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Location of London in the map (source: Google)

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English descended from three German tribes who conquered Britain in the fifth century AD. These tribes, known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, travelled over the North Sea from what is now Denmark and northern Germany. The corner is named after their native land, Engle. Their language was called Englisc from the moment the English term was adopted (Signoriello,2016).

According to Crystal and Potter (2024) old English is a relatively complex language, at least in terms of inflection, which means it uses a reduction system. It is Germanic, with Celtic and Latin influences. Although few people can write it, it is spoken among Anglo-Saxons in England and Scotland.

Middle English was spoken between the end of the 11th and the end of the 15th century. The interaction with the North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavians who conquered and colonised parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries influenced the development of Middle English, resulting in numerous lexical borrowings and grammatical reductions (Barker, 2024).

McArthur et al. (2018) stated that the Chancery Standard, a type of London-based English, became popular in the mid-15th century, and the printing press helped to standardise the language. The accent of London, where the majority of publishing houses were located, became the de facto norm.

Modern English has been globally influential since the 17th century, due to the British Empire and the United States. English has emerged as the dominant language for global communication and the common language used in several domains and professional settings, such as science and technology, due to the widespread use of printed and electronic media in these nations (Nordquist, 2020).

Today, English is the most commonly taught second language, and it is an official language of the United Nations and numerous other international institutions, including the International Olympic Committee. It is also the most widely used language on the internet. London's English is spoken with the distinctive Cockney accent, although migration and cultural influence have brought a wide range of accents and dialects to the city.

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MUHAMMAD ALIFF HAIQAL BIN ZOLKIFELI | 2023448652

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MUHAMMAD ALIFF HAIQAL BIN ZOLKIFELI | 2023448652

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Greetings! I'm Muhammad Aliff Haiqal bin Zolkifeli, and I'm pursuing a Bachelor of Applied Studies (Hons) in English for Intercultural Communication at UiTM Shah Alam.

This padlet was made for our pair evaluation in EIC453: Global Englishes.

We have split up our work, and I will be giving you the British English.

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This is a clip from a podcast by Luke Thompson from his YouTube channel..

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Name: Luke Thompson

Age: 49

Country: London, England

Occupation: English teacher and podcaster

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AMIESHA MELYANNA BINTI MOHAMAD AMIN | 2023836542

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AMIESHA MELYANNA BINTI MOHAMAD AMIN | 2023836542

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Hello! My name is Amiesha Melyanna Binti Mohamad Amin, and I am now enrolled at UiTM Shah Alam to pursue a Bachelor of Applied Studies (Hons) in English for Intercultural Communication.

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Name: Jack Laurenson

Age: 23

Country: Scotland, United Kingdom

Occupation: Student/Bartender

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According to Susan Fitzmaurice, Jeremy Smith (2012), a re-examination of the evidence was carried out to study the historical context of the language before and after 1500 in Scotland. They discussed the implications for English language histories of various sources of evidence, such as material objects like coins, inscriptions, and manuscripts, as well as the nature of historical investigation of newly discovered and available types of evidence, such as parish records and court documents.

Scotland seeks to remove the myth of a'monolingual country'. The purpose of this study is to investigate the educational habitus in contemporary Scotland as expressed through two processes. These include attempts to enhance linguistic vitality and language revitalization through the development of new curriculum and pedagogies, as well as the operation of governing institutions and policy tools, particularly the 1+2 Language Approach (Argyro Kanaki, 2018)

The proto-languages are separated before the history and links between Germanic languages are discussed. The formation of Old English is considered as either the varieties of that language that were already existing when its speakers arrived in Britain, or as a rather uniform Old English formed after colonization, with dialect diversification occurring later. The focus shifts to the languages spoken in Scotland prior to the advent of Anglian settlers. These include the P-Celtic languages, Pictish and British, as well as the Q-Celtic Gaelic. Scotland was not a blank slate when it came to language (Robert McColl Millar, 2023)

Origins and Language Contact:

The Angles, who landed in Scotland in AD 600, are credited with originating Scots, an independent Germanic language. Scots became a separate language from its English sister tongue over time as a result of its own development.

Following the 17th century, Scots and Standard English came into touch. Scots-speakers gradually adopted English usage, resulting in phonological concessions and lexical transfers.

