capabilities to civilian organisations involved in this process.

SFOR in the field
SFOR's activities ranged from patrolling and providing area security through supporting defence reform and supervising de-mining operations, to arresting individuals indicted for war crimes and assisting the return of refugees and displaced people to their homes.

Keeping the peace
SFOR troops carried out regular patrols throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina to maintain a secure environment. Multinational specialised units were deployed to deal with instances of unrest.

SFOR also collected and destroyed unregistered weapons and ordnance in private hands, in order to contribute to the overall safety of the population and to build confidence in the peace process. In 2003 alone, SFOR disposed of more than 11,000 weapons and 45,000 grenades.

SFOR was also one of several organisations involved in de-mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO forces carried out some de-mining themselves and helped to set up de-mining schools in Banja Luka, Mostar and Travnik. They also helped to establish a sniffer dog training school in Bihac.

Furthermore, SFOR had Multinational Specialised Units (MSU) that assisted the EU Police Mission (EUPM). The EUPM is responsible for helping the Bosnian authorities develop local police forces that meet the highest European and international standards, through monitoring, mentoring and inspecting police managerial and operational capacities.
Reforming defence establishments
A key aspect of SFOR's work in Bosnia and Herzegovina concerned reform of the country's defence structures, which had been divided into three rival ethnic groups at the end of hostilities.

Within the framework of a Defence Reform Commission, both SFOR and NATO worked to help Bosnia and Herzegovina build a unified command and control structure and to develop joint doctrine and standards for training and equipment that are compatible with NATO and Partnership for Peace (PfP) norms. In March 2004, a state-level defence minister brought the country's two separate armies under a single command structure.

NATO's military headquarters in Sarajevo has a leadership role in the Defence Reform Commission and is continuing to work on defence reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Arresting war crimes suspects
Although the apprehension of indicted war criminals was officially the responsibility of the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO forces were instrumental in most arrests that have taken place. In total, SFOR brought 39 war crimes suspects to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague (ICTY). SFOR also provided security and logistical support to ICTY investigative teams as well as surveillance of and ground patrolling around alleged mass graves.
Contributing to reconstruction
In addition to helping other organisations working on Bosnia and Herzegovina's reconstruction, SFOR launched its own Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) projects in areas such as structural engineering and transportation.

SFOR participated in the maintenance and repair of roads and railways in collaboration with the local authorities and other international agencies. This work has been critical to providing freedom of movement throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina.

As for all NATO operations, political control and coordination are provided by the North Atlantic Council (NAC), NATO's senior political decision-making body. Strategic command and control is exercised by NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium.
Command of IFOR
Admiral Leighton Smith commanded IFOR (COMIFOR) from the start of the operation on 20 December 1995 until 31 July 1996. Admiral T. Joseph Lopez then took command until 7 November 1996, followed by General William Crouch from 7 November 1996 to 20 December 1996.

The COMIFOR was based at operational headquarters in Zagreb, Croatia. Lieutenant General Michael Walker, Commander Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (COMARRC) acted as Commander for IFOR's land component throughout the operation.
Command of SFOR
Following the hand-over to SFOR in December 1996, the command structure, as directed by the North Atlantic Council (NAC), was broadened to include a deputy SFOR commander, a deputy operational commander and divisional commanders at the head of each Multinational Task Force (MNTF) (1,800 - 2,000 troops).

This structure comprised 300 staff at HQSFOR at Camp Butmir in Sarajevo, led by the Commander of SFOR (COMSFOR) and three MNTFs working in different areas:

MNTF-North (MNTF-N) based in Tuzla;

MNTF-Southeast (MNTF-SE) based in Mostar; and

MNTF-Northwest (MTNF-NW) based in Banja Luka.

Restructuring of SFOR
The NAC reviewed SFOR periodically at six monthly junctures to assess the force's effectiveness.

On 25 October 1999, the NAC, based upon the improved security situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reduced and restructured SFOR. Headquarters remained at Camp Butmir in Sarajevo but MNTFs were reduced in size from divisions to brigades. Each MNTF still retained individual brigade commanders. In addition a Tactical Reserve Force of 1,000 battle-ready troops was created.

