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literary elements( mood,tone,diction,

theme and figurative language)

Informational elements( central idea rhetorical appeals

rhetorical devices and text structure

vocabulary(context clues etymology

connotation vs denotion)

writing(argumentative writing and informative/expository writng)

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Mood: is how readers feels after reading a story mood is created due to certain diction and figurative language or the theme of the story. mood can be found by looking at different types of characters details and imagery there

a wide range of different types of mood

Example: a story that begins "It was a dark and stormy night" will probably have an overall dark, ominous, or suspenseful mood.

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tone is the authors apprehension when writing a story or a poem the can convey his feelings in the way he writes and

how the story will be structured he or she could also project

how he feels through his characters the setting of the or

his or her way of diction

Example:if someone wrote a sappy love poem with a passionate, loving tone, they most likely want the reader to feel that passion and love.

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diction is the authors word choice indicating whether the text is formal or informal the words the author choose can convey a certain point of view theses word can portray the authors tone which would have an effect on the readers mood

ex sarcastic,casual,urgent,cheerful

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Diction: Explanation, Effects, Example | AP Lang Rhetorical Strategies

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Theme is the main message or underlying meaning a writer explores in a novel

short story, or other literary work. theme can be found or conveyed using characters, setting, dialogue ,plot, or a combination of all of these elements

but its easy to find if you can tell the difference between main ide and theme main idea is what the story is about but theme is the lesson of the story

Ex: good vs evil, coming of age, revenge, or love conquers all or if it was the main idea it would be a story about revenge but as the story progress so does coming of age realizing that revenge is not the answer but peace is

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Figurative Language is a type of communication that does not use a word's actually meaning figurative language mostly focuses on exaggeration and comparisons and is used to convey a deep meaning or to blindly compare two unlike thing or give animals, inanimate objects human characteristics or some are made of two or more words with opposite meaning

Ex simile, metaphor, or personification, oxymoron

Ex: (simile)As slow as a sloth( comparing your speed with a sloth)

Ex: (personification)the sun kissed me while I was clicking a picture, ( giving the sun human characteristics cause the sun cant kiss anyone)

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Figurative Language | Types of Figurative Language

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Central idea is the brief, overall summary of what the entire story is talking about. the central idea is also known as the main idea which by itself is very different from the theme and the message central idea is the backbone of the entire plot

Ex:redemption, finding love, the battle between good and evil

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Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking or writing it also provides the tool we need to analyze and defend our ideas

and then there are the four appeals that follow suit with rhetoric

Logos(logic)-using a logical reasoning and evidence to persuade

Ex: using data, common sense and statistic to make a point

Ethos(credibility)-using a person's character credibility and ethic to persuade

Ex what do we know about this person

-why are they a credible source

-what experience do they have

Pathos(emotion)-using emotion and passion to persuade

Ex-appeals to empathy

-tugging on heartstring

-making you happy

Kairos(urgency/time)-uses timeliness to persuade, right time, right place

Ex needs to come at the right time with an appropriate tone

consider why now would be the best time to do this

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rhetorical device is the use of language that is meant

to have an effect on an audience(make them have a reaction) there are 11 rhetorical devices each special and have important roles

Antithesis: contrasting ideas are expressed by using parallel arrangements of words

-Ex we must learn to live together as brothers or die together as fools

Rhetorical question: a statement made in the form of a question with no expectation of an answer

-Ex is the sky blue

Allusion: referencing something else in your work

-Ex my friend is a real Romeo with the ladies

Anaphora: repetition of words at the beginning of a phrase or sentence

Ex: it was the best of time, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom

Analogy: a comparison between two unlike things

-Ex metaphor : joe is a pig

-Ex simile: joe is as dirty as a pig

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Free gamified quizzes on every subject that students play in class and at home. Pick an existing quiz or create your own for review, formative assessment, and more.

