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Domestic- National Bank- George Washington supported the creation of the first Bank of the United States, which was established in 1791. He believed that a national bank would help stabilize the country's finances and promote economic growth.

Foreign- George Washington's Policy of Neutrality in his Farewell Address- George Washington's policy of neutrality in his farewell address was a warning to the US to steer clear of permanent alliances and remain neutral in foreign affairs. He believed that the country should avoid getting involved in foreign conflicts unless it was absolutely necessary to protect American interests.

Political Event- Formation of the Supreme Court- George Washington played a key role in the creation of the Supreme Court. He signed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which in turn established the federal court system and created the Supreme Court as the highest court in the country. He also nominated the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay.

Internal Conflict- Whiskey Rebellion- George Washington played a significant role in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. In 1794, he personally ;ed a militia of 13,000 troops to western Pennsylvania to quell the rebellion, which was an uprising against tax on whiskey. His actions demonstrated the strength of the federal government and helped establish the authority of the new nation.

https://millercenter.org/president/george-washington/key-events

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Domestic-Alien and Sedition Acts 1798- John Adams was the president who signed the Alien and Sedition Acts into law in 1798. The Alien Act authorized the president to deport any non-citizen he deemed dangerous to the country's peace and safety. The Sedition Act made it a crime to criticize the government, which was seen as a violation of the First Amendment. These acts were highly controversial and were widely criticized for violating civil liberties.

Foreign-XYZ Affair- In 1997, John Adams sent three envoys to France to negotiate a treaty, but they were met with demands for bribes and a loan from French officials known only as X, Y, and Z. Adams refused to pay the bribes, and instead, he sent a report to Congress detailing the demands. This report, known as the XYZ Affair, led to a wave of anti-French sentiment in the United States and almost led to a war between the two countries.

Internal Conflict- Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were passed in 1798. These resolutions were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were seen as unconstitutional by many people, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The resolutions asserted that states had the right to nullify federal laws that they believed were unconstitutional. While Adams disagreed with the resolutions, they marked an important moment in the history of the states' rights in the United States.

War-Quasi-War(France)- In 1798, Adams authorized the creation of the United States Navy and deployed it to protect American ships from French privateers. While the Wuasi-War was never officially declared, it marked a significant period of tension between the two countries and helped establish the United States as a major naval power.

https://millercenter.org/president/john-adams/key-events

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Domestic-Marbury v.s. Madison- The case involved a dispute over the appointment of William Marbury as a justice of the peace by President John Adams, Chief Justice Jon Marshall ruled that Marbury's appointment was invalid because the law that authorized it was unconstitutional. This decision established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. While Jefferson was not directly involved in the case, he supported the principle of judicial review and its role in limiting the power of the federal government.

Foreign-Louisiana Purchase- Jefferson authorized negotiations with the French government to purchase New Orleans and West Florida, but he was surprised when the French offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Jefferson recognized the strategic importance of the territory and believed that it would provide opportunities for westward expansion. He authorized the purchase, which doubled the size of the United States and helped establish its position as a major world power.

Economic Event-The Embargo Act (1807)-The act was a response to British and French interference with American shipping during the Napoleonic Was. The act hurt American merchants and farmers who relied on international trade, and it failed to force the British and French to change their policies.

Political Event- The Revolution of 1800-This was the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in United States history. Jefferson's victory in the presidential election of 1800 marked the end of Federalist dominance and the beginning of a new era of Democratic-Republican rule.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/thomas-jefferson/ https://www.loc.gov/rr/program//bib/ourdocs/marbury.html#:~:text=Thomas%20Jefferson%20to%20George%20Hay,gratuitous%20opinion%20in%20Marbury%20v.

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Domestic- The Rechartering of the National Bank- Madison believed that the bank was necessary for the stability of the American economy and that it could help promote economic growth. Madison's support for the rechartering of the bank was a major factor in its success, and it played an important role in the economic development of the US during the 19th century.

