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- 맡은Part 읽고 단어&표현 정리하기
- 맡은Part의 단어/표현 세 개 이상 게시하기
- 단어가 본문에서 등장하는 순으로 정렬하기
- 수업 시작 전 조별로 앉아서 종 치자마자 토의 시작하기

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A 김예진 석미유 이은주
B 김재민 양지혜 이지예 황병태
C 김정훈 연서진 조성현
D 김주영 이경현 최소예 방승우
E 박대훈 이다은 최윤호 이예은

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"Have you ever been on a trapeze?" That's how Martha, an independent consultant, responded when we asked her to describe her work in the five years since she'd left a global consulting firm to set out on her own. She had recently tried the art, which she saw as a good metaphor for her life: the void she felt when between assignments; the exhilaration of landing the next engagement; the discipline, concentration, and grace that mastering her profession required. Trapeze artists seem to take huge risks, she explained, but a safety system - including nets, equipment, and fellow performers - supports them: "They appear to be on their own, but they're not."

Martha (whose name, like others in this article, has been changed) is part of a burgeoning segment of the workforce loosely known as the gig economy. Approximately 150 million workers in North America and Western Europe have left the relatively stable confines of organizational life - sometimes by choice, sometimes not - to work as independent contractors. Some of this growth reflects the emergence of ride-hailing and task-oriented service platforms, but a recent report by McKinsey found that knowledge-intensive industries and creative occupations are the largest and fastest-growing segments of the freelance economy.

To learn what it takes to be successful in independent work, we recently completed an in-depth study of 65 gig workers. We found remarkably similar sentiments across generations and occupations: All those we studied acknowledged that they felt a host of personal, social, and economic anxieties without the cover and support of a traditional employer - but they also claimed that their independence was a choice and that they would not give up the benefits that came with it. Although they worried about unpredictable schedules and finances, they also felt they had mustered more courage and were leading richer lives than their corporate counterparts.

We discovered that the most effective independent workers navigate this tension with common strategies. They cultivate four types of connections - to place, routines, purpose, and people - that help them endure the emotional ups and downs of their work and gain energy and inspiration from their freedom. As the gig economy grows worldwide, these strategies are increasingly relevant. Indeed, we believe they may also be helpful to any corporate employees who are working more autonomously, from home or a remote office, or who feel they might one day want - or need - to jump into a freelance career.

Produce or Perish

The first thing we realized when we began interviewing independent consultants and artists was that the stakes of independent work are enormously high - not just financially but also existentially. Unshackled from managers and corporate norms, people can choose assignments that make the most of their talents and reflect their true interests. They feel ownership over what they produce and over their entire professional lives. One study participant told us, "I can be the most I've ever been myself in any job."

However, the price of such freedom is a precariousness that seems not to subside over time. Even the most successful, well-established people we interviewed still worry about money and reputation and sometimes feel that their identity is at stake. You can't keep calling yourself a consultant, for example, if clients stop asking for your services. A well-published writer told us, "You become your work. If you write a good book...it's really great, and when you don't achieve it, you have to accept...that failure might define who you are to yourself." An artist agreed: "There's no arriving. That's a myth."

For this reason, productivity is an intense preoccupation for everyone we interviewed. It provides self-expression and an antidote to precariousness. Interestingly, however, the people we talked with aren't just focusing on getting things done and sold. They care about both being at work - having the discipline to regularly generate products or services that find a market - and being into their work: having the courage to stay fully invested in the process and output of that labor.

Sustaining productivity is a constant struggle. Distress and distractions can erode it, and both impediments abound in people's working lives. One executive coach gave a poignant description of an unproductive day: "It's when there is so much to do that I'm disorganized and can't get my act together. [In the evening,] the same e-mails I opened in the morning are still open. The documents I wanted to get done are not done. I got distracted and feel like I wasted time." A day like that, he said, leaves him full of self-doubt.

When we asked interviewees the secret to getting through such days and ultimately sustaining productivity as they defined it, we discovered a paradox at the heart of their answers. They all want to preserve their independence and, in many cases, even their unsettledness (which one consultant described as the key to continued learning and "keeping my edge"), but they also spend a great deal of time developing a "holding environment" - a physical, social, and psychological space for their work.