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Text structures refer to the way the authors organize information in the text helps focus attention on key concepts and relationships, and anticipate what is to come

here four most important text structures

Chronological order: present events and ideas in the order they happen from start to finish

Ex: The Brunch meeting will be on Monday morning Afterward, we are hoping that many of the guests will help to clean the area for tomorrow's wedding

Cause and effect: the direct relationship between an action or event and its consequence or

Ex: The lightning struck the tree and The tree caught on fire

Problem and solution: a format of writing that where the structure of written text is laid out to show different problems and then how the problem is solved.

Ex: Problem: Her bedroom is such a mess. Solution: She should clean her bedroom and make it tidy.

Description: describes or explains a topic, idea, person, place, or thing to give the reader a mental picture.

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- [David] Hello, readers. Let's talk about structure. When architects and engineers design a building, one of the considerations they have to make is structural support. How's this thing gonna stay upright? How do we make sure it doesn't blow over in the wind or collapse in an earthquake? And so they say, okay, maybe we'll put reinforcing steel in the concrete or put X-braces on the outside or big ol' pylons in the center. Well, writers do pretty much the same thing. When an author creates an informational text, they ask themselves the same question. How's this thing going to stay upright? How shall I structure this text? Because although it's not physical in the way that a building is physical, texts have structure. You can't touch them, but you can see them. Now, there are many ways to structure a piece of writing. But today, I wanna talk about five, chronology, compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution, and description. Let's talk about each one in turn, using the medium of one of my favorite foods, pizza. I recognize that's a really weird-looking pizza. But you can learn anything. I'm going to get better at it before this video is over. So chronology. Chronology is events described in order. Chronos is Greek for time. So anything that has that distinctive C-H-R-O-N root is going to be about time. Chronicle, chronometer, chronically. You can suss out if a text is using a chronological structure if it's a sequence in a particular order, or if it's telling a story from history. Recipes are also chronological, right? In order to bake the cake properly, you have to turn the oven on first. And to that end, you can generally identify this text structure by looking for time words like first or last or finally. So a chronological account could be the history of the origins of modern day pizza in 19th century Naples or a step-by-step recipe for making pizza dough. Here's an example of the chronology of ordering pizza. This is how you order pizza. First, look up reviews or ask a neighbor to find the best pizza near you. Then call the pizza place and place your order. Be sure to give your address. Next, it's time to wait. When the pizza finally arrives, make sure to tip the delivery person. Compare and contrast, you've probably heard of this one. When a text compares two or more ideas, that's a compare and contrast. The compare step discusses similarities, how things are similar. And then the contrast step discusses how those things are different. Look for clue words like same or different, both and neither, in contrast, or on the other hand. Here's an example. When talking about pizza, a long-standing debate is often between deep-dish and thin-crust pizza. One benefit of deep-dish pizza is how efficient it is. Because of its thickness, a 12-inch deep-dish pie can serve six people. One drawback is that it can be quite messy to eat. Thin-crust pizza is good because it's less messy than deep-dish, but it's thin, so it takes a larger pizza, or multiple pizzas, to feed the same number of people as a deep-dish pizza can. Cause and effect. This one does what it says on the tin, right? It describes how one idea or event causes another. Here's an example. To celebrate my great report card, my parents let me order pizza with all my favorite toppings. After we ate, we were too stuffed to do anything else. Now, what caused us to get pizza? My great report card. What was the effect of the pizza? We were stuffed. Maybe it was a stuffed pizza. If you stuff yourself with stuffed pizza, does that make you more stuffed than if you stuff yourself with unstuffed pizza? You may scoff, but this is the stuff that keeps me up at night. Problem and solution. In this kind of text structure, the author describes a problem and then explains how that problem was solved. So imagine you want pizza, but you can't have traditional pizza because you're a celiac. You can't have wheat. Necessity is the mother of invention. Enter the cauliflower crust pizza made from cooked cauliflower, cheese, and a variety of gluten-free flours. All right, so what was the problem? You can't eat wheat and pizza dough is made of wheat. How do you solve that problem? By making pizza crust out of cauliflower, which I promise tastes better than it sounds. Finally, description. This is sort of like an encyclopedia entry that explains basic information about a topic. Like an explainer piece about what pizza is. I'm going to read this as though I have never heard of pizza before. (clears throat) Pizza, a round flatbread traditionally served warm, originated in Naples, Italy in the 19th century. This flatbread is generally baked at very high temperatures, topped with flavorful tomato sauce and melted mozzarella cheese and served in slices. If you find yourself looking at an informational text and you're struggling to figure out what the structure is, subtract the specifics. If you subtract the specifics, it'll help you think about the structure. And if it helps, you can substitute those specific details about the text with pizza. Is this silly? Yeah, of course. Does it work? I think it does. So is the text structured like a recipe or the history of pizza? If so, it's chronology. Is it comparing two kinds of pizza? Well, then it's a compare and contrast. Does it explain how a good report card led to a pizza dinner? It's cause and effect. Does it explain a pizza problem and how it was solved in a pizza way? Well, that's a problem-solution structure. And finally, does it straightforwardly describe what a pizza is without a detailed chronology, comparison, or problem? Because if so, that's a description. Those are only five possible ways to structure a piece of writing. They're by no means the only ways. But identifying these will give you the tools to learn even more structures so that you can better understand how writers shape ideas. I hope that this helped. And I also hope that you want pizza now, because I certainly do. You can learn anything, David out.