Scottish Standard English (SSE):

Scottish Standard English (SSE) is a transregional, standardized variant of English spoken throughout Scotland. It symbolizes the typical speech of Scotland's professional class and is widely accepted in schools.

SSE has distinctive pronunciation, syntax, and phrases. It also includes words on Scottish institutions like the Church of Scotland, local government, education, and the judicial system.

Scottish Standard English sits on one end of a linguistic spectrum, with broad Scots on the other. Broad Scots is a more localized and unique variant of Scots.

Many Scots speakers distinguish between Scots and Scottish English depending on social settings, code-switching or style-shifting as needed.

Scots as the Substratum of General English in Scotland:

While contemporary Scots usage is limited to a fraction of the rural population, it remains "the substratum of general English in Scotland."

The historical relationship between Scots and Scottish English enriches Scotland's linguistic environment.

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1. The advantage of that is that you can do other things that while you listen.

Transcription: ði ədˈvɑːntɪʤ ɒv ðæt ɪz ðæt juː kæn duː ˈʌðə θɪŋz ðæt waɪl juː ˈlɪsən.

2. Just put your headphones on and you just do other things while you’re listening, which allows you to multitask.

Transcription: ʤʌst pʊt jɔː ˈhɛdfəʊnz ɒn ænd juː ʤʌst duː ˈʌðə θɪŋz waɪl jɔː ˈlɪsnɪŋ, wɪʧ əˈlaʊz juː tuː ˌmʌltɪˈtɑːsk.

3. Like you could do housework, you could drive, you could walk around somewhere.

Transcription: laɪk juː kʊd duː ˈhaʊswɜːk, juː kʊd draɪv, juː kʊd wɔːk əˈraʊnd ˈsʌmweə.

4. Just walk around in a circle or alternatively walk to a specific place if you've got some shopping to do or something.

Transcription: ʤʌst wɔːk əˈraʊnd ɪn ə ˈsɜːkəl ɔːr ɒlˈtɜːnətɪvli wɔːk tuː ə spəˈsɪfɪk pleɪs ɪf juːv ɡɒt sʌm ˈʃɒpɪŋ tuː duː ɔː ˈsʌmθɪŋ.

5. While you're spending time on public transport on the way to work or on the way back or whatever is you're doing, this is how most people listen to podcasts.

Transcription: waɪl jɔː ˈspɛndɪŋ taɪm ɒn ˈpʌblɪk ˈtrænspɔːt ɒn ðə weɪ tuː wɜːk ɔːr ɒn ðə weɪ bæk ɔː wɒtˈɛvər ɪz jɔː ˈduːɪŋ, ðɪs ɪz haʊ məʊst ˈpiːpəl ˈlɪsᵊn tuː ˈpɒdkɑːsts.

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1. The advantage of that is that you can do other things that while you listen.

Transcription: ði ædˈvæntɪʤ ʌv ðæt ɪz ðæt ju kæn du ˈʌðər θɪŋz ðæt waɪl ju ˈlɪsən.

2. Just put your headphones on and you just do other things while you are listening, which allows you to multitask.

Transcription: ʤʌst pʊt jʊər ˈhɛdˌfoʊnz ɑn ænd ju ʤʌst du ˈʌðər θɪŋz waɪl jʊr ˈlɪsənɪŋ, wɪʧ əˈlaʊz ju tu ˈmʌltiˌtæsk.

3. Like you could do housework, you could drive, you could walk around somewhere.

Transcription: laɪk ju kʊd du ˈhaʊˌswɜrk, ju kʊd draɪv, ju kʊd wɔk əˈraʊnd ˈsʌmˌwɛr.

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Phonemic Variation

According to Nordquist (2020) when a word or phoneme is spoken differently without altering its meaning, this is referred to as phonemic variation. Another name for this is free variation. For example, the word "either" has the same meaning whether it is pronounced as [i] or [aI] (Cruttenden 2014 as cited in Nordquist 2020).

