# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Home SDG Tracker Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals

Sustainable Development Goal 17

Government revenue

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Because budgetary accounts may not include all central government units (such as social security funds), they usually provide an incomplete picture. In federal states the central government accounts provide an incomplete view of total public finance.

Target: "Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection" across all countries by 2030.

More research: Further data and research on this topic is available at the Our World in Data topic pages on Government Spending and Taxation.

Domestic taxes

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection" across all countries by 2030.

More research: Further data and research on this topic is available at the Our World in Data topic page on Government Spending and Taxation.

Development assistance to least-developed countries

Data for this indicator is shown in the first interactive visualization, with the ODA specifically allocated to least-developed countries (LDCs) shown in the second visualization.

Official development assistance refers to flows to countries and territories on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and to multilateral institutions which meet a set of criteria related to the source of the funding, the purpose of the transaction, and the concessional nature of the funding.

Target: "Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries."

Foreign direct investment

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization as foreign direct investment outflows and inflows as a share of GDP.

Target: "Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources" by 2030.

A specific target level of financial resource mobilization is not provided for this indicator.

Volume of remittances

Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources" by 2030.

A specific target level of financial resource mobilization is not provided for this indicator.

Debt service

Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF. This indicator measures total debt service as a share of a country's exports of goods and services.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Investment promotion for least-developed countries

Instruments that promote outward foreign investment in developing countries can include investment guarantees, financial or fiscal support for outward investment, international investment agreements, and information and other advisory services for outward investments.

Currently, only data on bilateral investment treaties is available. Data on signed and in-force bilateral investment treaties is shown in the interactive visualizations.

Target: "Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries" by 2030.

Fixed broadband subscriptions

Data on landline Internet subscriptions and broken down by speed is shown in the interactive visualizations.

More research: Further data and research on this topic is available at the Our World in Data topic pages on Technology Change and the Internet.

Sustainable technologies in developing countries

Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) are technologies or systems that can have significantly higher environmental performance in comparison with other technologies, in terms of environmental protection, limiting pollution, and better addressing sustainability, recycling, and waste management.

This indicator is measured in terms of the total trade of tracked ESTs, which includes exports, imports, and re-exports and re-imports, as well as national investment in ESTs. Data on exports and imports of ESTs is shown in the interactive visualization.

Individuals using the Internet

Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries, in particular information and communications technology."

More research: Further data and research on this topic is available at the Our World in Data topic pages on Technological Change and the Internet.

SDG support for developing countries

This indicator is measured as gross official development assistance (ODA) from all donors for capacity building and national planning.

In the interactive visualization, this is shown as total ODA for technical co-operation.

Weighted average tariffs

Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization as the weighted mean tariff applied across all products.

Exports from developing countries

Data on this indicator for exports of merchandise and services is shown in the interactive visualizations, alongside the value of exported goods and services.

Target: "Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries' share of global exports by 2020."

Unlike most SDG targets which are set for the year 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

Tariffs for developing countries

This indicator is measured as the average import tariffs experienced by exports from developing countries, least developed countries, and small island developing States.

Since internationally comparable data is not currently available for this indicator, this is shown in the interactive visualization as the average import tariffs in each country, additionally disaggregated by primary and manufactured products.

Macroeconomic Dashboard

The Macroeconomic Dashboard refers to a set of indicators used to monitor a country's economic condition, with measures focused on a country's trade and balance of payments, fiscal policy, gross domestic product, financial sector, and unemployment rate.

The interactive visualization shows data on three of these indicators: consumer price inflation, gross public sector debt, and merchandise trade.

Target: "Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence."

Policy for sustainable development

Although the indicator is defined in terms of the number of countries, in practice it is measured in terms of an implementation score for mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence for sustainable development.

Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development" through 2030.

Public, private and civil society partnerships

Infrastructure in this context refers to energy, information and communications technology, transport, and water-related infrastructure.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Target: "Encourage and promote effective public, public- private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships" by 2030.

Statistical Capacity

This indicator is measured using the Statistical Capacity Indicator which provides an overview of the capacity of a country's national statistical system. Since the Statistical Capacity Indicator is currently under review, no data is reported here.

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

National statistical legislation

The Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics refer to a set of 10 principles adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission to guide national statistical agencies in the key technical and ethical considerations involved in their work.

Data on this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

National statistical plans

This indicator measures the number of countries with a fully-funded statistical plan, differentiated by source of funding.

Data for this indicator is shown in the interactive visualization.

Unlike most SDGs which have a target year of 2030, this indicator was to be achieved by 2020.

Cite this work

Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources. This article can be cited as:

Our World in Data team (2023) - "Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development" Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/global-partnerships' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owid-sdgs-global-partnerships, author = {Our World in Data team}, title = {Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development}, journal = {Our World in Data}, year = {2023}, note = {https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/global-partnerships} }

Reuse this work freely

All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.

The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.