This concept - first used by the British psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott to describe how attentive caregivers facilitate children's development by buffering them against distress and creating room for experimentation - has since been employed in the field of adult development to refer to conditions in which people can be their best and grow. Corporate employees, of course, can find them with a good boss in a solid organization. But for independent workers, a holding environment is less a gift than an accomplishment; it must be cultivated, and it can be lost.

So they create these environments for themselves by establishing and maintaining what we call "liberating connections" - because they both free people up to be individually creative and bind them to work so that their output doesn't wane.

The Four Connections

Place.

Disconnected from a corporate office, the people we interviewed find places to work that protect them from outside distractions and pressures and help them avoid feeling rootless. Though many claimed their work was portable, they all still seemed to have somewhere to retreat. One writer told us, "People fail because they don't create a space and time to do whatever it is they need to do."

We visited many of these spaces in person and noticed several similarities among them. They feel confined - almost uncomfortably so in the case of some artists. They are used consistently for all substantive work. They allow easy access to the tools of the owner's trade and to little else. And they're dedicated to work; people usually leave them once their daily tasks are done. One software engineer, whose home office has all these features, described it as a "fighter pilot cockpit," where everything he needs is within arm's reach. "Sometimes it's claustrophobic," he explained, but "when I'm there, the open space is in my mind."

Despite these commonalities, each workspace is also unique, with a location, furniture, supplies, and decorations that reflect the idiosyncrasy of its owner's work. These places are not just protective cocoons for the working self - they evoke it, too. Karla, an independent consultant who initially told us she could do work "wherever I show up and am doing something that has positive impact in the world," eventually admitted that her home office is where she goes to avoid distraction and find inspiration, literally surrounded by her current and potential projects, arranged in visible and accessible piles. "When I walk through that door, I step into a space that embraces all the different aspects of myself," she told us. "I feel at home in there." Without that place and the space it gives her, Karla explained, she would probably be too sensitive to external demands and thus less focused and free.

Routines.

In organizations, routines are often associated with safety or boring bureaucracy. However, a growing body of research has shown that elite athletes, scientific geniuses, popular artists, and even everyday workers use routines to enhance focus and performance. The professionals we spoke with tend to rely on them in the same way.

Some routines improve people's workflow: keeping a schedule; following a to-do list; beginning the day with the most challenging work or with a client call; leaving a sentence incomplete in an unfinished manuscript to make an easy start the next day; sweeping the studio floor while reflecting on a new piece. Other routines, usually involving sleep, meditation, nutrition, or exercise, incorporate personal care into people's working lives. Both kinds often have a ritual element that enhances people's sense of order and control in uncertain circumstances.

One consultant we interviewed takes a bath every morning and visualizes what she wants to accomplish while she soaks. Another consultant, Matthew, who specializes in helping boards focus on innovation, keeps a strict daily schedule: "I'm up at 6:00 and there's exercise. I pack my wife's lunch. We pray. She's out the door around 8:00. I'm in my office by 8:30, and I do work where there's deeper thought required - design or writing - in the morning. That's when I'm at my best. Then in the afternoon I schedule phone calls, more of the business or financial things that need to be done." This discipline even extends to his wardrobe: "I always get dressed for the office. Most days in summer I wear shorts when I'm not on the road, but still I shower and shave as if I were going to a workplace separate from home."

That may sound rigid, but it helps Matthew pour himself into his work. He and other successful independent workers seem to follow the advice of the French novelist Gustave Flaubert: "Be regular and orderly in your life...so that you may be violent and original in your work."

Purpose.

For most people in our study, striking out on their own initially involved doing whatever work would allow them to find a footing in the market. But they were adamant that succeeding means taking only work that clearly connects to a broader purpose. All could articulate why their work, or at least their best work - be it to empower women through film, expose harmful marketing practices, sustain the American folk music tradition, or help corporate leaders succeed with integrity - is more than a means of earning a living. Purpose creates a bridge between their personal interests and motivations and a need in the world. Matthew, for example, said that although at first he felt "a certain desperation around having clients and making an income," over time his view of success shifted "to one that is a lot about living a life of service to others and making the planet a better place."