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The structures of informational texts | Reading (video) | Khan Academy

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David] Hello, readers. Let's talk about structure. When architects and engineers design a building, one of the considerations they have to make is structural support. How's this thing gonna stay upright? How do we make sure it doesn't blow over in the wind or collapse in an earthquake?

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Context Clues: are hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word

Ex: Gerard was so hungry that for lunch he consumed three sandwiches and a quart of milk. The sentence gives context clues (hints) that Gerard was hungry.

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Context Clues quiz for 6th grade students. Find other quizzes for English and more on Quizizz for free!

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Etymology: is the history of a word or phrase shown by tracing its development and relationships

Ex: late Middle English: from Old French, from Latin exemplum, from eximere ‘take out’, from ex- ‘out’ + emere ‘take’.

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Etymology and surprising origins of English words

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Connotation vs Denotation: A word's denotation is its plain and direct meaning—its explicit meaning. A word's connotation is what the word implies—that is, the nuances and shades of meaning that the word carries with it.

Ex:the word “rose” means a kind of flower. That's its denotation. This is different from what the word makes people feel or think about, which is called connotation.

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Denotation and Connotation: What's the Difference?

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Argumentative writing: is collecting and presenting evidence, allowing the reader to make an informed decision regarding the topic. A persuasive essay will frequently use examples or rhetoric that will elicit an emotional response.

Ex: An essay arguing that the effects of violent videogames on children is overwhelmingly negative

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Informative writing is nonfiction writing that occurs when facts and information are used to communicate knowledge and insight about a specific topic

Ex newspapers, scholarly journals, and encyclopedias

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Expository writing: is a style of composition that exposes or explains a topic using facts

Ex: There was a three car accident on Miller Rd. this morning that caused the number 5 bus to be delayed by an hour.

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Argumentative elements

(Claim) is a statement that tells you what you are going to say in your essay (Body paragraph)there are three body paragraphs listed with reasons and evidence to support it these help support your claim(counter claim) counter claim only applies to argumentative but this statement will be the opposite of your initial claim give the essay a more argument feel(rebuttal)is the evidence or statement that will dispute the counter claim and make your claim seem more appealing.

Informative elements

(Thesis)It summarizes the points you're going to cover in your informative essay(Topic sentence)helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph(Hook)an opening statement which is usually the first sentence in an essay that attempts to grab the reader's attention so that they want to read on most of the time the hook is a question helps grab your readers attention