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1- What is the single market, and what are its benefits?

A single market is an area where trade borders have been removed and free movement of goods, services, and people is permitted.

There are many beneficial aspects to a single market like:

create a competitive environment that keeps costs low;

the free movement of labour, goods, and service;

the flow of trade is vast among different countries, allowing much higher consumer potential for businesses;

the vast competition, consumers then have many more options;

lower prices;

the ability to work anywhere within the market.

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What are some key policies pursued by the European Union? 

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What are some key policies pursued by the European Union? 

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Borders and security

Defending the EU's external borders and fighting organised crime are activities coordinated at EU level by agencies like Frontex and Europol.

Consumers

Maximising consumer participation and trust in the market and safeguarding and integrating into EU policies the interests of consumers.

Culture and media

The EU Commission supports the cultural industry in Europe with different programmes and funding. The aim is to increase cultural diversity and create jobs.

Employment and social affairs

Responsibility for employment and social policy lies primarily with national governments, whose efforts are supported and complemented by the EU.

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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1. European Parliament:

The European Parliament has 3 roles: It debates legislation. It can pass or reject laws, and it can also make amendments (but not in all cases). Laws must also be passed by the Council of the EU in order to become law.

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2 - How does the EU manage it is trade relations with other major global economies?

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2 - How does the EU manage it is trade relations with other major global economies?

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The EU manages trade relations with third countries through trade agreements, which aim to create better trade opportunities and overcome trade-related barriers.

Commercial agreements vary depending on content:

Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) – support the development of trading partners in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries

Free trade agreements (FTAs) – allow for the reciprocal opening of markets in developed countries and emerging economies by granting preferential access to markets

Association Agreements (AA) – reinforce more comprehensive political agreements

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How does the EU approach environmental and climate issues? 

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How does the EU approach environmental and climate issues? 

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European environment policy is based on the principles of precaution, prevention and rectifying pollution at source, and on the 'polluter pays' principle. The EU faces complex environmental issues, ranging from climate change and biodiversity loss to resource depletion and pollution.

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How does the EU promote human rights within and outside its borders?

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How does the EU promote human rights within and outside its borders?

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The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights guarantees certain rights to EU citizens. The charter establishes fundamental rights that are binding on European institutions and bodies. It also applies to national governments, but only within the framework of implementing European legislation. The European Union is strongly committed to promoting and protecting human rights, democracy and the rule of law around the world. Human rights are decisive in the EU's relations with other countries and regions. EU policy:

promotes the rights of women, children, minorities and displaced people.

opposes the death penalty, torture, human trafficking and discrimination.

ensures respect for civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

defends human rights within the framework of a dynamic partnership with partner countries, international and regional organizations and groups and associations at all levels of society.

provides for the inclusion of human rights clauses in all trade or cooperation agreements with non-EU countries.

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Discuss the EU’s stance on digital regulation and technology.

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Discuss the EU’s stance on digital regulation and technology.

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Digital markets have a number of large and dominant online platforms. These companies have a great influence on everything from privacy policy, to the way consumers use online services. The European Digital Markets Law (DMA) aims to ensure that these companies, which it calls "gatekeepers", operate fairly and promote competition. The DMA regulation provides a framework that holds major players in the advertising technology industry accountable for the data of users they collect and use in the EU.

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What are the challenges and benefits of EU enlargement?

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What are the challenges and benefits of EU enlargement?

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More opportunities for people and improved quality of life. Enlargement has created more opportunities for citizens from all Member States to study and work across the EU. Since 2004, more than 2.7 million people from the 10 countries have embraced the opportunity to learn and teach abroad.

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1. What is the European Union, and why was it created?

The European Union was created on 1st of November, 1993. In Maastricht, Netherlands. Has its origins in post–World War II attempts to integrate European economies and prevent future conflicts.

2.    Can you list the founding member countries of the European Union?

The founding members of the EU were: Belgium; France; Germany; Italy; Luxemburg and Netherlands.

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How does the EU tackle issues of national sovereignty vs. supranational governance?

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How does the EU tackle issues of national sovereignty vs. supranational governance?

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The European Union (EU) approaches questions of national sovereignty versus supranational governance through a delicate balance. EU institutions have supranational powers in certain areas, such as trade, environment and competition, where member states have agreed to share sovereignty to achieve common goals.

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What are the implications of the EU's foreign policy in regions like the Middle East or Africa? 

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What are the implications of the EU's foreign policy in regions like the Middle East or Africa? 

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The European Union has been present in the Middle East and North Africa since 1979, through a growing number of Delegations in the region. In January 2021, the EU’s first Arabic speaking Regional Media Officer for the Middle East and North Africa took office. His role is to communicate on EU priorities, policies, positions and projects of interest to the MENA region, complementing the work of the sixteen EU Delegations present in the region.

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What is the Common Agricultural Policy, and why is it important? 

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What is the Common Agricultural Policy, and why is it important? 

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The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) protects family farm incomes, supports the rural economy, ensures the production of high-quality safe food for consumers and protects rural landscapes and the environment.

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3-What role does the European Central Bank play within the EU? 

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3-What role does the European Central Bank play within the EU? 