Both between the realisations of distinct phonemes (phonemic free variation) and between the allophones of the same phoneme (allophonic free variation) can there be phonemic variation. For instance, there is free variation between [k] and [k˥] in the word "back" (Nordquist, 2020).

a. Vowel distinction /ɑː/ and /æ/

In British English, the word “advantage” is transcribed as /ədˈvɑːntɪʤ/. In different accents of English, the vowel sound represented by “a” in “advantage” can vary. For example, in American English, it might be pronounced more like /ədˈvæntɪʤ/. This is an example of a phonemic variation because the change in pronunciation does not alter the meaning of the word.

b. Free variation

Free variation happens when different pronunciations of a word or phoneme have no impact on the term's semantic significance. The word "just" is phonetically rendered as /ʤʌst/. In certain English accents, the vowel sound represented by the letter "u" in the word "just" may be pronounced as /ʤʊst/ or /ʤəst/. This is an additional instance of phonemic diversity, as these distinct pronunciations do not alter the semantic significance of the term.

Prosodic Variation

Xu (2019) stated that prosodic variety encompasses alterations in the cadence, emphasis, and melodic contour of spoken language. Suprasegmental qualities refer to properties of syllables and larger speech units, rather than individual phonetic segments such as vowels and consonants.

Based on the video, we can see that Mr. Luke used a lot of prosodic variation in several sentences.

a. Stress

The stress pattern could vary depending on the speaker’s emphasis. For example, Mr. Luke might place more stress on the word “advantage” (/ədˈvɑːntɪʤ/) in his sentence "and the advantage of that is that you can do other things while you listen" to highlight the benefit of being able to do other things while listening. Thus, by stressing the word "advantage", it works as an indicator to show the main idea of the sentence.

b. Intonation

According to Xu (2019) intonation refers to the melodic aspect of prosody, but both terms are also used interchangeably. Pitch variations, which refer to changes in the apparent frequency of a sound, are utilized to communicate distinct meanings.

As we can see in the video, Mr. Luke used rising intonation at the last part of the line "which allows you to multitask" (/wɪʧ əˈlaʊz juː tuː ˌmʌltɪˈtɑːsk/) could indicate either a statement of fact or an explanatory statement. Various speakers may employ distinct intonation patterns based on their regional accent or personal speaking tendencies.

c. Pause

In the context of prosodic variety, a pause is a purposeful pause or stop of speech characterized by an intentional break or quiet. Pauses in spoken language can fulfil multiple purposes namely structural, hesitation and emphasis (Varga, 2002).

Mr. Luke has used this feature in his third sentence. For example, Mr. Luke used a pause after the word "like" (/laɪk/), resulting in a rhythmic interruption between the introduction phrase and the next part of the sentence which is the example of things you can do while listening to audio podcasts.

Lexical Variation

Lexical variation refers to the diverse vocabulary and expressions employed by speakers to denote same things or thoughts. The transcriptions you gave exhibit lexical diversity, since the speakers employ various terms to convey comparable thoughts (Lexical Variables | Our Dialects, 2021)

a. The expression "do other things" can be articulated in various ways, depending on the vocabulary preferences of the speaker. For example, certain speakers may use the phrases "perform other tasks" or "carry out other activities". The selection of vocabulary can be influenced by various factors, such as the speaker's regional dialect, social education, and individual speaking patterns.

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Muhammad Aliff Haiqal's Individual Reflection Report

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Muhammad Aliff Haiqal's Individual Reflection Report

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Linguistic Variation in Scotland, United Kingdom

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Linguistic Variation in Scotland, United Kingdom

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According to Nordquist (2020), in phonetics and phonology, free variation refers to an alternative pronunciation of a word (or a phoneme within a word) that has no effect on the term's meaning. Free variation is "free" in the sense that changing pronunciation does not result in a different word or meaning. This is conceivable because some allophones and phonemes are interchangeable and can be replaced for one another, resulting in overlapping distribution.

Phonemic Variation:

Phonemic variation is when different pronunciations of a phoneme occur but do not change the meaning of a word. This variation may include multiple allophones (variant pronunciations) of the same phoneme. Importantly, choosing one variation over another does not change the word's overall meaning.

Phonemic transcription represents mental categories (phonemes) with slashes (e.g., /θ/, /l/).

Allophones are included in square brackets (e.g., [ð] and [l̴]).