As was the case with IFOR, every NATO member with armed forces committed troops to SFOR. Iceland, the only NATO country without armed forces, provided medical personnel. Non-NATO contributors at the time were: Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia (which all became NATO members), Austria, Argentina, Finland, Ireland, Morocco, Russia, and Sweden; and by special arrangement with the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. All forces incorporated into SFOR came under the command of COMSFOR and the NAC.
Commanders of SFOR - COMSFOR

A four-year war started in Bosnia and Herzegovina when Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia (known at the time as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia) broke up at the end of the Cold War.

NATO's involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina began in 1992. In June of that year, NATO foreign ministers stated that, on a case-by-case basis, the Alliance would support peacekeeping activities under the responsibility of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (subsequently renamed the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). A month later, in July 1992, NATO began monitoring operations in the Adriatic in support of the UNSCR 713 and 757 imposing an arms embargo and sanctions in the former Yugoslavia.

By October 1992, NATO AWACS surveillance aircraft were monitoring operations in support of UNSCR 781, imposing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. And in November, NATO and the Western European Union began to enforce the sanctions and embargo imposed by UNSCR 787. By the end of the year, NATO declared that it stood ready to support peacekeeping operations under the authority of the United Nations.
NATO's first ever military engagement
After the United Nations authorised the enforcement of a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO began Operation Deny Flight in April 1993. On 28 February 1994, four warplanes violating the no-fly zone were shot down by NATO aircraft in the Alliance's first military engagement.

At the request of the United Nations, NATO provided close air support to the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) on the ground and carried out air strikes to protect UN-designated safe havens. Air strikes were conducted against targets such as tanks, ammunition depots and air defence radars.

NATO's air operations against Bosnian Serb positions in August and September 1995 helped pave the way for a comprehensive peace agreement. The operation, Deliberate Force, lasted for 12 days and helped shift the balance of power between parties on the ground. It also helped persuade the Bosnian Serb leadership that the benefits of negotiating a peace agreement outweighed those of continuing to wage war.

On 14 December 1995, after negotiations in Dayton, Ohio, the General Framework Agreement for Peace was signed in Paris, France. The Dayton Peace Agreement establishes Bosnia and Herzegovina as a single, democratic and multi-ethnic state with two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska.
And the first major crisis response operation
IFOR was the Alliance's first major crisis response operation. It was set up to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement, when NATO took over responsibility for military operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina from UNPROFOR. IFOR's goals were essentially completed by the September 1996 elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, as the situation was still potentially unstable and much remained to be accomplished on the civilian side, NATO agreed to deploy a new Stabilisation Force (SFOR) from December 1996.
Mission hand-over to the European Union
At their Istanbul Summit in June 2004, NATO leaders decided to bring SFOR to a conclusion by the end of the year as a result of the improved security situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider region.

The SFOR mission was officially ended on 2 December 2004. In its place, a European Union-led force is deployed, known as Operation Althea. The Alliance is providing planning, logistic and command support for the EU mission, in the framework of a package of agreements known as "Berlin Plus". These agreements provide the overall framework for NATO-EU cooperation.
NATO Headquarters Sarajevo
The primary role of this NATO Military Liaison and Advisory Mission (NATO HQ Sarajevo) is to assist Bosnia and Herzegovina in reforming its defence structures. It also aims to help the country meet requirements for its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme.

NATO HQ Sarajevo undertakes certain operational tasks such as counter-terrorism while ensuring force protection, support to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, with the detention of persons indicted for war crimes, and intelligence-sharing with the European Union. In sum, NATO HQ Sarajevo complements the work of the EU mission with specific competencies.

Contributing countries

Over the course of these missions, a total of 36 Allied and partner countries contributed troops. In addition, soldiers from five countries that were neither NATO members nor Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries participated at different times, namely Argentina, Australia, Chile, Malaysia and New Zealand.
Troop numbers

IFOR
IFOR was a 60,000-strong force that was deployed for one year.

