# data[].attributes.headline
History: Bet You Didn't Know - March on Washington

# data[].attributes.subject
History: Bet You Didn't Know - March on Washington

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History: Bet You Didn't Know - March on Washington

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
History's "Bet You Didn't Know" web series focuses on some of history's little known facts. hscusa.tv provided full post production services for this episode about the March on Washington.

http://www.history.com/topics/bet-you-didnt-know/videos#bet-you-didnt-know-march-on-washington

Producer: Jaimie DeFina

Graphics: Autumn Neal, Nick Hoefly, Elliot Lobell, Matt Brown, Mike Grech, and Mike O'Reilly

Audio Mix: Hans Erik Erickson

# data[].attributes.headline
Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech - August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.subject
Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech - August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech - August 28, 1963

# data[].attributes.headline
The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | BrainPOP

# data[].attributes.subject
The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | BrainPOP

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | BrainPOP

# data[].attributes.headline
How Does the U.S. Government Define the Difference Between a Protest and a Riot?

# data[].attributes.subject
How Does the U.S. Government Define the Difference Between a Protest and a Riot?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
© Suzette Leg Anthony/Shutterstock.com

Generally speaking, a protest in the sense relevant here is "a usually organized public demonstration of disapproval" (of some law, policy, idea, or state of affairs), while a riot is "a disturbance of the peace created by an assemblage of usually three or more people acting with a common purpose and in a violent and tumultuous manner to the terror of the public" (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law).

The term protest as used above is not formally defined in the U.S. Code, as far as I know. The federal Anti-Riot Act (1968) defines the term riot in part as "a public disturbance involving...an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual" ( Title 18, Chapter 102, §2102). The Act prohibits interstate travel or the use of any "facility" of interstate commerce, including "the mail, telegraph, telephone, radio, or television," to incite or participate in a riot or to abet another person in doing so ( §2101). Many states and municipalities have their own laws against rioting and incitement to riot based on similar definitions, while others prohibit the criminal elements of rioting (e.g., destruction of property, arson, looting, assault, disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, unlawful assembly) under separate laws against those crimes.

The right to engage in peaceful protest is, of course, protected by the First Amendment. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has established that governments may limit protests through what are called "time, place, and manner" restrictions, provided that the restrictions are content- or viewpoint-neutral, narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest (such as public safety), and so formulated as to allow demonstrators ample alternative channels by which to communicate their messages.
This answer was originally published on Britannica's Beyond.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Does the U.S. Government Define the Difference Between a Protest and a Riot?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How does the U.S. government define the difference between a protest and a riot? A protest is "a[n]...organized public demonstration of disapproval," while a riot is "a disturbance of the peace...by...usually three or more people acting with a common purpose and in a violent...manner" (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law).

# data[].attributes.headline
5 Peaceful Protests That Led to Social and Political Changes

# data[].attributes.subject
5 Peaceful Protests That Led to Social and Political Changes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Peaceful stances against unequal civil rights have been successful throughout history and nonviolent movements can lead to meaningful systemic change. Reflecting back on several landmark moments can act as a guide for action in these tumultuous times to gain equality for all lives in society.
Take Action: Check Your Voter Registration Status With 'Just Vote' Here
Here are five peaceful protests which led to positive social, and political changes.

The Salt March

During the transition between the wet to dry season of 1930 Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi led a peaceful protest against Britain's imposed law dictating no Indian could collect or sell salt in the country. Followed by dozens, Gandhi walked over 240 miles leading protesters to the Arabian Sea to pick up a small handful of salt out of the muddy waters of the sea.

Seventeen years later, after this peaceful yet defiant act, India gained independence from Britain.

"Nonviolence is an intensely active force when properly understood and used." - Mohandas Gandhi

Suffrage Parade

This message, "To ask for freedom is not a crime," still holds true today. Peaceful protests like the 1913 Suffrage Parade shared the voices of over 5,000 courageous women speaking out for the right to equal political participation. This protest can remind us peaceful acts have the power to change the system.