Foreign-War of 1812- Madison authorized the declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812. Despite setbacks and failures, Madison's determination and perseverance helped keep the United States in the fight, and the war ultimate ended in a stalemate.

Political-Hartford Convention-The Hartford Convention was meeting of Federalist delegates from several New England states. The convention was called in response to the War of 1812 and was intended to discuss a series of proposed constitutional amendments that would limit the power of the federal government. However, the convention had little impact on the course of the war of the future of American politics.

War-Tippecanoe Harrison v.s. Tecumseh and Prophet- Madison supported General William Henry Harrison's efforts to defend american interests in the region, and he authorized the use of military force against the Native american confederacy that Tecumseh and the Prophet were trying to build. The Battle of Tippecanoe was a decisive victory for the United States, and it helped establish American control over the region.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/

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Domestic-"Era of Good Feelings- The 'Era of Good Feelings" was a period of relative political harmony and economic growth in the early 19th century. Monroe's administration oversaw the acquisition of Florida from Spain and the drafting of the Monroe Doctrine. The Era of Good Feelings is generally remembered as a time of relative peace and prosperity in American history, in which Monroe was in power at the time.

Foreign- Monroe Doctrine (1823)- The doctrine warned European powers against further colonization in the Americans and declared that the United States would view any attempt to interfere in the internal affairs of the nations of the Western Hemisphere as a hostile act. The Monroe Doctrine was an important milestone in the development of American foreign policy.

Political Event-Missouri Compromise(1820)- The compromise was an attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in the western territories by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and by establishing the 36|30 parallel as the boundary between slave and free territories. The Missouri Compromised helped to ease tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

Economic-The Panic of 1819-The Panic of 1819 was the first major economic depression in American history. The panic was caused by a combination of factors, including over-speculation in land and commodities, the collapse of the Bank of the United States, and a decline in demand for American goods in Europe. The Panic of 1819 had a profound impact on American society and politics, and it helped to set the stage for the economic and political turmoil of the 1820's and 1830's.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/james-monroe

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Domestic- Corrupt Bargain-Adams was accused of making a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay during the 1824 presidential election. After no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the election was decided by the House of Representatives. Adams was elected president, and Clay was appointed Secretary of State. Although there was no evidence of a corrupt bargain, the accusation damaged Adams' reputation and contributed t his defeat in the 1828 election.

Foreign-Secretary of State- In 1817, Adams was appointed Secretary of State by President James Monroe. In this position, Adams negotiated a number of important treaties, including the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain, which secured American control over Florida, and the Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain, which established the northern boundary of the US at the 19th parallel. Adams also played a key role in developing the Monroe Doctrine.

Internal Improvement Event- As President, John Quincy Adams supported government-funded projects to improved transportation and communication infrastructure. His proposal for internal improvements such as building roads, canals, harbors, and railroad tracks were met with resistance form Congress, but he was able to secure funding for several important projects.

Economic Event-American System-Adams played an important role in developing the American system by advocating for a strong federal government, supporting infrastructure projects like roads and canals, and promoting economic growth through tariffs and other policies.

https://www.ducksters.com/searchducksters.php?q=john+quincy+adams

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Domestic-Indian Removal- Jackson was responsible for the forced relocation of tens of thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. This policy, known as the Indian Removal Act, was a major part of Jackson's presidency and had a devastating impact on Native American communities.

Foreign- Tariff of Abominations- Andrew Jackson opposed the Tariff of Abominations, which was passed by Congress in 1828 to protect American industry from foreign competition. Jackson believed that the tariff unfairly favored northern manufacturers at the expense of southern farmers, and he threatened to use military force to prevent its enforcement in South Carolina.

Internal Conflict- Worcester v.s. Georgia- Andrew Jackson famously defied the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v.s. Georgia, which held that the Cherokee Nation was a sovereign entity and that Georgia's efforts to remove them from their land were unconstitutional. Jackson refused to enforce the decision, leading to the forced removal of the Cherokee and other tribes along the Trail of Tears.

