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Sputnik is the first man-made craft to enter space and orbit earth in history. This marks the start of the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union, as the US competes to catch up with the Soviet Union’s first victory.

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4 October 1957

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The Space Race paved the way for many advances in technology. With the Space Race, the United States created NASA, an organization that now directs many of the space exploration projects and aims to land on Mars. Without the increased interest in space exploration during the 20th century, we could not have many things that depend on satellites, including cell service, GPS, maps, television services, and internet services, all extremely important aspects of society.

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Soon after the launch of Sputnik 1, the Soviet Union successfully launches another orbiting craft, this time, with a dog on board named Laika. It is the first animal to reach space in history. Although Laika died soon after reaching orbit, this still marked a massive victory in favor of the Soviet Union. The US was lagging behind.

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3 November 1957

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The first launch of a US spacecraft that reached orbit started with Explorer 1. This satellite carried equipment that led to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt. It also marked the United State’s enter into the Space Race.

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31 January 1958

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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in order to further advance in space exploration, in replacement of the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA). Today, it is the leading organization in the US that aims to discover more about the unknown universe.

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1 October 1958

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SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbital Relay) is launched by the US, and it is the first communications satellite in which the US is able to communicate with people on Earth. The pre-recorded message on SCORE was broadcast to the world, which was a Christmas message by Dwight D. Eisenhower. 

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18 December 1958

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Luna 1 is the first satellite to leave the orbit of Earth and orbit the sun instead. It left the orbit of the moon since it had too much speed. The USSR is currently winning in this battle for technological advancement. 

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2 Jaunuary 1959

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Explorer 6 is the first satellite to obtain photos of Earth from space, gaining information about Earth’s weather. This paves the way and is influential in giving modern news stations information about the weather, and weather forecasts. 

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2 August 1959

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Luna 2 becomes the first satellite to set foot onto the moon’s surface and Luna 3 is successful in orbiting the moon and taking photographs of the far side of the moon. The closest the US had gotten in aiming for the moon was 37,000 miles with Pioneer 4. It is another of the countless Soviet victories during the early Space Race.

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12 September 1959 (Luna 2) - 4 October 1959 (Luna 3)

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Aboard the Vostok 1, the first man to reach space was accomplished by the Soviets. This marked a clear victory in favor of the USSR, and the man’s name was Yuri Gagarin. He spends 1 hour and 48 minutes making a single orbit around Earth before landing back in Russia.

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12 April 1961

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Aboard the Freedom 7 spacecraft, Alan Shepard becomes the first American to enter space. Alan did not orbit the earth, instead, he flew 116 miles from the Earth. This meant that the US was still lagging behind while the Soviet Union would set their eyes on the moon landing.

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5 May 1961

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Countless innovations depend on space exploration that increase the quality of life, such as solar panels, cancer therapy, water-purification, power generation, health and medicare, etc.. Imagine a world without these resources.

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Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space. She is also a civilian. She spends 3 days in space orbiting the Earth aboard Vostok 6, another one of the countless Soviet victories.

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16 June 1963

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Mariner 4 becomes the first spacecraft to perform a flyby of the planet Mars, taking photos of the red planet. It proved that mars was a dead planet without signs of life. 

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14 July 1965

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This year is the deadliest of the space race and proves that there are many risks in space exporation, and safety needs to be done in order to prevent accidents from happening again. Aboard Apollo 1, a fire ignites and kills Ed White, Gus Grissom, and Roger Chaffee. Also, Vladimir Komarov is killed when his parachute fails to activate. 

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1967

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Aboard Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin become the first humans to step on the the moon, meaning that even though the Soviet Union scored many early victories, the US ultimately won the space race by reaching and planting their flag on the moon. 700 million people around the world witnessed this huge event in human history. Neil Armstrong’s famous quote “That’s one small step for a man, a giant leap for mankind” captures this well.

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20 July 1969

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The USSR launches the first space station Salyut (Salute), and parts of this satellite will later become parts of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2000. 

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The USSR Launches the First Space Station, Salyut

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The USSR Launches the First Space Station, Salyut

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April 19, 1971

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Apollo 15 becomes the fourth vessel to reach the moon. The team uses vehicles to travel around the moon’s surface. The captain, David Scott, leaves a plaque that remembers all of the astronauts that have died contributing to space advancement. They also collect moon rocks for further scientific development. 

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1 August 1971

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With relations between the United States and the Soviet Union softening, the US and the USSR launch the first cooperative mission in history, where two nations aboard the Apollo-Soyuz exchange a international handshake. This ends the decades-long space race, but does not end the endless advancements in space exploration and technology. and also marks peace between the US and the USSR in space. 

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15 July 1975

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Space exploration has fueled humanity’s curiosity about the universe that we live in. For example, people may wonder that if aliens exist, or if life is restricted to Earth, or other questions that can only be answered by space exploration. Therefore, space exploration opens many new interests that have previously not been answered.

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More space exploration requires cooperation and diplomacy between nations. Global partnerships and cooperation can help quell challenges that appear around the world, because in order to find out the secrets of the universe, countries need to work together.

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The events of the Space Race between the US and the USSR gave way to current innovations and technological advancements during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. But, the Space Race caused increased spending back on Earth, with 3 astronauts on Apollo 1 dying due to an explosion and Vladimir Komarov being the first astronaut in the Soviet Union to die, tearing up the fervor for space exploration.

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While the Space Race exhausted the resources of the United States and the Soviet Union and led to the deaths of some early pioneering spacemen, the Space Race was a greater benefit to society than detriment because it promoted global cooperation, fueled new interests about space that changed the culture of society, and most importantly, led to many technological advancements that benefited the lifestyles of people on Earth.

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Advancements of Technology subclaim:

How the Space Race Built Today’s Technology - Alliance for Innovation and Infrastructure
Advancements in technology due to the space race in the mid-20th century to the late 20th century include “medical imaging techniques, durable healthcare equipment, artificial limbs, water filtration systems, solar panels, firefighting equipment, shock absorbers, air purifiers, home insulation, weather resistant airplanes, infrared thermometers, and countless other vital inventions. While all these creations help sustain essential aspects of modern life, we carry one of the largest technological advancements from the space race in our pockets today.”

Britannica School - Space Exploration
“A report for the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1946 by Project RAND identified the benefits of being able to observe Earth from space, which included distinguishing the impact sites of bombs dropped by U.S. aircraft and improving weather forecasting.”

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The first document shows that, resulting from space exploration, society was able to develop many useful inventions that benefited life back on earth. For example, medical imaging techniques improve the lifespan and medical care. Firefighting equipment makes fighting dangerous fires much more efficient,
and weatherproof airplanes make traveling not only safer, but faster. And most importantly, cell phones and satellites, the backbone of globalization and an increased communication around the world, depended on the advancements made by the space race. Due to the space race increasing fervor for space exploration, all of these inventions stemmed from the space race.
The second document shows that space exploration has many other applications other than civilian life. Space exploration also has applications in military use. Countries can use satellites to detect bombs dropped, giving them a massive edge over countries that do not use space. Additionally, the satellites that we all use for communication around the world can also increase accuracy and efficiency of weather forecasts. Ultimately, the space race has so many benefits that stemmed from it that we could not imagine a world without cell phones, better medicare, communication, television, or weather forecasts. Thus, the space race has much more  positives than negatives.

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Evidence
https://school-eb-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/levels/high/article/space-exploration/111026

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Timeline
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline

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Alliance for Innovation and Infastructure 

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Alliance for Innovation and Infastructure 

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Evidence
https://www.aii.org/how-the-space-race-built-todays-technology/

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Impacts
https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/benefits-stemming-from-space-exploration-2013-tagged.pdf?emrc=ca90d1#:~:text=Overcoming%20the%20challenges%20of%20working,information%20technology%2C%20and%20industrial%20productivity.

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The increased spending in space technology led to a crisis back on Earth. There was little money left for Americans to feed themselves and their families.

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3 astronauts became the first to die in America’s space program in the Apollo 1 mission, and Vladimir Komarov was the first cosmonaut in the Soviet space program to die. Later, in a much more tragic accident in 1986, the US Challenger spacecraft exploded 73 seconds into its flight, killing all 7 people on board. This further showed the dangers of space exploration and the failure to maintain a safe enviornment for the astronauts, temporarily halting further progress.

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The Space Race, in a 20 year period, proved significant to pave the way for modern achievements. Due to a competition that was initially started to one-up the other, it resulted in significant  increase for fervor in space exploration, cooperation and globalization, and most signifcantly, a better lifestyle for all people on earth and technological advancements. But due to the deaths that occured as a result of the space race, we can learn to advance not only in efficiency and productivity, but also safety.