"We are here, not because we are law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers." - Emmeline Pankhurst

Delano Grape Boycott

Cesar Chavez advocated for peaceful boycotts, protest, and a grueling yet nonviolent 25-day hunger strike which led to legislative changes to end exploitative abuse of America's farm workers in the late 1960s. He led a five-year strike in Delano, Calif., bringing together over 2,000 farmers to demand minimum wage primarily for underpaid overworked Filipino farmworkers. This caused more than 17 million Americans to boycott California grapes, which helped secure unions, better wages and security for farmworkers.

"I am convinced that the truest act of courage, the strongest act of humanity, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally non violent struggle for justice." - Cesar Chavez

Montgomery Bus Boycott

There are times when one person's peaceful actions can bring about more change than anyone can imagine. Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., is one such example. Her defiant act symbolized greater civil rights, spreading the message that all people deserve equal seats. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled a year later in 1956, segregation on public buses unconstitutional.

"People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in." - Rosa Parks

Singing Revolution

Music and social activism have long been "partners in [nonviolent] crime." During the Singing Revolution, Estonia literally sang its way out of the rule under the Soviet Union. In 1988, more than 100,000 Estonians gathered for five nights to protest Soviet rule. This was known as the Singing Revolution. For Estonians, music and singing acted as a way to preserve culture while the small but fierce country held it's own during invasion from Germany, Sweden, Denmark and others. In 1991, after decades of Soviet rule, a country with just 1.5 million people regained it's independence.

"Land of my fathers, land that I love / I've given my heart to her / I sing to you, my supreme happiness / My flourishing Estonia!" - lyrics from Mu Isamaa, On Minu Arm

Share these example of change as a reminder that peaceful protests work. Real political, social change stems from acts of nonviolence. While media bombards us with stories of bloodshed, the true spotlight should be on those standing together today asking for equality for all.
What do Global Citizens do? They #shOwup. Regardless of where you're from, what you do for a living, or what your background is: We all #shOwup for something. We're showcasing Global Citizens and letting them explain why they #shOwup every day. Please join the movement and show and tell us why you #shOwup on Facebook, Twitter, and/or Instagram! Did we mention our hashtag, #shOwup? ;) Be sure to use it and tag @glblctzn.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
5 Peaceful Protests That Led to Social and Political Changes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Peaceful stances against unequal civil rights have been successful throughout history and nonviolent movements can lead to meaningful systemic change. Reflecting back on several landmark moments can act as a guide for action in these tumultuous times to gain equality for all lives in society.

# data[].attributes.body
The interactive map shows all of the pivotal locations of the Civil Rights Movement. Students can click on the locations where they will be directed to interactive webpages that detail what happened at each location.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mississippi Civil Rights Museum Virtual Tour

# data[].attributes.subject
Mississippi Civil Rights Museum Virtual Tour

# data[].attributes.body
On this guided virtual tour, students will get to experience the Mississippi Civil Rights museum. There are many different stories, poems, biographies, and historical accounts throughout the tour.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mississippi Civil Rights Museum Virtual Tour

# data[].attributes.body
This resource outlines the major historical events of the civil rights movement. It allows students to see which events were the catalyst of the movement and how change progressed over a series of years.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s. Although tumultuous at times, the movement was mostly nonviolent and resulted in laws to protect every American's constitutional rights, regardless of color, race, sex or national origin.

July 26, 1948: President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services.

May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education, a consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools. Many schools, however, remained segregated.

August 28, 1955: Emmett Till, a 14-year-old from Chicago is brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His murderers are acquitted, and the case bring international attention to the civil rights movement after Jet magazine publishes a photo of Till's beaten body at his open-casket funeral.

December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.

January 10-11, 1957: Sixty Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states-including Martin Luther King, Jr.-meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.

September 4, 1957: Nine Black students known as the " Little Rock Nine" are blocked from integrating into Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower eventually sends federal troops to escort the students, however, they continue to be harassed.

September 9, 1957: Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law to help protect voter rights. The law allows federal prosecution of those who suppress another's right to vote.