Economic- PET Banks- Jackson played a significant role in the creation of Pet Banks, which were state-chartered banks that received federal deposits after Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States. This policy led to a surge in the bank lending and economic growth, but also contributed to the Panic of 1837, when many of these banks failed.

https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Removal%20Act%20was,many%20resisted%20the%20relocation%20policy.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/andrew-jackson/

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Domestic- Panic of 1837- The Panic of 17 was caused by a combination of factors including the failure of Pet banks, over-speculation of land and railroads, and a decline of foreign investment, Van Buren's response to the crisis was to establish an independent treasury system.

Foreign Policy-Opposed Annexation of Texas- Van Buren opposed the annexation of Texas, which be believed would lead to a war with Mexico and threaten the balance of free and slave states in the Union. Van Buren's opposition to annexation contributed to his defeat in the 1844 presidential election.

Economic Policy-Specie Circular- Van Buren issued the Specie Circular in 1836, which required that public lands be purchased with gold or silver rather than paper money. This policy was intended to curb speculation and stabilize the economy, but it contributed to the Panic of 1837 by causing a shortage of specie and making it difficult for banks to meet their obligation.

Internal Conflict- Martin Van Buren continued Andrew Jackson's policy of Indian Removal by supporting the forced relocation of Native Americans, resulting in the Trail of Tears.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/martin-van-buren/#:~:text=Declaring%20that%20the%20panic%20was,Government%20funds%20in%20state%20banks.

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As he was not in office for a full term, William Henry Harrison served as governor of the Indiana Territory for 12 years. During this period, he gained a reputation as a conscientious manager. After serving in the Northwest Territory, he became the first president to die in office on his 32nd day of presidency.

https://millercenter.org/president/william-harrison/key-events

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Domestic- Refused the revival of the national bank- John Tyler vetoed two bills that would have re-established the National Bank, citing concerns about the bank's constitutionality and the potential for financial instability.

Foreign-China Trade- John Tyler signed the Treaty of Wanghia, which established formal trade relations between the United States and China and opened several Chinese ports to American merchants.

Internal Conflict-Annexation of Texas- Tyler signed a joint resolution of Congress to annex Texas, which was the admitted to the union as the 28th state during his presidency.

War-Ended hostilities with Seminoles/ repaired relationships- Tyler signed a peace treaty with the Seminole tribe, ending the Second Seminole War, which had been fought over land rights and the forced relocation of Native Americans.

https://www.loc.gov/collections/john-tyler-papers/about-this-collection/

https://millercenter.org/president/john-tyler/key-events#:~:text=On%20March%201%2C%201845%2C%20President,to%20be%20determined%20after%20annexation.

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Foreign-Oregon "54|40' or Fight"- James K. Polk campaigned on a platform of expanding American territory, including the disputed Oregon Territory, and threatened war with Britain if the border was not moved to the 54|40' parallel.

Domestic-Annexation of Texas- James K. Polk supported the annexation of Texas and signed a resolution of Congress to make it a state, which led to a war with Mexico over border disputes.

War-Mexican-American War- Polk sent troops to the disputed Texas-Mexico border, which led to a declaration of war by Mexico, and he oversaw American victories and the acquisition of new territory, which in turn added a large amount of land to the US.

Economic Event- Gold in California- Polk did not have a direct role in the California Gold Rush, which began during his presidency, but his policies of westward expansion encouraged Americans to seek their fortunes in the West.

https://millercenter.org/president/james-k-polk/key-events#:~:text=Polk%2Dsigned%20the%20Treaty%20of,Mexico%20to%20the%20United%20States.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/james-polk#:~:text=Polk%20supported%20immediate%20annexation%20of,Texas%20and%20the%20Oregon%20Territory.

