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Physical Topology

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Logical Topology

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GROUP MEMBERS :
1) MUHAMMAD AMIN
2) AINUL RAIMI
3) ALIF IMAN
4) LUQMAN ABBAS

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Note: Welcome: This topic is part of Chapter 1 of the Cisco CCNA 1 course, for a better follow up of the course you can go to the CCNA 1 section to guide you through an order.

Network Architecture

Have you ever been busy working online, only to have "the internet go down"? As you know by now, the internet did not go down, you just lost your connection to it. It is very frustrating. With so many people in the world relying on network access to work and learn, it is imperative that networks are reliable. In this context, reliability means more than your connection to the internet. This topic focuses on the four aspects of network reliability.

The role of the network has changed from a data-only network to a system that enables the connections of people, devices, and information in a media-rich, converged network environment. For networks to function efficiently and grow in this type of environment, the network must be built upon a standard network architecture.

Networks also support a wide range of applications and services. They must operate over many different types of cables and devices, which make up the physical infrastructure. The term network architecture, in this context, refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and the programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the network.

As networks evolve, we have learned that there are four basic characteristics that network architects must address to meet user expectations:

Fault Tolerance

Scalability

Quality of Service (QoS)

Security

Fault Tolerance

A fault tolerant network is one that limits the number of affected devices during a failure. It is built to allow quick recovery when such a failure occurs. These networks depend on multiple paths between the source and destination of a message. If one path fails, the messages are instantly sent over a different link. Having multiple paths to a destination is known as redundancy.

Implementing a packet-switched network is one way that reliable networks provide redundancy. Packet switching splits traffic into packets that are routed over a shared network. A single message, such as an email or a video stream, is broken into multiple message blocks, called packets. Each packet has the necessary addressing information of the source and destination of the message. The routers within the network switch the packets based on the condition of the network at that moment. This means that all the packets in a single message could take very different paths to the same destination. In the figure, the user is unaware and unaffected by the router that is dynamically changing the route when a link fails.

Scalability

A scalable network expands quickly to support new users and applications. It does this without degrading the performance of services that are being accessed by existing users. The figure shows how a new network is easily added to an existing network. These networks are scalable because the designers follow accepted standards and protocols. This lets software and hardware vendors focus on improving products and services without having to design a new set of rules for operating within the network.

Quality of Service

Quality of Service (QoS) is an increasing requirement of networks today. New applications available to users over networks, such as voice and live video transmissions, create higher expectations for the quality of the delivered services. Have you ever tried to watch a video with constant breaks and pauses? As data, voice, and video content continue to converge onto the same network, QoS becomes a primary mechanism for managing congestion and ensuring reliable delivery of content to all users.

Congestion occurs when the demand for bandwidth exceeds the amount available. Network bandwidth is measured in the number of bits that can be transmitted in a single second, or bits per second (bps). When simultaneous communications are attempted across the network, the demand for network bandwidth can exceed its availability, creating network congestion.

When the volume of traffic is greater than what can be transported across the network, devices will hold the packets in memory until resources become available to transmit them. In the figure, one user is requesting a web page, and another is on a phone call. With a QoS policy in place, the router can manage the flow of data and voice traffic, giving priority to voice communications if the network experiences congestion.

Network Security

The network infrastructure, services, and the data contained on network-attached devices are crucial personal and business assets. Network administrators must address two types of network security concerns: network infrastructure security and information security.

Securing the network infrastructure includes physically securing devices that provide network connectivity and preventing unauthorized access to the management software that resides on them, as shown in the figure.

Network administrators must also protect the information contained within the packets being transmitted over the network, and the information stored on network attached devices. In order to achieve the goals of network security, there are three primary requirements.

Confidentiality - Data confidentiality means that only the intended and authorized recipients can access and read data.

Integrity - Data integrity assures users that the information has not been altered in transmission, from origin to destination.

Availability - Data availability assures users of timely and reliable access to data services for authorized users.

Ready to go! Keep visiting our networking course blog, give Like to our fanpage; and you will find more tools and concepts that will make you a networking professional.

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Note: Welcome: This topic is part of Chapter 1 of the Cisco CCNA 1 course, for a better follow up of the course you can go to the CCNA 1 section to guide you through an order. Have you ever been busy working online, only to have "the internet go down"?

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAFO1fqQ2KI/SJCyX_vnQ2PX9xIhakyG_w/edit?utm_content=DAFO1fqQ2KI&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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Introduction to Networking technology

-Networking technology have evolved significantly over the years as demands on Ethernet and Wi FI have tremendous increased. Apart from supporting a range of devices Local area networks require to manage traffic getting generated from many other sources such as live streaming video, Network attached storage (NAS), Voice over IP (VoIP) , virtualization , Cloud and IoT devices and services have generated demand for additional bandwidth.