SFOR
SFOR originally comprised 31,000 troops. By early 2001, they had been reduced to 19,000 and, in spring 2002, the decision was taken to reduce troops to 12,000 by end 2002. By 2004, they totalled 7,000.

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bosnia and herzegovina - peace operation

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Peace support operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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NATO conducted its first major crisis response operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed in December 1995 to implement the military aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement and was replaced a year later by the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR).

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Operation Atalanta, formally European Union  Naval Force(EU NAVFOR) Somalia, is a current counter-piracy military operation at sea off the Horn of Africa and in the Western Indian Ocean, that is the first naval operation conducted by the EU. The operational headquarters is currently located at the Spanish Operation Headquarters (ESOHQ) at Naval Station Rota (NAVSTA Rota) in Spain.
Date
8 December 2008-present
(12 years, 11 months)
Aims
It is part of a larger global action by the EU to prevent and combat acts of piracy in the Indien Ocean, and it is the first EU naval operation to be launched.

Under EU Council Joint Action 851, which is based on various UN resolutions, Operation ATALANTA:

Protects vessels of the World Food Programme (WFP), African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and other vulnerable shipping;

Deters and disrupts piracy and armed robbery at sea;

Monitors fishing activities off the coast of Somalia;

Supports other EU missions and international organisations working to strengthen maritime security and capacity in the region.

Costs
5,1 Mio (2019)

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The idea of fighting against piracy at the coast of Somalia is good but it is not enough to only fight against it on the sea. The UN should mediate between the parties in Somalia to fight the reasons for piracy and not only its symptoms.

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NATO and Libya : Operation Unified Protector

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Press briefing on Libya by Oana Lungescu, the NATO Spokesperson and Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard, Commander of the military operation Unified Protector

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Following the Qadhafi regime's targeting of civilians in February 2011, NATO answered the United Nations' (UN) call to the international community to protect the Libyan people. In March 2011, a coalition of NATO Allies and partners began enforcing an arms embargo, maintaining a no-fly zone and protecting civilians and civilian populated areas from attack or the threat of attack in Libya under Operation Unified Protector (OUP). OUP successfully concluded on 31 October 2011.

In February 2011, a peaceful protest in Benghazi in eastern Libya against the 42-year rule of Colonel Muammar Qadhafi met with violent repression, claiming the lives of dozens of protestors in a few days. As demonstrations spread beyond Benghazi, the number of victims grew. In response, the United Nations Security Council (UNSCR) adopted Resolution 1970 on 26 February 2011, which expressed "grave concern" over the situation in Libya and imposed an arms embargo on the country.

Following the adoption of Resolution 1970 and with growing international concern over the Libyan crisis, NATO stepped up its surveillance operations in the Mediterranean on 8 March 2011. The Alliance deployed Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft to the area to provide round-the-clock observation. These "eyes-in-the-sky" gave NATO detailed information about movements in Libyan airspace. Two days later the Alliance moved ships from current NATO assets, as well as ships made available by NATO nations for the mission, to the Mediterranean Sea to boost the monitoring effort.

After the situation in Libya further deteriorated, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973 on 17 March 2011. The resolution condemned the "gross and systematic violation of human rights, including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, torture and summary executions." It also introduced active measures, including a no-fly zone, and authorized member states, acting as appropriate through regional organizations, to use "all necessary measures" to protect Libyan civilians and civilian populated areas.

With the adoption of UNSCR 1973, several UN member states took immediate military action to protect civilians under Operation Odyssey Dawn. This operation, which was not under the command and control of NATO, was conducted by a multinational coalition led by the United States.

Responding to the United Nations' call

On 22 March 2011, NATO responded to the UN's call to prevent the supply of "arms and related materials" to Libya by agreeing to launch an operation to enforce the arms embargo against the country. The next day, NATO ships operating in the Mediterranean began cutting off the flow of weapons and mercenaries to Libya by sea. NATO maritime assets stopped and searched any vessel they suspected of carrying arms, related materials or mercenaries to or from Libya.