An executive coach we interviewed told us that purpose keeps her steady, inspired, and inspiring. "A big distinction between successful independents and the ones who aren't or go back [to corporate jobs] is getting to that place of knowing what you're meant to do. That gives me resilience for the ups and downs. It gives me the strength to decline work that isn't in alignment. It gives me a quality of authenticity and confidence that clients are drawn to. It's helpful to building or maintaining the business and serving the people I am here to serve."

We found that purpose, like the other connections, both binds and frees people by orienting and elevating their work.

People.

Humans are social creatures. Studies in corporate settings have long demonstrated how important other people are to our careers - as role models who show us who we might become, and as peers who help us progress by sharing our path. Researchers have also warned about a "loneliness epidemic" hitting the workplace, for which independent workers can certainly be at even greater risk.

But those we interviewed are keenly aware of the dangers of social isolation and strive to avoid it. Though many are ambivalent about formal peer groups, which they often see as insipid substitutes for collegiality, all reported having people they turn to for reassurance and encouragement. Sometimes these are direct role models or supportive collaborators; in other cases they're family members, friends, or contacts in similar fields, who can't always offer specific work advice but nevertheless help our study participants push through challenging times and embolden them to take the risks their work entails.

Matthew, for example, noted that reaching out to people in his inner circle helps calm his anxiety: "If I were just left on my own, I could sit here in the office and go down a rat hole. You're left to your own inner voice, and it spirals down into ruminating." Karla told us that she, too, regularly turns to a handful of peers with whom she's close. "All the work I do in the independent economy comes through these connections," she said. But their help goes well beyond referrals. "My ability to process, develop, and grow as a human being and understand who I am in the work I'm doing comes from the conversations that I have with these folks," she explained. "These people are how I know what I'm supposed to be doing."

Redefining Success

In popular management tales, career success usually comes with security and equanimity. For independent workers, however, both are ultimately elusive. And yet most of those we studied told us they feel successful.

Our conclusion is that people in the gig economy must pursue a different kind of success - one that comes from finding a balance between predictability and possibility, between viability (the promise of continued work) and vitality (feeling present, authentic, and alive in one's work). Those we interviewed do so by building holding environments around place, routines, purpose, and people, which help them sustain productivity, endure their anxieties, and even turn those feelings into sources of creativity and growth. "There's a sense of confidence that comes from a career as a self-employed person," one consultant told us. "You can feel that no matter how bad it gets, I can overcome this. I can change it. I can operate more from a place of choice as opposed to a place of need."

Many we spoke to believe they wouldn't be able to find the same mental space or strength in a traditional workplace. Martha, the consultant who compared herself to a trapeze artist, recalled that she became "much more successful professionally" and "much more comfortable in my identity personally" when a trusted counselor helped her reframe - and own - her struggle, rather than seek ways to evade it. "She helped me understand that I could think of myself, which I now do, as a pioneer. I don't fit in any categories that exist in organizations, and it's more effective for me to be independent." Seen this way, discomfort and uncertainty were not just tolerable but affirming - signs that she was just where she needed to be.

When we spoke, she portrayed employment as no longer an anchor she missed but a shackle she'd been fortunate enough to break. "I don't know that I would frame [my new life] as precariousness anymore," she concluded. "I would frame it as really living."

A version of this article appeared in the March-April 2018 issue (pp.140-143) of Harvard Business Review.

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The 4 Things You Need to Thrive in the Gig Economy

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"Have you ever been on a trapeze?" That's how Martha, an independent consultant, responded when we asked her to describe her work in the five years since she'd left a global consulting firm to set out on her own.

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김재민 양지혜 이지예 황병태

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김재민 양지혜 이지예 황병태

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김주영 이경현 최소예 방승우

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김주영 이경현 최소예 방승우

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박대훈 이다은 최윤호 이예은

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박대훈 이다은 최윤호 이예은

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해석 : 위험성
맥락 : 예술가들은 재정적으로 뿐만 아니라 실존적으로도 그 독립적인 작품들의 위험성이 상당히 높았다.
Artists was that the stakes of independent work enormously high - not just financially but also existentially.

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해석 : ~로 부터 풀려난, 자유로운
맥락 : 매니저들과 회사 방침들로부터 벗어나서, 사람들은 그들의 재능을 최대로 활용하고 그들의 진정한 관심사를 반영하는 업무들을 선택할 수 있다.