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Domestic-Pushed for Compromise of 1850- Zachary Taylor died in office before the Compromise of 1850 was passed, but his opposition to the compromise and his support for states' rights and slavery galvanized the South.

Foreign-Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-Canal across Nicaragua- The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty aimed to prevent the US and Britain from controlling a canal across Nicaragua, but he supported the idea of American expansion and trade.

Economic Event-Gold Rush-One of Zachary Taylor's policies was westward expansion and he encouraged Americans to seek their fortunes in the West, and the Gold Rush began during his presidency.

Internal Conflict-Hard stance on secession- Taylor's military background and dedication to preserving the Union likely would have made him a strong opponent of secession.

https://millercenter.org/president/zachary-taylor/key-events

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/zachary-taylor/

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Domestic-Secured the Compromise of 1850-Millard Fillmore signed the Compromise of 1850 into law as president, which temporarily eased tensions between the North and South over issues of slavery and territorial expansion.

Foreign-Opened Trade with Japan- Fillmore snet Commodore Perry to Japan to open trade relations, which led to the Treaty of Kanagawa and helped to expand american influence in Asia.

Political Event-Fugitive Slave Law- Millard Fillmore supported the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which required citizens to return escaped slaves to their owners, and enforced the law even in free states.

Internal Conflict-Secession threats from Southern states- Fillmore was a moderate Whig who opposed both abolitionism and secessionism.

https://millercenter.org/president/millard-fillmore/key-events#:~:text=Fillmore%20personally%20opposed%20slavery%20but,behind%20a%20single%20national%20platform.

https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html

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Domestic-Kansas-Nebraska Act- Franklin Pierce supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed settlers in those territories to determine for themselves whether to allow slavery, and led to violent clashes between pro- and anti-slavery forces.

Foreign-Gadsden Purchase- Pierce authorized the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, which acquired a strip of land in southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico, in order to build a transcontinental railroad.

Internal Conflict-Bleeding Kansas- Pierce's pro-slavery stance and support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act helped spark the violence in "Bleeding Kansas", which was a precursor to the Civil War.

War-Attempt to secure Cuba- He authorized the Ostend Manifesto of 1854, which advocated for the acquisition of Cuba from Spain, but the plan was abandoned due to opposition from anti-slavery forces.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/gadsden-purchase

https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/tags/franklin-pierce#:~:text=Franklin%20Pierce%2C%20the%2014th%20President,of%20all%20the%20nation's%20presidents.

https://millercenter.org/president/pierce

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Domestic-Bleeding Kansas- Buchanan's administration was criticized for its handling of the Bleeding Kansas crisis, which saw a period of violence and political unrest in the Kansas Territory in the years leading up to the Civil War.

Foreign-Asserted authority in Central America- Buchanan sent US troops to Nicaragua to support a pro-American government, but the intervention was criticized for violating Nicaraguan territory.

Internal Conflict-John Brown's Raid on Harper Ferry- Ordered US Marines to suppress John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia, which was aimed at sparking a slave rebellion.

Political Event-Dred Scott Case- He supported the Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case, which ruled that African Americans were not US citizens and could not sue federal court.

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/lecompton-constitution#:~:text=In%20early%201857%2C%20in%20response,state%20as%20soon%20as%20possible.

https://millercenter.org/president/buchanan

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Domesitc-Civil War- He was the President of the United States during the Civil War and led the Union to victory over the Confederacy.

Foreign-Blockade of Confederate ports-Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of Confederate ports to prevent the Confederacy from receiving supplies and support from foreign nations.

Political Event-Homestead Act of 1862- Abraham Lincoln signed the homestead Act of 1862, which granted land to settlers in the West and encouraged westward expansion and development.

War- Emancipation Proclamation- Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which declared that all slaves in Confederate territory were free and helped end slavery in America. He was known for his abolitionist identity and polices.

https://millercenter.org/president/lincoln

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation

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Domestic- Reconstruction- Andrew Johnson was president during Reconstruction after the Civil War and opposed many of the policies aimed at protecting the rights of newly-freed slaves.

