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The tourism industry
Urban civilization

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water -->  oil-based sealant floats on top of the urine to prevent odours.

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Water --> replaceable cartridges; microbes to break down urine into odourless components

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- repeatedly reduce the number of odour-causing bacteria present by flushing them away

-  flood of water to carry  hair and other debris down the waste pipes to the main drain

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- Switch the material from metal to "Ceramic"

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- Explore idea of switching materials

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- Drainers and sanitary engineers started to work together with ceramists

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Urinal Auto Flush Before and After using

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Properly disposing of human waste prevents water supplies, food and peoples' hands from becoming contaminated. It also can reduce the spread of disease.

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Urinal Auto flush with fix time

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Adding side trash cans and adding degradable substances, and it can degrade this special garbage.

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1.The lack of separate toilets for girls  is among the top barriers to girls’ education.
2.When girls are menstruating, they need access to a water point and to have a place where they can dispose of their pads.

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- also called "Western toilets"
- consists of toilet bowl
- comfortable sitting position: more convenient
- Greater number of sitting toilets in countries

(Teaching Nomad, 2014)

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- common in Asian and African countries
- hygiene habits: no direct skin contact with the surface of seat
- consume less water flush
- put strain on the legs and arms, hinder people with physical difficulties (e.g. elderly, handicapped)

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- Galloway, L. (2013). South Korea’s toilet-themed park. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130128-south-koreas-toilet-themed-park
- Genc, M. (2009). The evolution of toilets and its current state(Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).
- Horan, J. L. (1997). The Porcelain God: a Social History of the Toilet. Canada. Citadel Press.
- Lumsdaine, E., & Lumsdaine, M. (1994). Creative problem solving. IEEE Potentials, 13(5), 4-9.
- Perdew, L. (2015). How the Toilet Changed History. ABDO.
- Teaching Nomad. (2014). Asian Squat Toilet vs. Western Sit Toilet: The Down and Dirty. Retrieved from https://www.teachingnomad.com/blog/living-abroad/asian-squat-toilet-vs-western-sit-toilet-the-down-and-dirty/

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Innovation methodology: Creative Problem Solving process 

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Innovation methodology: Creative Problem Solving process 

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(Lumsdaine & Lumsdaine, 1994)

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- Identify the goal of constructing toilets with more cost-efficient and light in weight

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The streamlined design is like a work of art.

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Increasing growth of water-efficient products

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Increasing growth of water-efficient products

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- change the focus to "eco-friendly"
- encounter water-shortage problem

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Other creative inspiration related to toilets outside bathroom:

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Other creative inspiration related to toilets outside bathroom:

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According to "左傳", 晉景公 who is the monarch of Jin State, suddenly felt very bloated when tasting food, and immediately went to the toilet to go to the toilet. When he went to the toilet, he accidentally fell into the cesspool and drowned.  Because of this, people at that time began to focus on the environment of the toilet and studied how to use the toilet to be safe.

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Comparison of the design of                                 squat toilets and sitting flush toilets: 

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Comparison of the design of                                 squat toilets and sitting flush toilets: 

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Personal factor: Thomas Crapper's qualities

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Personal factor: Thomas Crapper's qualities

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- awareness on the simpler usage
- create the ballcock -- improved tank-filling mechanism

(Genc, 2009)

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Automatic flush toilet by Thomas Crapper

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Automatic flush toilet by Thomas Crapper

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- belief of the toilets that were a good place for friends and neighbors to relax and socialize
- do not have the perception of shame or privacy

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- the London government rebuild the sewage system
- high priority to hygiene and cleanliness
- people started improving inadequacy in existing design from Harrington
(Genc, 2009)

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Personal factor: Alexander Cumming's qualities

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Personal factor: Alexander Cumming's qualities

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- mathematician and mechanic: interested in knowledge and exploration
- Simplify the problem itself: bend the pipe to prevent foul smells

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First flush-toilet patent by Alexander Cumming

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First flush-toilet patent by Alexander Cumming

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- invented the S-Shaped trap below the bowl
- prototype for the modern toilet

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- modified toilet
- imagination of the similar weight and power of "bomb" and "toilet"

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from USS Midway, 1965

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- architectural design

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From South Korea, 2007.

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- The discovery of Chinese porcelain
- The material use of porcelain that represent the higher socio-economic status of the users

(Horan, 1997)

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WHAT factors have shaped toilet designs throughout history?

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WHAT factors have shaped toilet designs throughout history?

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- increasing market competition: differentiate in the global market
- consumer inclination: stylish and aesthetic products

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Chau Lok Lam 11331193
Wong Man Ching 11355979
Tian Jingming 11317886
Law Chak Sing 11323500

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Multi-seats

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Important evolution of toilets in history

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Important evolution of toilets in history