In support of UNSCR 1973, NATO then agreed to enforce the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya on 24 March 2011.The resolution banned all flights into Libyan airspace to protect civilian-populated areas from air attacks, with the exception of flights used for humanitarian and aid purposes.

The Alliance took sole command and control of the international military effort for Libya on 31 March 2011. NATO air and sea assets began to take military actions to protect civilians and civilian populated areas. Throughout the crisis, the Alliance consulted closely with the UN, the League of Arab States and other international partners.

Commitment to protecting the Libyan people

The Alliance's decision to undertake military action was based on three clear principles: a sound legal basis, strong regional support and a demonstrable need. By the end of March 2011, OUP had three distinct components:

Enforcing an arms embargo in the Mediterranean Sea to prevent the transfer of arms, related materials and mercenaries to Libya

Enforcing a no-fly zone to prevent aircrafts from bombing civilian targets

Conducting air and naval strikes against military forces involved in attacks or threatening to attack Libyan civilians and civilian populated areas

During a meeting in Berlin on 14 April 2011, foreign ministers from NATO Allies and non-NATO partners agreed to continue OUP until all attacks on civilians and civilian populated areas ended, the Qadhafi regime withdrew all military and para-military forces to bases, and the regime permitted immediate, full, safe and unhindered access to humanitarian aid for the Libyan people.

On 8 June 2011, NATO defence ministers met in Brussels and agreed to keep pressure on the Qadhafi regime for as long as it took to end the crisis, reaffirming the goals laid out by the foreign ministers.

Following the liberation of Tripoli on 22 August by opposition forces, the Secretary General reaffirmed both NATO's commitment to protect the Libyan people and its desire that the Libyan people decide their future in freedom and in peace.

International heads of state and government further reiterated this commitment during a "Friends of Libya" meeting in Paris on 1 September.

On 16 September, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2009, which unanimously reasserted NATO's mandate to protect civilians in Libya. The new resolution also established a United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).

Ending the mission

As NATO air strikes helped to gradually degrade the Qadhafi regime's ability to target civilians, NATO defence ministers met in Brussels on 6 October and discussed the prospects of ending OUP. Ministers confirmed their commitment to protect the people of Libya for as long as threats persisted, but to end the mission as soon as conditions permitted. The NATO Secretary General also pledged to coordinate the termination of operations with the UN and the new Libyan authorities.

A day after opposition forces captured the last Qadhafi regime stronghold of Sirte and the death of Colonel Qadhafi on 20 October 2011, the North Atlantic Council took the preliminary decision to end OUP at the end of the month. During that transition period, NATO continued to monitor the situation and retained the capacity to respond to threats to civilians, if needed.

A week later, the North Atlantic Council confirmed the decision to end OUP. On 31 October 2011 at midnight Libyan time, a NATO AWACS concluded the last sortie; 222 days after the operation began. The next day, NATO maritime assets left Libyan waters for their home ports.
Although NATO's operational role regarding Libya is finished, the Alliance stands ready to assist Libya in areas where it could provide added value, such as in the area of defence and security sector reforms, if requested to do so by the new Libyan authorities.

NATO's North Atlantic Council (NAC) in Brussels, Belgium exercised overall political direction of OUP, while Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium, carried out NAC decisions with military implementations through Joint Force Command (JFC) Naples.

Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard was the overall operational commander of the Combined Joint Task Force Unified Protector. Under his leadership, NATO Maritime Command Naples directed naval operations in support of OUP. Although NATO's Air Command Headquarters for Southern Europe, in Izmir, Turkey (AC Izmir) managed air operations, the air campaign itself was conducted from NATO's Combined Air Operations Centre Poggio Renatico in Italy. For this reason, major elements of AC Izmir were moved during the course of the OUP.

Italian Vice Admiral Rinaldo Veri from NATO Maritime Command Naples led the maritime arms embargo, while Rear Admiral Filippo Maria Foffi served as the Task Force Commander at sea.

No troops under NATO command were on the ground in Libya at any point during OUP.