Foreign- Purchase of Alaska - Johnson signed the treaty to purchase Alaska from Russia in 1867, which was initially criticized but later proved to be a valuable acquisition for the US.

Internal Conflict- Impeachment- He was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868 for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but he was acquitted by the Senate.

Political- 14th Amendment-Andrew Johnson vetoed the 14th Amendment , which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the US.

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Domestic- Reconstruction- Ulysses S. Grant was president during reconstruction and supported policies aimed at protecting the rights of newly-freed slaves and promoting their integration into society.

Foreign- Failed annexation of Santo Domingo-Grant supported the annexation of Santo Domingo, but Congress opposed it due to concerns about the cost and instability of the island.

Economic Event- Black Friday-He was president during the 1869 Black Friday financial panic, which was caused by speculation and manipulation in the gold market.

Internal Conflict- Whiskey Ring-Ulysses S. Grant administration was implicated in the Whiskey Ring scandal, in which government officials and distillers conspired to evade taxes on whiskey.

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Domestic- Compromise of 1877-Hayes accepted the presidency in exchange for the end of Reconstruction in the South.

Foreign- Tensions with Mexico-He worked to prevent war with Mexico by sending a commission to negotiate a settlement over claims of damages to American citizens and property during the Mexican Revolution.

Political- Increased Executive Power-Hayes was known for his support of civil service reform and vetoing bills that increased executive power, including the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Internal Conflict- The Great Railroad Strike-His response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was to send federal troops to quell the violence, marking the first time federal troops were used in a labor dispute.

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Summary-Garfield's presidency was defined by his efforts to reform the civil service and his support of education. He was assassinated by a disgruntled office seeker, and his VP Arthur succeeded him.

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Domestic- Chinese Exclusion Act-Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended Chinese immigration to the US for ten years and prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens.

Foreign- Panama Canal-He supported the construction of the Panama Canal and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which allowed the US to build and control the canal.

Political Event- Pendleton Civil Service Act-Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which established a merit-based system for hiring and promoting government employees and reduced the impact of patronage.

Economic Event- Opposing Views on High Tariffs-He supported high tariffs, which were a source of government revenue, but faced opposition from some who believed they hurt consumers and international trade.

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Domestic- Dawes Act 1887-Cleveland signed the Dawes Act, which authorized the Us government to divide Native American tribal lands into individual plots and sell them to settlers.

Foreign- Hawaiian Rebellion-He opposed the Hawaiian Rebellion and believed in the restoration of Queen Liliuokalani to the throne, but ultimately failed to prevent the US annexation of Hawaii.

Internal Conflict- Haymarket Square Riot 1886-Cleveland's administration was criticized for being overly harsh on labor unions.

Political Event- Plessy v.s. Ferguson-He opposed the Supreme Court's ruling of Plessy v.s. Ferguson, which cemented the term "separate but equal".

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Domestic- Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890-Benjamin Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act into law in 1890, which aimed to prevent monopolies and promote competition in business.

Foreign- promoted american exports-Harrison signed the McKinley Tariff Act into law in 1890, which aimed to protect American industries by raising tariffs on imported goods.

Political Event- economic legislation-He signed several pieces of economic legislation into law, including the Sherman Antitrust Act and the McKinley Tariff Act, during his presidency.

Economic- Billion Dollar Congress-Benjamin Harrison was president during the Billion Dollar Congress, which was known for its high spending and passing of several important pieces of legislation.

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Domestic- Organized Labor Movement-William McKinley's presidency saw several labor strikes, including the Pullman Strike, which he ended by sending in federal troops to break it up.

Foreign- Open Door Policy- McKinley supported the Open Door Policy, which aimed to prevent European powers from colonizing China and instead allow equal access to trade with China.