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해석; ~이 딸려있다
맥락; 커리어의 성공은 보통 보안과 침착과 함께 온다
career success usually comes with security and equanimity.

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해석: 불안정성, 믿을 수 없음, 위태로움

맥락: 그러나 그런 자유의 대가는 시간이 지나도 가라앉지 않을 것 같은 위태로움이다.

However, the price of such freedom is a precariousness that seems not to subside over time.

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해석 : 위태로운
맥락 : 심지어 우리가 인터뷰했던 가장 성공하고 잘 자리잡은 사람들도 여전히 돈과 명성에 대한 걱정이 있었고 가끔은 그들의 정체성이 위태롭다고 느꼈다.

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해석: 그 주인의 일의 특색(개성,특징)
맥락: Despite these commonalities, each workspace is also unique, with a location, furniture, supplies, and decorations that reflect the idiosyncrasy of its owner's work. 이러한 공통점에도 불구하고, 각각의 작업공간은 독특하고 위치, 가구, 용품, 그리고 그 주인의 일의 특색을 반영하여 꾸민다.

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해석: 사로잡힘, 집착, 뇌리를 잡고 있는 생각, 심취, 몰두

맥락: 이런 이유로, 우리가 인터뷰한 모든 사람들은 생산성을 매우 중요하게 생각한다. (생산성에 몰두하고 있다 이런 의미)

For this reason, productivity is an intense preoccupation for everyone we interviewed.

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해석: (특히 그림, 춤 등을 통한) 자기표현

맥락: 그것은 자기표현과 불안정성에 대한 해독제를 제공한다.

It provides self-expression and an antidote to precariousness.

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해석; (힘든 상황에서의)침착, 평정
맥락; 커리어의 성공은 보통 보안과 침착과 함께 온다
career success usually comes with security and equanimity.

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해석: 외로움 증후군
맥락: 연구진들은 또한 직장에서의 외로움 증후군 (전염병)에 대하여 경고하였고, ~~
Researchers have also warned about a "loneliness epidemic" hitting the workplace, ~~.

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해석: ~에 대해 (태도가) 양면적인
맥락: 많은 사람들이 공식적인 동배 집단에 대해 양면적인 입장을 가지고 있지만, ~~
Though many are ambivalent about formal peer groups, ~~

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해석: (나이가 비슷하거나 같은) 또래, 동배
맥락: 많은 사람들이 공식적인 동배 집단에 대해 양면적인 입장을 가지고 있지만,~~
Though many are ambivalent about formal peer groups,~~

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해석: 전투기 조종석
맥락: 집 사무실 에 이런 모든  기능이 있는 한 소프트웨어 엔지니어는, 이 시스템을 "전투기 조종석" 이라고 설명했다. 그가 필요한 모든것이 팔이 닫는곳에 있는. One software engineer, whose home office has all these features, described it as a fight pilot cockpit," where everything he needs is within arm's reach.

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해석: 단언하다.

Seen this way, discomfort and uncertainty were not just tolerable but affirming — signs that she was just where she needed to be.

맥락:이렇게 본다면 불편함과 불확실성은 그저 참을 수 있을 뿐 아니라 그녀가 있어야 할 곳에 있다는 것을 단언한다.

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해석: 회복력
맥락: 그것은 나에게 기복에 대한 회복력을 준다
That gives me resilience for thee ups and downs

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해석: 대담하게
맥락: 때때로 그럼에도 불구하고 연구 참가자가 어려운 시기를 극복하고 업무에 수반되는 위험을 감수하도록 용기를 북돋우도록 도와준다
'' but nevertheless help our study participants push through challenging times and embolden them to take the risks their work entails.

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해석: 궁극적으로, 결국, 근본적으로
맥락: 하지만, 둘 다 궁극적으로 규정하기 어렵다
however, both are ultimately elusive.

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해석: 예언할 수 있음, 예측 가능성
맥락: 예측 가능성과 가능성 사이의 균형을 찾는 데서 오는것
one that comes from finding a balance between predictability and possibility

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해석: 공중 곡예사, 그네 곡예사
맥락: 자신을 공중 그네 곡예사와 비교한 컨설턴트
the consultant who compared herself to trapeze artist,

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해석: 단체성
맥락: 많은  사람들이 공식적인 동료 그룹에 대해 양가적 견해를 가지고 있지만 흔히 동료 그룹을 대수롭지 않은 대안으로 간주한다.
Though many are ambivalent about formal peer groups, which they often see as insipid substitues for collegiality.

