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Locations where NT is released - Sympathetic NS

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Locations where NT is released - Sympathetic NS

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ACh - released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings
NE - released at postganglionic nerve endings; released by adrenal medulla and neurons
EPI - released by adrenal medulla
DA - released from brain

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2869681/
https://www.pharmacologyeducation.org/pharmacology/cholinergic-system
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3158615/
Hitner, . Pharmacology: An Introduction with Additional Material. Available from: Yuzu Reader, (8th Edition). McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2021.

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Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist

- acetylcholine

- pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

- bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents

- neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergic

- atropine

- dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine ®)

Adrenergic Agonists

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist

dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventilâ/Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Beta Blocker

Nonselective:

nadolol (Corgard®)

propranolol (Inderol®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

Selective:

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

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6. Drug Classifications for the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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6. Drug Classifications for the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonists: stimulates and binds to muscarinic receptors; mimics acetylcholine
Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agonists: inhibits acetylcholinesterase ; increases amounts of acetylcholine
Anticholinergerics: binds to a cholinergic receptor; acts as a blocking drug

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6. Drug Classifications for the Sympathetic Nervous System

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6. Drug Classifications for the Sympathetic Nervous System

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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists: alpha 1 receptor is stimulated; smooth muscle contracts, blood vessels constrict, increase in BP; vasocontriction of nasal passages
Adrenergic Agonists: all alpha and beta receptors are stimulated; vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increased BP; cardiac stimulant; bronchodialator
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers: bind to alpha 1 receptors and blocks them; relaxes smooth muscle; vasodilation so it decreases BP; increases urine flow by relaxing smooth muscle of ureters
Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists: low doses- stimulates dopamine causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
moderate dose- stimulates beta 1 receptors; increases FOC and cardiac output
high dose- stimulates alpha 1 receptors; causes vasoconstriction which causes BP to increase
Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates beta 2 receptors; bronchodilation, relaxes smooth muscle of uterus
Beta Blockers- Selective: beta 1 receptor is blocked; decreased FOC, decreased cardiac output, decreased heart rate; decreased BP, decreased conduction
Beta Blockers- Non Selective: blocks both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors; decreases FOC, decreases cardiac output, decreases conduction, decrease in BP, bronchoconstriction

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5. The hearts response to neurotransmitters of the ANS

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5. The hearts response to neurotransmitters of the ANS

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Epinephrine increases heart rate, FOC, and AV contraction significantly.
Norepinephrine moderately increases (not as much as EPI)  heart rate, FOC and AV contraction.
Dopamine increases pulse pressure and also increases heart rate.
Acetylcholine causes decreased heart rate, conduction and contractility.

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Muscarinic Receptors: Located on cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
Nicotinic 1 (Nn) Receptors:
Nicotinic 2 (Nm) Receptors: Somatic neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle

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4. Receptors of the SNS with main locations 

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4. Receptors of the SNS with main locations 

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Alpha 1 Receptor: Found on smooth muscle,glands, eyes, most arteries & Veins
Alpha 2 Receptors: Found in the brain
Beta 1 Receptors: Found on the heart
Beta 2 Receptors: Found o smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries and coronary arteries

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3. Locations where neurotransmitters are released 

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3. Locations where neurotransmitters are released 

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ACH is released at ganglia and post ganglionic nerve endings

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3. Locations where neurotransmitters are released

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3. Locations where neurotransmitters are released

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ACH is released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings
NE released at postganglionic nerve endings
EPI is released from the adrenal glands
Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus

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2.Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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2.Neurotransmitters of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Acetylcholine (ACH)

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There are two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System. The Sympathetic Nervous System is also known as the Adrenergic System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System of the ANS also known as the Cholinergic System.

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2.Neurotrasmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous System 

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2.Neurotrasmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous System 

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Acetylcholine (ACH)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine (EPI)
Dopamine (DA)