February 1, 1960: Four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina refuse to leave a Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter without being served. The Greensboro Four-Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil-were inspired by the nonviolent protest of Gandhi. The Greensboro Sit-In, as it came to be called, sparks similar "sit-ins" throughout the city and in other states.

November 14, 1960: Six-year-oldRuby Bridges is escorted by four armed federal marshals as she becomes the first student to integrate William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans. Her actions inspired Norman Rockwell's painting The Problem We All Live With (1964).

1961: Throughout 1961, Black and white activists, known as freedom riders, took bus trips through the American South to protest segregated bus terminals and attempted to use "whites-only" restrooms and lunch counters. The Freedom Rides were marked by horrific violence from white protestors, they drew international attention to their cause.

June 11, 1963: Governor George C. Wallace stands in a doorway at the University of Alabama to block two Black students from registering. The standoff continues until President John F. Kennedy sends the National Guard to the campus.

August 28, 1963: Approximately 250,000 people take part in The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King gives his "I Have A Dream" speech as the closing address in front of the Lincoln Memorial, stating, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'"

September 15, 1963: A bomb at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls and injures several other people prior to Sunday services. The bombing fuels angry protests.

July 2, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, preventing employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Title VII of the Act establishes the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to help prevent workplace discrimination.

February 21, 1965: Black religious leader Malcolm X is assassinated during a rally by members of the Nation of Islam.

March 7, 1965: Bloody Sunday. In the Selma to Montgomery March, around 600 civil rights marchers walk to Selma, Alabama to Montgomery-the state's capital-in protest of Black voter suppression. Local police block and brutally attack them. After successfully fighting in court for their right to march, Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders lead two more marches and finally reach Montgomery on March 25.

August 6, 1965: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to prevent the use of literacy tests as a voting requirement. It also allowed federal examiners to review voter qualifications and federal observers to monitor polling places.

April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray is convicted of the murder in 1969.

April 11, 1968: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, providing equal housing opportunity regardless of race, religion or national origin.

Sources

Executive Order 9981. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Greensboro, NC, Students Sit-In for US Civil Rights, 1960. Swarthmore College Global Nonviolent Action Database.
Historical Highlights. The 24th Amendment. History, Art & Archives United States House of Representatives.
History-Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. United States Courts.
History of Federal Voting Rights Laws. The United States Department of Justice.
"I Have a Dream," Address Delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Oldest and Boldest. NAACP.
SCLC History. Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Selma to Montgomery March: National Historic Trail and All-American Road. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. National Archives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Civil Rights Movement Timeline - Timeline & Events | HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The civil rights movement was an organized effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s.

# data[].attributes.body
This poem could be used in tandem with Warriors Don't Cry. Written in free verse, it accounts the experiences of the nine students who fought to dismantle Jim Crow Laws at their high school in Little Rock, Arkansas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Little Rock 9 by Afaa Michael Weaver

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
That day in December I sat down

by Miss Muffet of Montgomery.

I was myriad-weary. Feets swole

from sewing seams on a filthy fabric;

tired-sore a pedalin' the rusty Singer;

dingy cotton thread jammed in the eye.

All lifelong I'd slide through century-reams

loathsome with tears. Dreaming my own

It was not like they all say. Miss Liberty Muffet

jump at the sight of me.

away-a thousand kicking legs pinned down.

The rest of me I tell you-a cloud.

Beautiful trouble on the dead December

horizon. Come to sit in judgment.

How many miles as the Jim Crow flies?

Over oceans and some. I rumbled.

They couldn't hold me down. Long.

My feets were tired. My eyes were

sore. My heart was raw from hemming

dirty edges of Miss L. Muffet's garment.

A thousand bloody miles after the Crow flies

that day in December long remembered when I sat down

beside Miss Muffet of Montgomery.

I said-like the joke say-What's in the bowl, Thief?

I said-That's your curse.

I said-This my way.

She slipped her frock, disembarked,

settled in the suburbs, deaf, mute, lewd, and blind.