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해석: 일깨우다, 환기시키다.
맥락: These places are not just protective cocoons for the working self-they evoke it, too. 이 장소들은 그저 일하는 자신을 보호하기 위한 고치일 뿐 아니라 그것을 일깨운다.(환기시킨다.)

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해석 : 보듬어주는 환경
맥락 : Many of these workers have created a "holding environment" for themselves by establishing four connections.
이러한 많은 근로자들은 네 개의 연관성을 설정함으로써 "보듬어주는 환경"을 만들었다.

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해석 : 긱 경제 ( 산업현장에서 필요에 따라 사람을 구해 임시로 계약을 맺고 일을 맡기는 형태의경제 방식. 노동자 입장에서는 어딘가에 고용돼 있지 않고 필요할 떄 일시적으로 일을 하는 '임시직 경제'를 가리킴. )
맥락 : Martha is part of a burgeoning segment of the workforce loosely known as the gig economy.
Martha는 막연히 긱 경제로 알려진 급증하는 노동자의 부분이다.

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해석 : 프리랜스 경제 ( = 긱 경제, 증가하는 단기 계약으로 구성된 노동 시장. 회사는 정규직을 제공하는 것보다는 노동자가 합의된 급여를 받는 대가로 특정 업무를 수행하도록 하기위해 독자적으로 일하는 노동자를 고용. )
맥락 : Some of this growth reflects the emergence of ride-hailing and task-oriented service platforms, but a recent report by McKinsey found that knowledge-intensive industries and creative occupations are the largest and fastest-growing segments of the freelance economy.
이 성장의 몇몇은 라이드 헤일링과 업무 지향적인 서비스 플랫폼의 출현을 나타내지만, McKinsey에 의한 최근의 보고서는 지식 집약적인 산업과 창의적인 직업이 프리랜스 경제의 가장 크고 가장 빠르게 성장하는 부분이라는 것을 알아냈다.

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전화나 스마트폰 어플 등을 이용해서 택시를 직접 불러서 이용할 수 있는 새로운 형태의 교통수단. 예로 Uber나 Lyft등이 있다.

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해석: 괴로움, 고충 과 산만함(집중을 방해하는 것)
맥락: 괴로움과 집중을 방해시키는 것을 그것을 약화시킨다
Distress and distractions can erode it

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해석: 장애(물)
맥락: 사람들의 직장생활에 많은 장애물이 있다.
both impediments abound in people's working lives.

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해석: 자신의 우위를 지켜라
맥락: " 자신의 우위를 지켜라"
"keeping my edge"

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뜻 : 가슴아픈, 슬픈 기억의
맥락 : 한 경영진 코치는 비생산적인 날에 대한 가슴아픈 묘사를 했다.

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해석 : 역설
맥락 : 우리는 그들의 답의 중심에서 역설을 발견했다.
We discovered a paradox at the heart of their answers.

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해석:자영업자
맥락상 해석

한 컨설턴트는 "자영업자로서의 경력에서 오는 자신감이 있다"고 말했다.

“There’s a sense of confidence that comes from a career as a self-employed person,” one consultant told us.

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해석: 뿌리를 내리지 못하는, 정처 없는
문맥: protect them from outside distractions and pressures and help them avoid feeling rootless-->그들을 외부의 방해요소와 압박감으로부터 보호하고 정처 없다고 느끼지 않게 하기위해서 도와준다.

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inner circle
해석: 친한 친구들
맥락: Mattew, for example, noted that reaching out to people in his circle
매튜, 예를 들어 친한 친구들에게 연락하는 것은

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해석 : 자유롭게 해주는 연결들
맥락 : 그래서 그들은 이러한 환경들을 그들 스스로 우리가 "자유롭게 해주는 연결들" 이라고 부르는 것을 유지함으로써 만들었다.
So they create these environments for themselves by establishing and maintaining what we call "liberating connections".

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reassurance and encouragement
해석: 안심과 격려
맥락: they turn to for reassurance and encouragement
그들은 안심과 격려를 위해 바꾸었다

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entail
해석: ~를 필요로 하다
맥락: embolden them to take the risks their work entails. 그들의 작업이 가지는 위험을 감수하도록 대담하게 합니다.

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해석: 휴대용의, 휴대가 쉬운
문맥: Though many claimed their work was portable, they all still seemed to have somewhere to retreat.-->그들의 직업은 가변성이 있지만, 그들은 후퇴할 곳이 있는 것처럼 행동한다

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해석: 독립하다
맥락: For most people in our study, striking out on their own initially involved doing whatever work could allow them to find a footing in the market.
우리 연구에 참여한 대부분의 사람들에게 처음에는 스스로 독립하는 것이 시장에서 발판을 찾을 수 있는 모든 일들과 관련있습니다.

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해석: 좁고 사방이 막힌
맥락: They feel confined-almost uncomfortably so in the case of some artists.-->그들은 갇혀 있다고 느낀다, 몇몇의 예술가들의 경우에는 거의 불편하게 그렇다

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해석: (문맥상) 자신의 ~와 일치하는 무언가
맥락: It gives me the strength to decline work that isn't in alignment. 그것은 나에게 일치하지 않는 (맞지 않는) 일을 거절할 수 있는 힘을 준다.

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해석: 공통점
맥락: Despite these commonalities, each workspace is also unique, with a location, furniture, supplies, and decorations that reflect the idiosyncrasy of its owner's work.-->이러한 공통점에도 불구하고, 각 작업 공간은 또한 독특하며, 위치, 가구, 용품, 그리고 주인의 작품의 특색을 반영하는 장식이 있다.

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해석: 미완성 원고
맥락: Leaving a sentence incomplete in an unfinished manuscript to make an easy start the next day.--> 더 쉬운 다음날을 위해서 미완성 원고를 완성하지 않는다.

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해석: 엄격한
맥락: That may sound rigid--> 엄격하게 느껴질 수 있다.

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해석: 특이한
맥락: 소유자의 거래 도구에 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 독특한 전용 작업 공간의 형태

place, in the form of idiosyncratic, dedicated workspaces that allow easy access to the tools of their owners' trades;

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해석: 공허감
맥락: 임무 사이에 그녀가 느꼈던 공허함

the void she felt when between assignments;

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해석: 그네를 타다
맥락: 그네 타 본 적 있어?
"Have you ever been on a trapeze?"

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해석: 은유, 비유
맥락: She had recently tried the art, which she saw as a good metaphor for her life:
그녀는 최근 자신의 삶에 대한 좋은 은유로 본 예술을 시도했습니다.

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해석: 일이 흐른다/ 작업 흐름
맥락: routines that streamline workflow and incorporate personal care;
워크플로를 간소화하고 개인 관리를 통합하는 루틴;

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해석: 심층 연구
맥락: To learn what it takes to be successful in independent work, we recently completed an in- depth study.
독립적인 작업에서 성공하기 위해 무엇이 필요한지 배우기 위해 우리는 최근에 심층 연구를 완료했습니다.

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해석: 찾기 힘든
맥락: 하지만 독립된 일꾼들에겐 결국 둘 다 찾기 힘들다.
For independent workers, however, both are ultimately elusive.

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해석: 웬만큼 괜찮은, 참을 수 있는
맥락: 불편함과 불확실성은 참을 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 ~

discomfort and uncertainty were not just tolerable but affirming ~

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해석: 족쇄를 채우다
맥락: 그녀는 고용을 더 이상 그녀가 그리워했던 닻이 아니라 그녀가 부수기에 충분히 운이 좋았던 족쇄로 나타냈다.

She portrayed employment as no longer an anchor she missed but a shackle she'd been fortunate enough to break.

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해석: 곰곰히 생각하다
맥락: You're left to your own inner voice, and it spirals down into ruminating.
당신은 자신의 내면의 목소리에 그것을 남겼고, 그것을 곰곰히 생각하게 만듭니다.

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해석:불안정
맥락: 나는 내가 나의 새로운 삶을 더이상 불안정으로 세울 줄 몰랐다
"I didn't know that I would frame [my new life]as precariousness anymore,"