During the course of OUP, all Allies participated in the mission, either directly or indirectly, through NATO's command structures and common funding. A number of partner nations supported the operation, including Sweden, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Morocco.

In total, NATO and partner air assets had flown more than 26,000 sorties, an average of 120 sorties per day. Forty-two per cent of the sorties were strike sorties, which damaged or destroyed approximately 6,000 military targets. At its peak, OUP involved more than 8,000 servicemen and women, 21 NATO ships in the Mediterranean and more than 250 aircrafts of all types. By the end of the operation, NATO had conducted over 3,000 hailings at sea and almost 300 boardings for inspection, with 11 vessels denied transit to their next port of call.

In support of humanitarian assistance provided by the UN and nongovernmental organizations, among others, to proceed unhindered, NATO also de-conflicted nearly 4,000 air, sea and ground movements.

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Following the Qadhafi regime's targeting of civilians in February 2011, NATO answered the United Nations' (UN) call to the international community to protect the Libyan people. In March 2011, a coalition of NATO Allies and partners began enforcing an arms embargo, maintaining a no-fly zone and protecting civilians and civilian populated areas from attack or the threat of attack in Libya under Operation Unified Protector (OUP).

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Due to the civil war in libya which got much media attention in spring 2011, many countries were pressured by the public to make moves. Over two weeks long many councils were held in order to find a solution for the Libyan problem.

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Aim:
-enforcement of a no-fly-Zone to prevent bombings on civilians or any other aircraft related attack
- enforcement of arms embargo in the Mediterranean seas, preventing transfer of arms or harmful equipment to reach Libya
- air and naval strikes against known counter nato bases

NATO made its member countries support its aims in any way; e.g. the U.S. supported by stationing F-16 fighter jets and Greece by allowing un membered forces to station at the military base in Souda bay

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NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) is a non-combat mission that aims to strengthen Iraqi security institutions and forces so that they are able to prevent the return of ISIS, fight terrorism and stabilise their country. It was at the NATO Summit in Brussels in July 2018, following a request from the government of Iraq, that Allied Leaders launched this advisory, training and capacity-building mission in Iraq, which was established in October 2018.

NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) is a non-combat advisory, training and capacity-building mission, conducted in full respect of Iraq's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

It was established in Baghdad in October 2018 and currently involves several hundred trainers, advisors and supporting personnel from Allied and partner countries, including Australia, Finland and Sweden.

NMI coordinates with a wide range of other international stakeholders, including the Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh/ISIS, the European Union and the United Nations.

In February 2021, NATO defence ministers agreed to expand NMI, as requested by the Iraqi government.

NMI is designed to help strengthen Iraqi security institutions and forces so that they themselves can prevent the return of ISIS, fight terrorism and stabilise their country.

The mission fully integrates civil and military personnel, and works closely with other international actors on the ground. NMI complements a broader international effort to increase the long-term stability of Iraq and the region. To achieve this, NATO advises relevant Iraqi defence and security officials in their ministry of defence, Office of the National Security Advisor and Prime Minister's National Operations Centre. The mission also advises Iraq's professional military education institutions in the greater Baghdad area. Specific areas of focus include policy and strategy; force generation and development; resource management; Women, Peace and Security; leadership development; and good governance in the security sector.

In February 2021, NATO defence ministers decided to expand the NATO mission, following a request by the Iraqi government. Any expansion of the mission will be incremental, upon Iraqi request, and could include advisory and training activities beyond the greater Baghdad area. It will be based on the requirements and consent of the Iraqi authorities and the conditions on the ground. All activities of NATO Mission Iraq are agreed upon by the Iraqi government and conducted in full respect of Iraq's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

NATO does not deploy its personnel alongside Iraqi forces during combat operations and it only trains members of the Iraqi security forces under direct and effective control of the government of Iraq

NMI acts in coordination and cooperation with partners like the Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh/ISIS, the European Union and the United Nations. Furthermore, the mission integrates gender perspectives throughout its activities, with a gender adviser deployed as part of the senior advisory group.

. In sum, NATO Mission Iraq:

contributes to the fight against terrorism by helping Iraq strengthen its security forces and prevent the re-emergence of ISIS.

advises the Iraqi military education institutions and helps Iraq build a sustainable training capability through a train-the-trainers approach.

advises the Iraqi ministry of defence, the Office of the National Security Advisor, the Prime Minister's National Operations Centre and other relevant national security institutions to build more sustainable, transparent, inclusive and effective security institutions and structures.

instructs on the rule of law, the law of armed conflict, countering corruption, the protection of civilians, children and armed conflict, and the Women, Peace and Security agenda.

is a non-combat mission founded on partnership and inclusivity as well as on full respect for Iraq's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.

NATO Mission Iraq is commanded by Lieutenant-General Michael Lollesgaard (Denmark), who assumed responsibility for this post on 6 May 2021.

NMI falls under the authority of Allied Joint Force Command (JFC) Naples, which is one of NATO's two operational-level commands that stands ready to plan, conduct and sustain NATO operations of differing size and scope across the full spectrum of military response. In addition to managing operations from Naples or from the theatre of operation, JFC Naples also supports Allied Command Operations and NATO Headquarters in various functions such as training personnel and facilitating cooperation with partners.

The mission builds on work previously conducted through other NATO training and capacity-building activities in Iraq. NMI is a new iteration of a long-standing relationship between the Alliance and Iraq, providing expertise and best practice in the reform of security structures, defence institution building, and training and education from the entire Alliance and its partners from all over the world.

From 2004 to 2011, NATO conducted a relatively small but important support operation in Iraq that consisted of training, mentoring and assisting the Iraqi security forces. It was known as the NATO Training Mission in Iraq (NTM-I) and became part of the international effort to help Iraq establish effective and accountable security forces. NTM-I delivered training, advice and mentoring support in a number of different settings. All NATO Allies contributed to the training effort either in or outside of Iraq, through financial contributions or donations of equipment. In parallel and reinforcing this initiative, NATO also worked with the Iraqi government on a structured cooperation framework to develop the Alliance's long-term relationship with Iraq.

In July 2015, in response to a request by the Iraqi government, NATO agreed to provide defence and related security capacity building support. In April 2016, it began conducting a number of "train-the-trainer'' courses in Jordan for Iraqis (more than 350 Iraqi security and military personnel were trained). Then, following a request from the Iraqi prime minister, at the Warsaw Summit in July 2016, NATO Leaders agreed to provide NATO training and capacity-building activities to Iraqi security and military forces within Iraq. In January 2017, NATO deployed a modest but scalable Core Team to Baghdad of eight civilian and military personnel, setting up NATO's permanent presence in Iraq. Jordan-based training transferred to Iraq in February 2017. The Core Team coordinated all NATO assistance provided to Iraq in 2017-2018 and laid the foundation for the subsequent establishment of NMI in 2018.

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NATO Mission Iraq (NMI) is a non-combat mission that aims to strengthen Iraqi security institutions and forces so that they are able to prevent the return of ISIS, fight terrorism and stabilise their country.

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BACKGROUND                                                 

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BACKGROUND                                                 

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• established in the capital of Iraq in Baghdad in October 2018
• partner countries like Australia, Finland and Sweden are involved
• coordinates with other international stakeholders, including Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh/IS
• NATO defence ministers agreed to expand NMI, as requested by the Iraqi government in February 2021

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• Short Form: NMI
• NMI is a non-combat advisory, training and capacity-building mission
• designed to help Iraq strengthen its security
• forces and prevent the re-emergence of IS
• fight terrorism/ stabilise their Country
• countering corruption
•Protection of civilians/chirldren, armed conflict and the Women, Peace and Security agenda

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NATO Air Policing is a peacetime mission, which aims to preserve the security of Alliance airspace. It is a collective task and involves the continuous presence - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year - of fighter aircraft and crews, which are ready to react quickly to possible airspace violations.
More background information The air policing mission
Safeguarding the integrity of Alliance members' sovereign airspace is a permanent peacetime task contributing to NATO's collective defence. It is a clear sign of cohesion, shared responsibility and solidarity across the Alliance. Moreover, NATO Air Policing forces also provide support to civilian aircraft in distress - for example, when they have lost communication with air traffic control.

