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Total learning time - tentative: 6 hours

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Total learning time - tentative: 6 hours

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Students are introduced to and explore the use and disposal of plastic in Tokyo (and the world). A class discussion based around how much students think they use and the impact it may have. How do they feel about that?

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Tokyo Metropolitan Government website (and other websites linked below).

Access to laptop cart or computer room for research and communication purposes.

Access to laptop cart or computer room for poster design using various software (e.g. canva, adobe spark).

Coloured craft card, colouring pencils, pens, markers.

Time in class for students to either practice/rehearse for their assembly with the projector, or a camera to pre-record their presentation.

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Plastic-waste awareness poster gallery to be displayed in entrance area of school - all of the students posters to be included.

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Plastic-waste awareness poster gallery to be displayed in entrance area of school - all of the students posters to be included.

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Knowledge:

What the impact of plastic waste is on our local environment and the global world.

How much plastic is used, recycled, or put into landfill/incinerated in Tokyo.

How Tokyo’s Metropolitan Government is striving to reduce plastic use (e.g. laws, promotional materials, education etc).

How to draft a formal email.

Observing exemplar posters/successful advertisements.

Skills:

Research skills: How to undertake research online using a variety of resources.

Communication and management skills: Draft up written communication with government offices to facilitate a visit to the school.

Communication, creative, and self-management skills: Plan and design a poster to promote awareness.

Communication and social skills: Collaborate with classmates to plan and deliver a school-wide assembly or pre-recorded video.

Values:

To develop a perspective and awareness of the part we play in protecting our planet and environment.

To develop a deeper understanding of what contributes the most to plastic waste and promote accessible alternatives.

To reflect upon our own actions and consider new ways of living that reduce plastic waste.

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Students to mind map where they use plastic, the impact it may have on the world. Possibly elicits discussion about what can be done.

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Subject: Science and technology
Focus group: Year 6 (classes of up to 22)
LO: To enable pupils to respond to the impact of climate change through developing their understanding of plastic waste and recycling.
Overall idea: Students design a system to improve recycling of plastic at the school. Year 6 students work in groups to submit ideas, with the best project being taken on by the class. The aim is to then implement their strategy to improve visibility across school, design posters, plan a whole-school assembly and deliver their idea.

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Teaching through a wide variety of pedagogies

Inquiry based learning - encourage students to ask questions and complete research independently.

Encouraging metacognition - what techniques have we used successfully in other projects?

Socratic method - debate the costs and benefits of reducing plastic waste

International context - NIMBY and pollution in wider Asian area. Look at relationships between local neighbours

Problem based learning - Students use concept mapping is used to brainstorm solutions to a complex problem

Reflective learning - students reflect on their own use of plastic at home. A survey with family members would be a great activity

Collaborative work - planning and recording a video together

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Research the negative effects of plastic waste - 30 minutes

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Research the negative effects of plastic waste - 30 minutes

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Students to undertake guided research into the negative effects of plastic waste

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Brainstorm possible solutions - 30 minutes

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Brainstorm possible solutions - 30 minutes

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Students to brainstorm possible solutions or initiatives to aid with this issue.

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Arrange a visit by government department promoting plastic reduction - emailing 30 minutes, visit takes place 30 minutes

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Arrange a visit by government department promoting plastic reduction - emailing 30 minutes, visit takes place 30 minutes

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According to a 2018 report issued by the Ministry of Environment, 25% of Japan's plastic waste is recycled. 57% goes through thermal recycling, which involves incinerating the waste to produce heat and electricity. Another 18% is either incinerated or sent to landfills. Of Japan's plastic recycling volume, 65% used to be sent to China.

However, China decided to stop accepting plastic trash in 2018. Japan is now seeking practical ways to achieve its goal of reducing single-use plastic by 25% by 2030. Japan generates approximately 9 million metric tons of plastic waste annually and currently ranks as the second-largest generator of plastic packaging waste per capita behind the United States.

In July 2020, retailers across Japan, including convenience stores and supermarkets, started charging for plastic bags. More than 80% of plastic waste is generated by corporations and therefore considered industrial waste. Furthermore, the Cabinet recently approved a bill to request large corporations to collect the used plastic products themselves from April 2022. The bill will promote a range of new measures to increase recycling and reduce plastic waste, including asking dining establishments to review their use of disposable food utensils.

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Is Japan recycling enough plastic waste? | Sustainability from Japan - Zenbird

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According to a 2018 report issued by the Ministry of Environment, 25% of Japan's plastic waste is recycled. 57% goes through thermal recycling, which involves incinerating the waste to produce heat and electricity. Another 18% is either incinerated or sent to landfills. Of Japan's plastic recycling volume, 65% used to be sent to China.

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Every Tuesday morning when I take out the garbage, I see clear plastic rubbish bags stuffed with empty PET bottles stacked beside the blue recycling bins. In the ward of Tokyo where I live, the city sets out weekly collection bins for glass, aluminum, and plastic at designated points around the neighbourhood. By 8am, the bins are invariably full, but the volume of plastic bottle waste has been growing faster than municipal governments can effectively keep up with.

Production of plastic bottles in Japan has jumped to a staggering 23.2 billion per year, from 14 billion in 2004. While the country boasts advanced recycling technology, approximately 2.6 billion bottles are incinerated, sent to landfills, or lost to waterways and oceans annually.

Like most Tokyo residents, I'm fastidious about separating my rubbish and always dispose of plastic bottles in recycling bins. But single-use plastics - products primarily derived from fossil fuel-based chemicals which can only be used once - are difficult to avoid in the Japanese capital.

Vending machines selling drinks in plastic bottles line my street. At the three convenience stores located within five-minutes' walk from my apartment, the selection of single-serving, ready-to-eat items - such as bento lunchboxes and pouches filled with comfort foods like kinpira (burdock root and carrots cooked in sweetened soy sauce) - has expanded. At supermarkets, fruits cradled in polystyrene netting, packed into plastic cartons, and then wrapped in cling film are a common sight. In 2014, Japan generated 32.4kg (71lb) of plastic packaging waste per capita - second only to the United States, at 40kg (88lb) per capita.

Excessive plastic packaging is the norm in Tokyo (Credit: Getty Images)

Over the past couple of years, I've noticed a proliferation of plastic waste in my home. During the pandemic, my husband and I came to rely on takeout and a cornucopia of tasty, time-saving frozen treats available online - vacuum-packed pizzas, plastic-wrapped burritos, and plastic bags full of potato galettes. One day, I realised that plastics made up around two-thirds of our waste. Alarmed by reports that ocean plastic pollution will quadruple by 2050, I worried that we were headed down the slippery slope of convenience that is contributing to the plastic crisis. To find out how much changing my daily lifestyle habits could reduce waste, I set myself the challenge of cutting out single-use plastic over the course of a week.
The plastics challenge
Even before Japan began charging for plastic bags at retail stores, I'd been choosing reusable bags for shopping. Carrying a water bottle and downloading the MyMizu app, which shows a map of refilling stations around central Tokyo, helped me avoid buying water in PET bottles.

To significantly reduce my plastic waste, I focused on limiting packaging, first by cutting back on lunchtime takeaway, which frequently comes in plastic containers, and refraining from shopping online.

Still, excessive packaging is the norm in Tokyo. Shop clerks commonly wrap glass jars in bubble wrap or place loose vegetables in plastic bags automatically at checkout.

Japan's obsession with packaging has cultural roots related to concepts of "presentation and respect, especially when giving gifts," says Azby Brown, author of Just Enough: Lessons from Japan for Sustainable Living, Architecture, and Design.

The tradition of wrapping objects conveys "the regard you have for the other person." In the modern retail context, packaging indicates good customer service: "Customers expect it," Brown says. "People want to know that the food is protected, not bruised or soiled. The notion of cleanliness is very important here."

Despite my virtuous intentions, I met with setbacks early on, after a beer importer offered to send me some bottles to try (as a food and drinks writer, I often receive such samples). The box arrived filled with plastic packing pillows, each bottle enveloped in a double layer of bubble wrap.
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The week of my challenge also coincided with the worst heat wave in Japan since 1875 - five hellish days of temperatures exceeding 35C (95F), with soul-crushing levels of humidity. After two days of cooking in my sweltering kitchen, I caved. Dreading the extra hassle of washing and chopping vegetables every night, I began augmenting dinners with prepared foods from various takeaway shops in my neighbourhood.

Although karaage fried chicken was sold in waxed paper bags and takoyaki octopus dumplings came in boat-shaped bamboo trays, vegetable dishes like pressed tofu salad and coleslaw came in individual plastic clamshell packages. Leak-prone items like kimchi, a Korean side dish of preserved vegetables, were wrapped in extra plastic, but even fresh bread and pastries from my local bakery were encased in plastic bags.

"We try to minimise the use of plastics, but consumer demand is high in this humid environment," says chef and sustainability advocate Shinobu Namae, who runs Bricolage Bakery in central Tokyo's Roppongi district. "Weighing food quality versus the problem of plastics is always an issue, but we try to find a balance."