Top 3 Networking Technology Trends

1) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
- Complex network and business problems can be addressed in real time using AI and ML capabilities. Application of user cases ranging from small cities, manufacturing, security, and networking. ML can make predictions based on network data and AI can take intelligent actions based on those prophecies. Advanced analytics into automation systems will bring in self-operating networks.

2)Cloud computing
-Cloud allows faster transition to remote work and help to organize remote workplace more efficiently and this contributed to business continuity during any crisis. Maintaining consistent network and security policies across multiple clouds using multi cloud policy management.

3)Data Security
-usability and integrity of network is crucial to security. Effective network security manages network access effectively and stops a variety of threats entering or spreading within the network

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Networking technology have evolved significantly over the years as demands on Ethernet and Wi FI have tremendous increased. Apart from supporting a range of devices Local area networks require to manage traffic getting generated from many other sources such as live streaming video, Network attached storage (NAS), Voice over IP (VoIP) , virtualization , Cloud and IoT devices and services have generated demand for additional bandwidth.

In this article we will look at some Networking technology trends which made their place in top 10 in 2021. The need of high-speed internet, cloud and edge computing models and need for migration of data between servers have resulted in shift towards need for high bandwidth and low latency network technologies.

Top 10 Networking Technology Trends

1. 5G and Wi Fi 6 technology -

5G or fifth generation cellular technology. It is characterized by increased speed, reduced latency and improve flexibility in wireless services. It helps organizations to mobilize workforces, extend automation, supporting new applications with increased network capacity and high data rates. 5G gives seamless open roaming capabilities between cellular and Wi FI access. 5G would solve the issue of many wireless devices connected at once - and IoT makes it worse by slowing wireless network performance. Wi Fi 6 infrastructure is ready to go however Wi Fi 6 capable devices such as computers and mobile phones manufacturers need to adopt new standards.

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

Complex network and business problems can be addressed in real time using AI and ML capabilities. Application of user cases ranging from small cities, manufacturing, security, and networking. ML can make predictions based on network data and AI can take intelligent actions based on those prophecies. Advanced analytics into automation systems will bring in self-operating networks.

3. Augmented reality and virtual reality

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies empower the applications and customer experiences. AR is mainly used on smartphone and tablets to present interior design, allowing shopkeepers to have virtual presentation of furniture.

4. Cloud computing

Cloud allows faster transition to remote work and help to organize remote workplace more efficiently and this contributed to business continuity during any crisis. Maintaining consistent network and security policies across multiple clouds using multi cloud policy management.

5. DevOps

DevOps is tied up to software development and IT. DevOps improve relationship between network service designers and engineers to make operational changes to the services.

6. Digital transformation

It enables adoption of digital technology to transform services or businesses, by replacing on digital or manual processes with digital processes. Process of digitization transforms into digital forms that are processed, stored, and transmitted via digital devices and networks.

7. Intent-based networking (IBN)

This approach bridges the gap between business and IT. Business intent is captured and continuously aligned to end to end network related to application service levels, security policies, compliance, operational and business processes. Virtual segmentation of IoT devices from remaining network will be one of the major tasks for Networking teams. The creation of secure zones called Microsegments which will allow IoT devices to operate on same corporate network and reducing the risks to other parts of the network.

8. Internet of Things (IoT)

is all about connecting the unconnected. Majority of objects are unconnected however with IoT devices are acquiring capabilities to communicate and connect with other devices and people changing the way we work.

9. Data Security

usability and integrity of network is crucial to security. Effective network security manages network access effectively and stops a variety of threats entering or spreading within the network

10. SD-WAN

is a software-based approach to manage Wide Area networks (WANs). This technology lowers operational costs and improvement in resource usage in multisite deployments. Network administrator using this SD-WAN technology can use bandwidth more efficiently and help to ensure enhanced performance for business-critical applications without compromising data security and privacy.

SD concept in SD-WAN technologies separate the control plane from the data plane and centralize the control plane from which multiple devices are controlled. Control plane acts like a shared service which is accessible to all administrators within an organization or in a multi tenancy environment.

SD-WAN supports on premises data centres, Software-as-a-service (SaaS) and public cloud infrastructure-as-a-service (laaS) applications to optimize their performance. SD-WAN allows proper security for each user and devices irrespective of their physical location.

Continue Reading:

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Top 10 Networking technology trends for 2022 " Network Interview

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Networking technology have evolved significantly over the years as demands on Ethernet and Wi FI have tremendous increased. Apart from supporting a range of devices Local area networks require to manage traffic getting generated from many other sources such as live streaming video, Network attached storage (NAS), Voice over IP (VoIP) , virtualization , Cloud and IoT devices and services have generated demand for additional bandwidth.