All of our charts can be embedded in any site.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sustainable Development Goals Tracker for SDG 17

# data[].attributes.body
The current status of whether or not a country has achieved SDG 17.

# data[].attributes.body
The current status of how a country is either improving or moving away from completing SDG 17.

# data[].attributes.headline
Academic insights into partnerships for the goals

# data[].attributes.subject
Academic insights into partnerships for the goals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SDG 17: Academic insights into partnerships for the goals

# data[].attributes.body
The report explains how the pandemic has impacted global partnerships as well as the general state of the SDG.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 2021, net ODA flows by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) amounted to $177.6 billion, an increase of 3.3 per cent in real terms from 2020. This level of ODA represented 0.33 per cent of donors' combined gross national income (GNI), reaching a new peak. Yet it still fell short of the 0.7 per cent target, and is not enough to enable developing countries to get back on track in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals targets. The increase is mostly due to DAC members' support for COVID-19-related activities (including prevention, treatment and care), with an initial estimate of $18.7 billion. Within this total, ODA for COVID-19 vaccine donations was $6.3 billion (or 3.5 per cent of total net ODA), amounting to nearly 857 million doses for developing countries.

Since 2015, net ODA has increased by 20 per cent. Despite fiscal pressures in all countries, ODA peaked in 2020 and again in 2021. The ongoing war in Ukraine is having a direct impact on ODA in 2022, due to increased spending on refugees. Military assistance to Ukraine and rising military spending by European nations is not considered ODA.

However, it could lead to a sudden reshuffling of budgets and threaten development aid to the world's poorer countries at a time when it is urgently needed.

The importance of data and statistics for sound decision-making has never been clearer, but funding for this sector has stagnated

Total external debt stocks of low- and middle-income countries rose by 5.3 per cent in 2020 to $8.7 trillion. This was driven by an increase in long-term debt, which rose by 6 per cent to $6.3 trillion. As a result of the global pandemic, external debt ratios further deteriorated as the pace of external debt accumulation outstripped growth of export earnings in most low- and middle-income countries. In low-income countries, the total public and publicly guaranteed debt service to export ratio rose from an average of 3.1 per cent in 2011 to 8.8 per cent in 2020. The worsening of debt indicators was widespread and affected countries in all geographic regions. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa have seen the most pronounced deterioration in debt indicators: the ratio of debt to GNI rose from an average of 23.4 per cent in 2011 to 43.7 per cent in 2020, and the average debt-to-export ratio tripled over the same period.

Since the emergence of COVID-19, the Internet has become vital for working, learning, accessing basic services and keeping in touch. The latest data show that uptake of the Internet has accelerated during the pandemic. In 2019, 4.1 billion people (or 54 per cent of the world's population) were using the Internet. The number of users surged by 782 million to reach 4.9 billion people in 2021, or 63 per cent of the global population. In 2020, the first year of the pandemic, the number of Internet users grew by 10.2 per cent. This was the largest increase in a decade, driven by developing countries, where Internet use went up by 13.3 per cent. In 2021, growth returned to a more modest 5.8 per cent, in line with pre-crisis rates. The number of Internet users in LDCs increased by 20 per cent and accounted for 27 per cent of the user population between 2019 and 2021.

Fixed broadband subscriptions continue to grow steadily, reaching a global average of 17 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2021. In LDCs, despite double-digit growth, fixed broadband remains a privilege of the few, with only 1.4 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Global foreign direct investment rebounded strongly in 2021, but flows to the poorest countries showed only modest growth

Global foreign direct investment flows rebounded strongly in 2021, reaching $1.58 trillion, an increase of 64 per cent compared to 2020. Recovery was highly uneven across regions, however. Developed economies saw the biggest rise, with FDI reaching an estimated $746 billion in 2021 - more than double the 2020 level. FDI flows in developing economies increased by 30 per cent, to nearly $837 billion. Flows in LDCs saw a more modest growth of 13 per cent. Inflows to LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States combined accounted for only 2.5 per cent of the world total in 2021, down from 3.5 per cent in 2020.

International investment in SDG-related sectors in developing countries increased by 70 per cent in 2021. Most of the growth came from renewable-energy and energy-efficiency projects. However, the share of total SDG investment in developing countries that went to LDCs decreased from 19 per cent in 2020 to 15 per cent in 2021.

Remittance flows to poorer countries remain robust, buttressed by strong economic activity and employment levels in many host countries

In 2021, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries reached $605 billion, a robust growth of 8.6 per cent from 2020. For a second consecutive year, remittance flows to these countries (excluding China) surpassed the sum of FDI and ODA. This significant rise was fuelled primarily by migrants sending money home to families facing economic hardships during the pandemic. Strong economic activity and employment levels in many large host countries that implemented fiscal stimulus programmes aided this growth. The cost of sending money across international borders continued to remain high, at 6.0 per cent on average, double the 3 per cent target.

It is projected that remittance flows will increase by 4.2 per cent to reach $630 billion in 2022, less than half the growth seen in 2021. This decline is a direct impact of the crisis in Ukraine. Remittances to that country are expected to rise by over 20 per cent in 2022. However, many Central Asian countries dependent on the Russian Federation will likely see a decline in remittance flows.

Goal 16

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In 2021, net ODA flows by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) amounted to $177.6 billion, an increase of 3.3 per cent in real terms from 2020. This level of ODA represented 0.33 per cent of donors' combined gross national income (GNI), reaching a new peak.