The bowl she left behind. The empty bowl mine.

Jim Crow dies and ravens come with crumbs.

They say-Eat and be satisfied.

I fast and pray and ride.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Miz Rosa Rides the Bus by Angela Jackson | Poetry Foundation

# data[].attributes.headline
Bayard Rustin- An Unsung Hero of the Civil Rights Movement

# data[].attributes.subject
Bayard Rustin- An Unsung Hero of the Civil Rights Movement

# data[].attributes.body
Whenever we complete a KWL chart about the Civil Rights, students always make reference to Martin Luther King Jr. While it is important to recognize the impact MLK Jr. had on the nation, it is equally as important to learn about the others that fought alongside him.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An unsung hero of the civil rights movement - Christina Greer

# data[].attributes.body
I Never Had It Made is an autobiography by Jackie Robinson. Jackie Robinson is a household name; however, many students struggle to understand how hard he had to fight and work to overcome the bigotry and racism that surrounded him. This resource is great for students because it offers them a unique and engaging perspective.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"There I was, the black grandson of a slave, the son of a black sharecropper, part of a historic occasion, a symbolic hero to my people. The air was sparkling. The sunlight was warm. The band struck up the national anthem. The flag billowed in the wind. It should have been a glorious moment for me as the stirring words of the national anthem poured from the stands. Perhaps, it was, but then again, perhaps, the anthem could be called the theme song for a drama called The Noble Experiment. Today, as I look back on that opening game of my first world series, I must tell you that it was Mr. Rickey's drama and that I was only a principal actor. As I write this twenty years later, I cannot stand and sing the anthem. I cannot salute the flag; I know that I am a black man in a white world. In 1972, in 1947, at my birth in 1919, I know that I never had it made."

More quotes...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"There I was, the black grandson of a slave, the son of a black sharecropper, part of a historic occasion, a symbolic hero to my people. The air was sparkling. The sunlight was warm. The band struck up the national anthem. The flag billowed in the wind.

# data[].attributes.body
Warriors Don't Cry is the autobiographical account of Melba Pattillo Beals and eight other students as they fought to stand against Jim Crow laws at their segregated high school. As the book is written from Melba's perspective, this text is extremely beneficial for students because they are able to have a better understanding of what life was like for these students.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
I don't know if I can rate such a personal story but this book did wonders for my persona learning experience, although much of it was not easy to read about.
Trigger Warnings: Racism, harassment, physical assault, attempted rape, ostracization, mobs, threats, shooting, slurs against indigenous Americans, bullying, mention of suicidal thoughts, mention of illness and death of a nanny and death of of a grandmother...more

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I don't know if I can rate such a personal story but this book did wonders for my persona learning experience, although much of it was not easy to read about.Trigger Warnings: Racism, harassment, physical assault, attempted rape, ostracization, mobs, threats, shooting, slurs against indigenous Americans, bullying, mention of suicidal thoughts, mention of illness and death of a nanny and death of of a grandmother...more

# data[].attributes.headline
Before the Boycott Interactive Simulation

# data[].attributes.subject
Before the Boycott Interactive Simulation

# data[].attributes.body
"This educational resource allows students to view the 1955-57 Montgomery Bus Boycott from the perspective of a newspaper investigative reporter. Students are guided through a series of bus stops where they are given scenarios of the unfair treatment and conditions under which blacks during a bus ride in Montgomery, AL."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The National Civil Rights Museum is a member of

Accredited by the American Alliance of Museums

Designated a World Peace Flame Monument Site

Member of the worldwide network of over 300 historic sites

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Before the Boycott | National Civil Rights Museum

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The National Civil Rights Museum is a member of Accredited by the American Alliance of Museums Designated a World Peace Flame Monument Site Member of the worldwide network of over 300 historic sites

# data[].attributes.body
Students always hear the term "universal" or "civil" rights, but I think they struggle to grasp what it actually means. They know that they have rights, but the struggle for everyone to have these rights is so far removed from their time.  This source provides a great, grade-level definition with relatable examples.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti