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BLE was split amongst states as in some states taught it in their schools and some did not. The eighteenth-nineteenth century was more actually more tolerant to non-English speakers than what we see today in 2021. Throughout the twentieth century, the historical period, bilingual education was valued less than in the 17-1800's. This could be from America still realizing it was founded by immigrants and appreciating that- and then 100 years later this was forgotten and disregarded up until recently.

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In the US, bilingual education is a type of instruction that involves the use of two or more languages in the school system. This is often done in response to the immigration patterns of the time. Ohio was the first state to officially allow bilingual teaching in public school. Prior to this, English was commonly used in public schools, while other languages were seldom used in private or parochial establishments. The demand for German to be taught in public schools grew as the number of Germans living in the US increased. The goal was to preserve the German language while making it easier for German-speaking speakers to learn. Cincinnati's first bilingual school was founded to aid the large German population.

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As part of a national policy of acculturation, Congress prohibited Native Americans from being taught in their language or using their language. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs wrote, "the first step toward civilization is to teach the Indians the English language." The first Indian boarding school began in 1860, and it was established on the Yakama Indian Reservation in Washington. Reformists Henry Pancoast and Herbert Welsh hoped that these schools would help assimilate Indian tribes into the American way of life. Boarding schools were ideal for Indian youth to absorb the ideologies to make them accept white men's beliefs and value systems. The U.S. operated 60 schools for Indian students in the 1880s. Reservation day schools were relatively inexpensive and could accommodate up to 600 students. The boarding schools were known for their regimentation and intense training.

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The Reconstruction process of this nation after the Civil War gave place to The Fourteenth Amendment. It ensured the rights of all citizens, such as those freed from slavery. It has had a significant impact on education. It applied to public elementary and secondary schools, as they are state actors. Due process is a part of the 14th Amendment that allows states not to deprive people of their rights without due legal process. This area of the Constitution has had a significant impact on the rights of parents to have their children educated in public schools. It required schools to stop segregating students based on race, and it also resulted in all public schools in the country having to desegregate.

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During this period in the United States, there was a shift in attitude of bilingualism and bilingual education. The rise in the number of immigrants to the US during this period was largely linked to restrictive language policy. This issue was also influenced by the increasing fear that foreigners might introduce their own ideas to America. Therefore, there was a rise in English-only schools.

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Many important legislations and court cases regarding BLE and what made BLE into what it is today were started in the early 1900's- the Historical Period. Some of these cases/acts include; The Nationality Act, Brown v. The Board of Education, the Lau Remedies, and Title VII. An important thing to note is that the administration in the White House deeply effects these cases and acts as to what is enacted in congress and what is shot down or not reauthorized.

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Before the Naturalization Act in 1906, schools had a bilingual education system. The number of foreigners coming to the State caused a significant change. This change caused drastic changes in many cultures and forced foreigners to assimilate to the English language. To become a citizen, English needed to be learned to be naturalized. President Theodore Roosevelt passed this law; although this act started in 1790. It has been changing a lot through the years with new ways to become a citizen. A new way of becoming a citizen is through marriage.

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States started to restrict foreign languages thanks to the response xenophobia caused by World War I. Scribner’s refused to publish German titles during the war, and sheet music dealers refused to deal with German songs. German food was also rebranded.  In response, many states and cities banned the use of foreign languages. They told immigrants to adopt English immediately, and they punished those who failed to do so. 32 states outlaw the teaching of German and other schools outlaw teaching of all foreign languages. Iowa Governor William Harding of Iowa told immigrants to speak English immediately. The German language was regarded as a threat to American unity. Linguistic diversity was also replaced by an acceptance of English.

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Robert Meyer was an educator in Nebraska who used a collection of Bible stories to teach his students in German. He was convicted for violating the language law. The Nebraska court ruled that the law was valid and did not violate Meyer's rights. Banning the teaching in a foreign language was enacted due to the nativist sentiment prevalent in World War I. The United States Supreme Court decided that the 1919 Nebraska law, which prohibited teaching a modern foreign language to school children, violates the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. Supreme Court states that proficiency in a foreign language was "not injurious to the health, morals, or understanding of the ordinary child."
Meyer was an essential contributor to the Supreme Court's jurisprudence in cases that addressed the due process rights of citizens.

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The separation of colored and white children in public schools had detrimental effects on colored children. It was usually perceived as denoting the inferiority of colored children. Private schools were mainly used for white children. The education of black students was virtually nonexistent. On 17 May 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its turning point decision in the well-known case of Brown versus Board of Education, which struck down the "separate but equal" principles of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The U.S. Supreme Court decreed that schools may not segregate students based on race. The Court stated that the concept of "separate but equal" was not only wrong but also detrimental to the well-being of African Americans.

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This act was a program for poverty-level minorities and provided these schools with grants. The schools using the grants had to provide students with their first language to create a successful education. There were many disagreements about this act. Some believed there should be a limit of students using their primary language, and others thought their primary language was essential to be established first before introducing English. Lastly, others believe English needs to be the first language they need to learn early. President Ronald Reagan did not support bilingual education programs. He felt that the English language was overlooked because the education system allowed students to learn in their naïve language. Soon after in the 1900s, President Bill Clinton approved bilingual education and used this movement for his campaign. In 1994 along with 1996, Title VII decreased in funds and didn’t prove much in the bilingual programs and training for the teachers.

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During the early 1970s, the San Francisco Unified school district did not provide supplemental English classes to some of its non-English speaking students. The lack of proper and fair instruction for these students led to a lawsuit by a group of students who Kimmon Lau represented.
The U.S. Supreme Court found the practice of not providing linguistically-appropriate materials to be discriminatory. Based on the ruling of Lau v. Nichols, the Lau Remedies are policies and guidelines that guide the education of English-language learners. And the primary purpose of the Lau Remedies was to determine if a school district complied with the law regarding the civil rights of students with limited English ability. They also supplied guidance on developing and implementing adequate educational plans to address civil rights violations. While the number of programs for the LESA students was increasing, many school districts faced various problems. One of these was the issue of accommodating the growing number of LESA students.

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Attached the source from the annotation here in case you have trouble finding it from the citation.

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This English-only movement was mainly seen as a political movement that would make English the official language in the United States. This movement would make English only in the education system along with the government. The first World War reinforced the idea that loyalty was based on language. One prominent supporter of this movement was President Theodore Roosevelt, who claimed that Americans needed English to be the official language because America is not a boarding school. The National Council of Teachers from the National Education Association disagreed with this movement, believed in bilingual education, and felt that it should be for everyone in the United States. Due to the rising of immigration native languages were a necessity for government and education system and the movement never progressed. People viewed language as a right here in the United States and was a necessity to continue.

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President George W. Bush passed the No Child Left Behind Act which provided students to meet reading and math standards in elementary and secondary schools. Its focus is on bilingual students who need more assistance with the English language, also known as LEP (Limited English Proficiency). This ACT anticipated students to reach or be educated in an academic standard to succeed in universities. Bilingual programs were still an option, but with the federal funding, it had some limits to some states. NCLB required educators to meet LEP students’ academic standards when it comes to English development. Along with well-testing programs that were required, see the test scores to evaluate the that were failing to meet the standards for their students.

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Race to the Top was created by President Obama due to the failure to bring back ESEA. This new act offered new opportunities to improve students' and teachers' learning. Race to the Top provided 4.3 billion dollars to states with low-income students but had to restructure their system. The first step was to recreate or enhance standards and assessments. Second, a new data system to keep track of students' progress and teachers' progress. Third, creating a new form of support for teachers and principals to create a better learning environment. Lastly, it causes an increase in low-income schools.

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The Seal of Biliteracy is a critical step toward removing the barriers to bilingual education. It also marks the end of the title Vll bilingual education act and the NCLB's lack of value and recognition of bilingualism. It consists of an accolade given by an academic department or a school district to appreciate students who have accomplished proficiency in English and other world languages by high school graduation. Districts may place a notation on a high school diploma stating that the student has earned the Seal. They encourage students to study languages and acquire the necessary skills to improve their literacy and biliteracy. And to provide employers with the essential tools and methods to identify people with these skills. Some fear that the English Language Seal will benefit wealthy English-speakers rather than those ELLs who have developed higher levels of bilingualism.