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sets the interest rates at which it lends to commercial banks in the eurozone, thus controlling money supply and inflation;

manages the eurozone's foreign currency reserves and the buying or selling of currencies to balance exchange rates;

ensures that financial markets & institutions are well supervised by national authorities, and that payment systems work well;

ensures the safety and soundness of the European banking system;

authorises production of euro banknotes by eurozone countries;

monitors price trends and assesses risks to price stability.

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Discuss the significance of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation). 

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Discuss the significance of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation). 

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The GDPR lists the rights of the data subject, meaning the rights of the individuals whose personal data is being processed. These strengthened rights give individuals more control over their personal data, including through: the need for an individual's clear consent to the processing of his or her personal data.

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How has the EU responded to recent migration and refugee crises? 

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How has the EU responded to recent migration and refugee crises? 

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To improve this situation, in 2020, the European Commission proposed a New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The asylum and migration management regulation replaces the current Dublin regulation with the aim of streamlining the rules and shortening the time limits.

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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2.European Council:

The European Council, provides the necessary impetus for the development of the European Union and sets out the general political guidelines. The Commission President is also a non-voting member.

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4-Discuss how Brexit has impacted the European Union economically and politically. 

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4-Discuss how Brexit has impacted the European Union economically and politically. 

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On 23 June 2016 the UK held a referendum on its membership in the EU. The majority of the British people voted for Britain’s exit from the EU (Brexit). The British Prime Minister announced her intentions to trigger the EU withdrawal procedure before the end of March 2017.

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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3.European Commission:

The European Commission is the EU's politically independent executive arm. It is alone responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation, and it implements the decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU.

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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4.Court of Justice of the European Union:

They review the legality of acts of the EU institutions and decide whether Member States have fulfilled their obligations under primary and secondary law. The Court of Justice also provides interpretations of EU law when so requested by national judges.

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5 - What are some of the challenges facing the Eurozone? 

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5 - What are some of the challenges facing the Eurozone? 

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The eurozone faced four major related economic challenges:

High levels of debt and public deficits in some eurozone countries;

Weaknesses in the European banking system;

Economic recession and increased unemployment in some euro zone countries;

Persistent trade imbalances in the eurozone.

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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What are the main institutions of the European Union , and what roles do they play?

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5. European Central Bank:

The ECB is the central bank of the European Union countries which use the euro. Their main task is to maintain price stability. They do this by making sure that inflation remains low, stable and predictable. In this way, they seek to help you plan your saving and spending.

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3.    What were the key treaties that shaped the formation and development of the EU?

The first treaty, which established the European Economic Community (EEC), was signed in Rome in 1957. There have been five subsequent treaties – the Single European Act (1986), the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), the Treaty of Nice (2001) and the Treaty of Lisbon (2007).

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4.    When did the Euro become the official currency for some of the EU countries, and what is the area where it is used called?

After a decade of preparations, the euro was launched on 1 January 1999: for the first three years it was an 'invisible' currency, only used for accounting purposes and electronic payments. Coins and banknotes were launched on 1 January 2002, and in 12 EU countries the biggest cash changeover in history took place.

5.    How has the membership of the European Union changed since its inception?

In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 20 countries. The euro currency became the second-largest reserve currency in the world.

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How is the president of the European commission elected?

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How is the president of the European commission elected?

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The European Council votes by qualified majority for a nominee for the post of President, taking account of the latest European elections. This proposal is then put before Parliament which must approve or veto the appointment. If an absolute majority of MEPs support the nominee, they are elected.

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What is the purpose of the European Parliament, and how are its members elected?

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What is the purpose of the European Parliament, and how are its members elected?

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The European Parliament (EP) is the only EU institution directly elected by European citizens. Its main role is to ensure the democratic legitimacy of the European law. It is composed of representatives of the Union's citizens elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year period.

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The Schengen Area is an area encompassing 26 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.

Being an element within the the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes.

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The function of the European Court of Justice

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The function of the European Court of Justice

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Since the establishment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in 1952, its mission has been to ensure that "the law is observed" "in the interpretation and application" of the Treaties.

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eTwinning offers a platform for staff (teachers, head teachers, librarians, etc.), working in a school in one of the European countries involved, to communicate, collaborate, develop projects, share and, in short, feel and be part of the most exciting learning community in Europe. eTwinning is co-funded by the Erasmus+, the European programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport.

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Erasmus+ is the EU's programme to support education, training, youth and sport in Europe.

It has an estimated budget of €26.2 billion. This is nearly double the funding compared to its predecessor programme (2014-2020).

The 2021-2027 programme places a strong focus on social inclusion, the green and digital transitions, and promoting young people’s participation in democratic life.

It supports priorities and activities set out in the European Education Area, Digital Education Action Plan and the European Skills Agenda. The programme also

supports the European Pillar of Social Rights

implements the EU Youth Strategy 2019-2027

develops the European dimension in sport

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eTwinning is the largest community of schools in Europe, with more than 770,000 registered teachers. The main objective of this project is to create collaborative work networks between European schools, using ICT, in order to develop the spirit of European citizenship.

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Erasmus is the program that has most boosted the mobility of higher education students in the European Union. It started with partnerships between 11 countries, but over time it gained another dimension. In 2014, it was renamed Erasmus+ and covered new exchange formats. Today mobility is possible in 34 countries, in addition to Portugal, and also to countries outside the EU, such as Norway or Turkey. This is a European Union mobility program aimed at citizens – in most cases young university students – who want to have an experience abroad. Its main objective is to promote learning and personal and professional development.