Japan's first zero-waste city Kamikatsu has a recycling rate of 80% (Credit Kazuhiro Nogi / Getty Images)

Looking for eco-friendly eateries around town, I discovered a list of takeout restaurants that allow customers to bring their own containers compiled by Mona Neuhauss, the founder of No Plastic Japan. Unfortunately, none were located near me. The same was true of a number of Tokyo shops selling food by weight. I was especially keen to check out Nue, the city's first zero-waste supermarket selling dried foods in bulk and produce without packaging. However, getting there would involve a 52-minute train and bus ride from my home.

Similarly, a trip to one of the Aeon supermarkets in Tokyo with a Loop deposit scheme for reusable containers would take me 38 minutes by train. While these provided great options for the occasional outing, none offered a practical solution for my daily needs. I do almost all of my grocery shopping on foot, within an 800m (2,625ft) radius of my house, so it doesn't make sense for me to travel across the city to buy food.

Instead, I started buying more produce at mom-and-pop yaoya greengrocers in my area, where whole fruits like pineapples and vegetables such as potatoes and cucumbers are pre-measured on trays and sold without packaging. Even at these small vegetable stands, however, plastic containers are still used for many items such as herbs. Instead of purchasing rice from the supermarket, I found a traditional rice shop I'd never noticed before selling by weight in paper bags only 600m (1,968ft) away. Going to different shops took extra time, but I never had to walk more than 20 minutes to each place.

I continued to do the bulk of my shopping at my local supermarket, which has recently started to sell some vegetables without packaging. When cashiers tried to toss my loose bitter melon and eggplants into small plastic bags or attempted to wrap bottles in bubble wrap, I was strict about refusing.

By the end of the week, these measures helped reduce my plastic waste by nearly half - a good result but not as much as I had hoped.

Asia' s plastics problem

Formerly a problem limited to wealthy industrialised nations, plastic waste is on the rise across Asia - even among developing countries - due to a confluence of rapid economic and population growth compounded by globalisation.

"It's becoming cheaper to produce single-use plastics, and with globalisation it's easy for countries, for example in Africa and Asia, to import these items. In such places, clean drinking water often comes in plastic bottles and bags," says Kyodo News senior staff reporter Tetsuji Ida, who has been writing about the plastic crisis and other environmental issues for more than 30 years.

In 2019, Asia produced 54% of the world's plastics, led by China and Japan. Roughly half of the plastic waste found in the oceans comes from just five countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Eventually, plastics break down into non-biodegradable microparticles that pose potential threats to wildlife and human health. Plastic pollution affects almost every marine species, and scientists have observed negative effects in almost 90% of assessed species. While the impact on humans is still unknown, microplastics have been detected in blood, placenta, and breast milk.

Once plastic is burned and ends up "in the environment it's very difficult to retrieve," says Melanie Bergman, a marine biologist who researches plastic pollution at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany.

Nate Maynard, Taiwan-based producer of the climate podcast "Waste Not Why Not" and former sustainability consultant, points to the lack of waste management systems in many regions as a major obstacle. "When people don't have access to waste disposal, they end up dumping or burning it, and that has health impacts as well as environmental consequences," he says, adding that "the human element" is often overlooked in discussions about the harmful effects of marine debris. Improper waste management results in higher risk of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and asthma.

Chemical contamination, says Bergman, is another hazard: "In many parts of the world they don't have the money to build the kind of incineration plants we use in Germany, so you end up with highly toxic residues that you have to deal with in future generations," she says.

Japan ranks second in the world behind Germany for plastics management. Although the country has been lauded for its plastics' recycling rate of more than 85%, the figure paints a deceptively rosy picture of the situation. According to the Tokyo-based Plastic Waste Management Institute, in 2020, only 21% of plastic waste underwent material recycling, which reuses plastic; 3% underwent chemical recycling, which breaks down plastic polymers into building blocks for secondary materials. 8% was incinerated, while 6% went to landfills. 63% of plastic waste was processed as "thermal recycling," which involves using the plastic as an ingredient for solid fuel and burning it for energy.

"That means that two-thirds of plastic waste is, in fact, incinerated. In Europe, this 'thermal recycling' would be considered energy recovery, not recycling," Ida says, adding that Japan is the largest exporter of plastic waste. "The recycling rate only applies to what remains in Japan."

In 2020, Japan exported 820,000 tonnes of plastic waste to South East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Taiwan - roughly 46% of the total.