War Event- Spanish-American War-He was president during the Spanish-American War, which saw the Us defeat Spain and gain control of territories including Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Economic Event- The Dingley Tariff-McKinley signed the Dingley Tariff into law in 1897, which raised tariffs on imported goods to protect American businesses and promote economic growth.

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Domestic- The Square Deal-Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal was a domestic policy that aimed to protect consumers, promote competition, and conserve natural resources, which he pursued during his presidency.

Foreign- Russo-Japanese War-He mediated the Russo-Japanese War, negotiating a peace treaty that earned him the Nobel Peace Prize and established him as a major figure in international diplomacy.

Political Event- Meat Inspection Act-Roosevelt signed the Meat Inspection Act into law, which required federal inspection of meat processing and packing plants and helped improve food safety standards in the US.

War- Peacemaking Efforts-He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his peacemaking efforts, including mediating the Russo-Japanese War and resolving the Moroccan Crisis, and was a prominent advocate of international diplomacy.

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Domestic- Trustbusting-Taft continued Theodore Roosevelt's trustbusting efforts, filing more antitrust suits than any other president and establishing the Bureau of Corporations to investigate corporate businesses.

Foreign- Pan-American Conference-He hosted the Pan-American Conference in 1912, which aimed to improve relations between the United States and Latin American and promote economic cooperation.

Economic-Dollar Diplomacy-Taft's foreign policy of "dollar diplomacy"sought to promote American economic interests abroad by investing in foreign countries and supporting US business.

Internal Conflict- Pinchot-Ballinger Affair-William H. Taft's administration was embroiled in the Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, in which a conflict arose over conservation and the use of public land.

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Domestic- 16th and 17th Amendments-Wilson supported and helped pass the 16th Amendment, which established the federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, which allowed for the direct election of senators.

Foreign- League of Nations-He was a key proponent of the League of Nations, and international organization designed to promote peace and prevent future wars, but the US never joined.

Political Event- Clayton Anti-Trust Act-Wilson signed the Clayton Antitrust Act into law in 1914, which strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and helped to regulate monopolies and anti-competitive business practices.

War Event- World War I-As president during World War I, Woodrow Wilson led the US into the war in 1917, and helped to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles to end it.

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Domestic- Teapot Dome-Warren G. Harding's administration was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal, in which government officials leased federal land for personal gain, but Harding died before being implicated.

Foreign- Open Door for Middle East Oil-Harding's administration supported the Open Door policy, which aimed to secure US access to Middle Eastern oil, but this policy was largely unsuccessful.

Internal Conflict- War Protesting-Harding faced protests and criticism for his handling of World War I, including his support for the Espionage Act and Sedition Act.

Political- Immigrant and Quota System-He signed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, which established quotas on immigration, and supported anti-immigrant sentiment during his presidency.

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Domestic- Veteran's Bonus Act-Coolidge vetoed the Bonus Bill, which would have granted bonuses to World War I veterans, due to concerns about its impact on the economy.

Foreign- Kellogg-Briand Pact-Calvin Coolidge signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928, which renounced was as a instrument of national policy, but was largely ineffective in preventing conflict.

Political Event- Immigration Act of 1924-He signed the Immigration Act of 1924, which further restricted  immigration to the US, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Internal Conflict w/ Solution- Farm Relief-Coolidge signed the Agricultural Marketing Act in 1929, which established the Federal Farm Board to provide aid and support to farmers during the Great Depression.

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Domestic- Smoot-Hawley Tariff-He signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff into law in 1930, which raised tariffs on imported goods and contributed to the Great Depression.

Foreign- Discussions of the "Good Neighbor" Policy-Hoover supported the idea of the Good Neighbor Policy and worked to improve relations with Latin America during his presidency.

Economic Event- The Great Depression-Hoover was president during the Great Depression, implementing policies that failed to alleviate the crisis and losing re-election in 1932.

Internal Conflict w/ Solution- The "RFC"-Herbert Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation(RFC) in 1932 to provide loans to banks and businesses struggling during the Great Depression.

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Domestic- The New Deal-Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a series of programs and policies aimed at ending the Great Depression  and promoting economic recovery and social welfare.

Foreign- Good Neighbor Policy-Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy aimed to improve relations with Latin America by promoting non-intervention and mutual respect between the US and its neighbors.

Economic Event- Lend-Lease/ Cash and Carry-Roosevelt implemented the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the US to provide military aid to Allied powers during World War II.

War Event- World War II-He was president during World War II, leading the Us through the war and helping to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

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Domestic- McCarthyism-Harry S. Truman opposed McCarthyism and publicly criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy's tactics and accusations of communist infiltration in the US government and military.

Foreign- Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki-He authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,Japan, which ended World War II and sparked international debate about the morality of nuclear weapons.

War- Korean War-Truman authorized US military intervention in the Korean War and worked with the United Nations to support South Korea against North Korea aggression

Political Event- Truman Doctrine-Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which provided military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism and shaped US foreign policy during the Cold War.

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Domestic- Interstate Highway Program-He signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which authorized the construction of the Interstate Highway System to improve transportation and national defense.

Foreign- U-2-Eisenhower authorized the U-2 spy plane program to gather intelligence on the Soviet Union, which led to the U-2 incident and heightened tensions.

Political Event- Eisenhower Doctrine-Eisenhower established the Eisenhower Doctrine, which pledged US economic and military aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism or aggression.

Internal Conflict- The Little Rock 9-Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to enforce desegregation at Little Rock Central High School and protect the safety of the "Little Rock 9" students.

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Domestic- Alliance for Progress-Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was a program to promote economic development and democracy in Latin America and improve US-Latin American relations.

Foreign- Peace Corps-John F. Kennedy established the Peace Corps in 1961, which sends American volunteers abroad to work on development projects and promote cross-cultural understanding.

War- Bay of Pigs Invasion-He ordered an investigation into the Bay of Pigs invasion, which was a failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's government in Cuba.

Internal Conflict- Civil Rights Movement-Kennedy played a role in advancing civil rights by supporting desegregation, investigating civil rights abuses, and proposing legislation to protect voting rights.

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Domestic- Anti-Poverty Act- Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which created programs to fight poverty and provide job training and education for low-income Americans.

Foreign- Vietnam War- Johnson escalated US involvement in the Vietnam War in the 1960's, which led to increased protests and criticism of his administration.

Internal Conflict w/ Solution- "Great Society"- Johnson introduced the Great Society program in the 1960's, which aimed to eliminate poverty and racial justice and improve education and healthcare in America

Political Event- Civil Rights Act- Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations and employment.

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Domestic- Moon Landing- Richard M. Nixon was president when the US landed on the moon in 1969, and he congratulated the astronauts on their achievement.

Foreign- Detente- Nixon pursued a policy of detente with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, which aimed to reduce tensions and promote cooperation.

Internal Conflict- Watergate Scandal- Nixon resigned as president in 1974 after the Watergate scandal, which involved the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and subsequent cover-up by the Nixon administration.

Social Event- Kent State- Richard M. Nixon was president during the Kent State shootings in 1970, where National Guardsmen killed four unarmed students during a protest against the Vietnam War.

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Domestic- Pardoned Nixon- Ford pardoned Richard Nixon in 1974 for any crimes he may have committed while president, which was a controversial decision.

Foreign- OPEC Crisis-Gerald R. Ford's administration dealt with the 1973 OPEC oil crisis, which led to an embargo on oil exports to the US and caused economic hardship.

He was only in office for 2 years, so he did not accomplish many things.

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Domestic- 3 mile island- Carter was president during the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979, and his administration's response to the crisis was criticized for being slow and ineffective.

Foreign- Camp David Accords-Jimmy Carter was instrumental  in negotiating the Camp David Accords, a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, which was signed in 1978

War- Panama Canal Treaty- He signed the Panama Canal Treaty in 1977, which transferred control of the Panama Canal form the US to Panama.

Political Event- National Emergency Policy- Jimmy Carter signed the National Emergencies Act in 1976, which provides a  framework for the president to declare a national emergency and exercise emergency powers.

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Domestic- Strategic Defensive Initiative- Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as "Star Wars," which sought to create a missile defense system to protect the US from nuclear attacks

Foreign-Iran-Contra  Affair-He was implicated in the Iran-Contra Affair, in which US officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages and illegally funded Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Economics- "Reaganomics"- Ronald Reagan implemented Reaganomics, a set of economic policies that included tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending, in an effort to stimulate economic growth.

Internal Conflict- War on Drugs- Reagan declared a "War on Drugs" in 1982, which increased funding for drug interdiction and enforcement, but also led to a higher rate of incarceration.

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Domestic- Disabilities Act- Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act in1990, which prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities.

Foreign- NAFTA- He signed the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) in 1992, which eliminated tariffs and trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico.

War- Persian Gulf War- Bush led the US during the Persian Gulf War in 1991, which liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation and removed a major threat to global oil supplies.

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Domestic-Contract with America-Bill Clinton opposed the Contract with America, a set of conservative proposals put forth by the Republican Party in 1994.

Foreign-Peace in the Middle East- Clinton played a key role in the peace process between Israel and Palestine, culminating in the Oslo Accords of 1993.

Internal Conflict-Lewinsky Scandal +Impeachment- clinton had an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, lied about it under oath ('I did not have sexual relations with that woman"), and was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1998.

Political Event-Reconciliation Act of 1993- He signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, which reformed welfare and introduced work requirements for recipients.

https://millercenter.org/president/bill-clinton/key-events

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aGbdni7QNs

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Foreign Policy: War on Terror- March 20,2003-December 18,2011-One of George W. Bush's foreign policies was the War on Terror, which included military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as efforts to combat terrorism around the world.- https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
Domestic Policy: No Child Left Behind- January 8,2002- No Child Left Behind was a federal law that aimed to improve student achievement in schools by setting high standards and providing additional funding and aid to schools that met those standardshttps://www.understood.org/en/articles/no-child-left-behind-nclb-what-you-need-to-know
War Conflict- March 20,2003-December 18,2011- George W. Bush was involved in the Iraq War, which began in 2003 and lasted for several years. https://www.georgewbushlibrary.gov/research/topic-guides/the-iraq-war
Social Event-9/11-George W Bush was the president during the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks, which had a significant impact on America as a whole. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/#:~:text=The%20airborne%20terrorist%20attacks%20on%20the%20World%20Trade%20Center%2C%20the,Bush%20into%20a%20wartime%20president.

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Foreign Policy: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action/ Iran Plan ; Obama negotiated in the “ Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”, in which Iran agreed to limit its nuclear stockpile. Under this Plan, Iran shipped 25k pounds of enriched uranium out of the country, filled its heavy water reactor with concrete, and more. This event is also known as the ‘ Iran Plan’. Source: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/foreign-policy/iran-deal

Domestic Policy: Obamacare
The goal of the Affordable Care Act(Obamacare) was to make health insurance more affordable to Americans and to lower the price of healthcare in general.
Source: https://www.healthinsurance.org/obamacare/#:~:text=The%20Affordable%20Care%20Act%20(ACA)%20%E2%80%93%20also%20known%20as%20Obamacare,insurance%20in%20the%20United%20States.

War Conflict: Obama ended the war in Iraq
Obama ended the war in Iraq by withdrawing troops and negotiating with the Iraqi government. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/08/31/president-obamas-address-end-combat-mission-iraq

Literary Event- Obama was involved in the National Book Festival, where he delivered a speech about the importance of reading and literacy. https://www.c-span.org/video/?325453-2/president-obama-remarks-national-poetry-month