The NATO Air Policing mission is carried out using the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence System (NATINAMDS). The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) has the overall responsibility for the conduct of the NATO Air Policing mission.

Allied Air Command (AIRCOM), headquartered at Ramstein, Germany, oversees the NATO Air Policing mission with 24/7 command and control from two Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOCs): one in Torrejon, Spain, which covers European NATO airspace south of the Alps, and one in Uedem, Germany covering the north. When an interception is required - in the case of airspace violations, suspicious air activity close to the Alliance's borders or other kinds of unsafe air traffic that does not adhere to international air safety norms - the relevant CAOC decides which Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) interceptor aircraft will be scrambled (i.e. tasked to react within minutes) according to the location of the incident.

Established in 1961 during the Cold War, NATO Air Policing has been an integral part of NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence (IAMD) for 60 years. On duty 24/7/365, NATO Air Policing is a constant in a rapidly changing security environment, giving NATO the capability to preserve the integrity of Alliance airspace in peacetime.
Regional assistance
NATO member countries provide the necessary aircraft and assets for the air policing of their own airspace, under SACEUR direction. Those countries without the necessary means to do so are assisted by other NATO members to preserve the integrity of their sovereign airspace. NATO currently oversees five regional air policing missions.
Baltic States
NATO has been protecting the Baltic skies since 2004, when Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania joined the Alliance. NATO member countries that possess an air policing capability voluntarily contribute to the NATO Air Policing mission in the Baltic States and this responsibility is rotated every four months. The capability for the mission in the Baltic States was established by the deployment of NATO fighter aircraft to Šiauliai Air Base in Lithuania. Since 2014, NATO has also been using Ämari Air Base in Estonia for the deployment of additional air policing assets.
Enhanced Air Policing
To enhance air policing along NATO's eastern borders, Allies are providing additional assets that supplement existing capabilities in the Baltic States and Poland. In parallel, Allies also send detachments of fighters to augment the national air policing capabilities of the Bulgarian and Romanian air forces.
Western Balkans
Slovenia's airspace is permanently covered by Hungary and Italy, while Albania and Montenegro are covered by Greece and Italy. NATO Air Policing support to the newest NATO Ally, North Macedonia, is provided by Italy.

In 2006, the United States ended its permanent air policing mission over Iceland. The US mission was replaced by a system whereby Allies periodically deploy fighter aircraft to Keflavik Air Base to provide protection of Icelandic airspace. The first deployment under the mission to meet Iceland's Peacetime Preparedness Needs took place in May 2008.

In 2015, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (known collectively as the Benelux countries) signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories. Under the agreement, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces defend the Benelux airspace on a rotational basis. The joint operations started on 1 January 2017.

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NATO Air policing: securing NATO airspace

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NATO Air Policing is a peacetime mission, which aims to preserve the security of Alliance airspace. It is a collective task and involves the continuous presence - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year - of fighter aircraft and crews, which are ready to react quickly to possible airspace violations.

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- NATO Air policing was founded in 1961 during the Cold War
- has been part of the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defense
- NATO air policing always in action
- it´s a constant in rapidly changing security environment, giving NATO the capability to preserve the integrity of Alliance airspace in peacetime

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- responsible to assure safety within the airspace of Nato
- need to be 24h 365 days a year on stand by
- if a suspicious aircraft ( aircraft not following international flight regulations and approaching allies' airspace) appears, Nato airplanes approach and identify it
--> provide safety and assure security
- also Nato nations without the necessary air capabilities get a standard of airspace security
- collective task agreed by all nations

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- important mission to prevent any air attacks

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NATO did well because all these measurements protected europe from economic crisis and other war crimes.

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In conclusion the mission was a failure and destabilised the situation in lybia. The risk and level of provocation was to high. Also in Germany were parties like the linke which protestet against this mission.

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-honorable mission
-good feeling to have the support of other countries