Part of the problem, Ida says, is that Japan's strategy for dealing with plastic waste places the lion's share of the burden on consumers and local governments. "The most expensive process of recycling is sorting, which is done manually, and local administrations bear the highest cost. That means the burden is on taxpayers, while companies pay only the cost of recycling - not for collection or internal management," he says.

Moreover, Ida says that government initiatives, such as the recent law requiring businesses to set targets for reducing single-use plastics have "very small teeth." Businesses that fail to comply with the regulations will be "named and shamed but there are no fines or legal consequences," he says.

Japan exports roughly 46% of its plastic waste to South East Asian countries including Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan (Credit: Mohd Samsul Mohd Said / Getty Images)

In contrast, South Korea has taken firm action to combat an 18.9% increase in plastic waste brought on by lifestyle changes related to the Covid-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021. Last September, the government pledged to reduce plastic use by 2030 and aims to become a plastic-free society by 2050. This year, the country reinstated a ban on single-use plastic cups at cafes and restaurants. First introduced in 2019, the measures were derailed by the pandemic but will be expanded to include cutlery and straws later this year.

Taiwan takes a similarly progressive approach to plastic waste management. With more than 2,000 recycling companies and government facilities, the country has a robust recycling infrastructure. In 2018, the recycling rate for PET bottles was as high as 95%, and initiatives such as discounts for those who bring their own cups to cafes and restaurants subtly reinforce the reuse-and-recycle mindset.

Recycling, however, is only part of the equation for achieving a more sustainable society. Efforts to reduce waste, Maynard says, are equally important. Taiwan's "pay-as-you-throw" model for waste collection - which introduced a pricing system for rubbish bags of different sizes - has helped curb waste. In 2018, the average Taiwanese person produced 850g (1.9lb) of waste per day, down from 1.2kg per person 15 years ago.

"Because recycling is free but trash costs money, consumers are incentivised to buy things that can be recycled. It's as important as sorting because it brings down waste generation," Maynard says.

Sustainability on a Shoestring

We currently live in an unsustainable world. While the biggest gains in the fight to curb climate change will come from the decisions made by governments and industries, we can all play our part. In Sustainability on a Shoestring, BBC Future explores how each of us can contribute as individuals to reducing carbon emissions by living more sustainably, without breaking the bank.

"In the end, we have to raise our voices," Ida says, describing how civil engagement helped propel the adoption of zero-waste policies in Japanese cities such as Kameoka in Kyoto and Kamikatsu in Tokushima, where the recycling rate is around 80%.

In Kamikatsu, the Zero Waste Academy, a non-profit organisation established to promote the town's 2003 Zero Waste Declaration, worked with manufacturers to develop repurchase programmes for used products and advocated for the local government to stop disposing of waste in landfills or by burning it.

"Municipal, not national, governments are responsible for waste management, so they are the ones who are most willing to take action," Ida says.

The good news is that public support for cutting down on plastic is growing in Japan. But while personal efforts can make a difference, consumers need to put pressure on industry and local governments to effect a real change. On my next visit to my local supermarket, I heeded Ida's advice to utilise the suggestion box: "Even putting comments in the suggestion box can have an impact if enough people do it," he says. "It's a small step, but it's a start."

****
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Japan is one of the world's biggest plastic waste producers, thanks to its love of packaging - but a week of going plastic-free in Tokyo reveals surprising solutions.

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Design posters to promote awareness - 60 minutes

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Design posters to promote awareness - 60 minutes

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Students take their ideas and present them on posters. These posters will be used throughout the whole school, and together as a class to help them consider the best intervention to the plastic waste issue.

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Classes of up to 22 students in Year 6, mixed ability in an urban context. Being an international school, they are from a variety of backgrounds.

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Tokyo Metro Government’s Plastic Reduction Policy

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Tokyo Metro Government’s Plastic Reduction Policy

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Plastic-waste awareness assembly to be presented to other year groups (or presented through a pre-recorded video)

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Plastic-waste awareness assembly to be presented to other year groups (or presented through a pre-recorded video)

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Tokyo Metro Government’s Plastic Reduction Policy B and C

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Tokyo Metro Government’s Plastic Reduction Policy B and C

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Students to take part in a poster gallery walk and observe each others' work and ideas. Students to discuss and vote on their favourite interventions.

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Plan and deliver a whole-school assembly (possibly pre-recorded video) - planning/recording 90 minutes, assembly itself 10-20 minutes

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Plan and deliver a whole-school assembly (possibly pre-recorded video) - planning/recording 90 minutes, assembly itself 10-20 minutes

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Students create a short assembly/presentation to the whole school where they share the initiatives they have come up with/like best. They will need time to both plan, rehearse, and deliver it either live or through a pre-recorded video.