Examples:

Consider the term "cot." In certain dialects, the last /t/ is spoken with a loud release (as in "cat"), whereas in others it is less audible (as in "cot"). Both spellings are acceptable and have no bearing on the meaning of the word.
Similarly, vowel sounds in words such as "pin" and "pen" can vary phonetically without affecting the underlying word.

Examples of Phonemic Variation from the Transcript:

The /ð/ in "that" and "other" is an allophone of the phoneme /θ/.

The /l/ sound in "listen" and "allows" can range from clear [l] to dark [l̴] (velarized).

The /t/ sound in "put" and "things" can be aspirated at the start of a stressed syllable, but not in the middle or end of a word.

The /d/ sound in "do" and "drive" can also have slight variances.

The /k/ sound in "could" and "walk" may have distinct realizations depending on context.

Lexical variation:

Lexical variation refers to the various words and phrases we use to describe the same objects or thoughts. Essentially, it refers to a language's vocabulary diversity. For example, different locations or social groups may employ distinct phrases for the same thing, demonstrating lexical variability.

Examples of Lexical Variation from the Transcript:

"Housework" vs. "Chores": Housework includes domestic tasks like cleaning, cooking, and laundry.
These jobs might sometimes be referred to as "chores." Some speakers may use "chores" instead of "housework."

"Drive" vs. "Commute": The term "drive" refers to driving a car, while some speakers may use "commute" to denote daily commuting between home and work or other locations.

“Walk around somewhere” vs. “Stroll”: The term “walk around somewhere” conveys moving without a defined objective. An alternate phrase is "stroll," which refers to a leisurely walk or roaming.

"Multitask" vs. "Juggle": The term "multitask" refers to completing numerous tasks simultaneously.
Some speakers may use "juggle" to communicate a similar idea—managing multiple activities at once.

Prosodic Variation:

Prosodic variation refers to the musical and rhythmic aspects of speech that extend beyond individual phonetic segments (Henrikson, 2013).

Examples of Prosodic Variation in the Transcript:

Pitch Variation:

(a) Refers to how high or low our voices sound. When you emphasize specific words or phrases in a sentence, your pitch may rise or fall.

(b) Consider emphasizing the words "advantage," "headphones," or "multitask." The pitch contour would change accordingly.

Loudness Variation:

(a) Refers to how loudly or quietly one speaks. When you wish to indicate significance or urgency, you may increase your volume.

(b) In the transcript, consider emphasizing "just put your headphones on" or "you could drive." The volume would fluctuate.

Duration Variation:

Relates to the time spent on various sounds, syllables, or words. Certain words may be spoken faster or slower.
For example, consider the rhythm of "you just do other things while you're listening." The length of each word influences the overall flow.

Intonation Patterns:

Intonation is the rise and fall of pitch during a speech. It conveys meaning beyond the individual words.
In the transcript, the rising intonation at the conclusion of "multitask" implies a doubt or uncertainty.

Emotional Expressiveness:

Consider mentioning "you could walk around somewhere" while excited, bored, or curious. The prosody would vary.

According to Hodari (2020), in English, prosody contributes a wide range of information to segment sequences, including information structure (e.g., contrast) and stylistic variance (e.g., emotional expression). However, while learning to control prosody in text-to-speech voices, it is unclear what the control is actually changing.

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To conclude this first assessment, we can say that language variety is an intriguing phenomenon that illustrates the changing nature of human communication. It includes changes in language use across areas, social groups, and even within the speech of a single person throughout time. This heterogeneity is not random; rather, it is systematic and impacted by a variety of factors such as geography, social rank, context, and personal experience. As individuals encounter many linguistic influences throughout their lifetimes, their language grows organically, revealing a complex tapestry of linguistic variation. Understanding language variety is critical because it sheds light on how language operates as a living organism, adjusting to the needs and identities of its speakers. The methodical investigation of these differences not only broadens our understanding of language as a complex system, but also creates a greater appreciation for linguistic diversity. Recognizing and accepting language diversity is critical for effective communication, education, and the preservation of linguistic history. As language evolves, it stays a mirror of the ever-changing human experience. We also can conclude that understanding the demographics of English speakers helps educators, academics, and policymakers design inclusive policies and communication strategies.

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Amiesha Melyanna's Individual Reflection Report

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Amiesha Melyanna's Individual Reflection Report