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세례
Such findings suggest that many students need help learning to filter the barrage of information coming their way, said Sam Wineburg, one of the researchers, who leads the Stanford History Education Group.
그러한 발견은 많은 학생들이 그들에게 닥치는 정보의 세례를 걸러내는 걸 배우는 데 도움이 필요하다는 걸 암시한다. 고 스탠포드 역사 교육 그룹을 이끄는 연구자 중의 한 명인 Sam Wineburg가 말했다.

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Federal and state legislators have tried in recent years to support media literacy in public schools. 연방과 주의 입법자들은 최근 몇년간 공립학교에서 미디어 리터러시를 지원하려고 노력해 왔다

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▶중복된 문장 지우고 말풍선 순서대로 정렬
→ 문장 해석 들어간 말풍선은 하나만 남기고, 중복된 문장의 단어는 뜻만 말풍선에 남기기 (해석 지우기)
▶해석 오류 & 오타 고치기
→ 잘 모르겠으면 댓글로 질문/의견 달기
▶Page 당 1인당 1개 이상 질문 해당 문장/단어에 댓글로 달기

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“A lot of my friends and my peers hot really polarized at a very young age, and people were really angry at anyone who believed differently than them”she said.

양극화 되다(극우,극좌)

"많은 내 친구들과 내 또래들은 매우 어린 나이에 정말로 양극화되었고, 사람들은 그들과 다르게 믿는 사람에게 정말로 화가 났다,"라고 그녀는 말했다

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Efforts to appeal to younger students have included illustrated books and search engine scavenger hunts. 어린 학생들에게 어필하기 위한 노력에는 삽화책과 검색 engine scavenger hunt 가 포함되어 있다.

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He and other researchers have suggested teaching students to read laterally, fact-checking online information by exploring beyond the original website.

그와 다른 연구자들은 학생들에게 측면에서 읽는 방법을 추천하였다, 기존의 웹사이트를 떠나서 온라인 정보에 팩트 체크를 하는거이다.

reading laterally: 기사에 따르면 측면에서 읽는 사람들은 어떠 한 정보에서 시간을 많이 투자하지 않고 다른 기사나 사이트에서 정보를 수집한 후 정보를 받아들이는 사람들이다.

https://pressbooks.pub/webliteracy/chapter/what-reading-laterally-means/ reading laterally 에 관한 기사

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Time for our third move: good fact-checkers read "laterally," across many connected sites instead of digging deep into the site at hand.

When you start to read a book, a journal article, or a physical newspaper in the "real world," you already know quite a bit about your source. You've subscribed to the newspaper, or picked it up from a newsstand because you've heard of it. You've ordered the book from Amazon or purchased it from a local bookstore because it was a book you were interested in reading. You've chosen a journal article either because of the quality of the journal article or because someone whose expertise and background you know cited it. In other words, when you get to the document you need to evaluate, the process of getting there has already given you some initial bearings.

Compared to these intellectual journeys, web reading is a bit more like teleportation. Even after following a source upstream, you arrive at a page, site, and author that are often all unknown to you. How do you analyze the author's qualifications or the trustworthiness of the site?

Researchers have found that most people go about this the wrong way. When confronted with a new site, they poke around the site and try to find out what the site says about itself by going to the "about page," clicking around in onsite author biographies, or scrolling up and down the page. This is a faulty strategy for two reasons. First, if the site is untrustworthy, then what the site says about itself is most likely untrustworthy, as well. And, even if the site is generally trustworthy, it is inclined to paint the most favorable picture of its expertise and credibility possible.

The solution to this is, in the words of Sam Wineburg's Stanford research team, to "read laterally." Lateral readers don't spend time on the page or site until they've first gotten their bearings by looking at what other sites and resources say about the source at which they are looking.

For example, when presented with a new site that needs to be evaluated, professional fact-checkers don't spend much time on the site itself. Instead they get off the page and see what other authoritative sources have said about the site. They open up many tabs in their browser, piecing together different bits of information from across the web to get a better picture of the site they're investigating. Many of the questions they ask are the same as the vertical readers scrolling up and down the pages of the source they are evaluating. But unlike those readers, they realize that the truth is more likely to be found in the network of links to (and commentaries about) the site than in the site itself.

Only when they've gotten their bearings from the rest of the network do they re-engage with the content. Lateral readers gain a better understanding as to whether to trust the facts and analysis presented to them.

You can tell lateral readers at work: they have multiple tabs open and they perform web searches on the author of the piece and the ownership of the site. They also look at pages linking to the site, not just pages coming from it.

Lateral reading helps the reader understand both the perspective from which the site's analyses come and if the site has an editorial process or expert reputation that would allow one to accept the truth of a site's facts.

We're going to deal with the latter issue of factual reliability, while noting that lateral reading is just as important for the first issue.

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Time for our third move: good fact-checkers read "laterally," across many connected sites instead of digging deep into the site at hand. When you start to read a book, a journal article, or a physical newspaper in the "real world," you already know quite a bit about your source.

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"We're under attack - it's now such an openly polarized society, where teachers are afraid to talk about hot topics or controversial issues," Mr, Krueger said.

크루거 씨가 말했다. "우리(교사)들은 공격받고 있어요. 우리 사회는 공개적으로 양극화되어 있어서, 교사들이 핫토픽이나 논란이 있는 문제들에 대해 이야기하길 꺼려해요(두려워해요)."

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Media literacy efforts are intensifying, targeting students as they approach voting age. But some educators struggle "to push through that apathy."

미디어의 읽기쓰기 능력은 강화 되고 있다, 투표하는 나이가 근접하는 학생들을 타겟으로 하고있다. 하지만 몇몇 교육자들은 그 무관심을 이겨낼려고 노력하고 있다.

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Many of existing laws amount to legislative endorsements of the need for literacy education rather than acutal madates.

지지

기존의 많은 법률들은 실질적인 법관보다는 문해 교육의 필요성에 대한 입법적 지지와 같다.

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일방적인 견해

"And a lot of that came from having a very one-side view of the issues that we were seeing"

"그리고 그 중 많은 부분은 우리가 보고 있는 문제에 대해 매우 일방적인 견해를 갖는 것에서 비롯되었습니다."

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다음 시간 전까지 할일

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다음 시간 전까지 할일

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기사 전체 읽고 중요한 표현/단어 자유롭게 골라서 말풍선 3개 달기
친구들에게 설명해줄 준비

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When Teens Find Misinformation, These Teachers Are Ready

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Media literacy efforts are intensifying, targeting students as they approach voting age. But some educators struggle “to push through that apathy.”

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Fake news was posted in facebook with a photo of a lion walking around the city that Putin had released 800 tigers and 500 lions to enforce people to stay in homes.

LINK: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/255727-putin-releases-tigers-lions-keep-people-at-home-russia-coronavirus/

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FALSE: Putin ‘releases 800 tigers and 500 lions’ to keep people at home

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The photos used were taken in 2016 and 2019 respectively, both in South Africa

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A fake news about Jang Wonyeong and G-Dragon being lovers - because they wore clothes with a similar look - was posted on a news website. Later, it was found that Wonyeong wore it because of advertisement.

Link: http://www.enuri.com/knowcom/detail.jsp?kbno=2708517

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The students, many of them on the cusp of voting age, spend up to two weeks each fall exploring how falsehoods, prejudices and opinions can lurk in the many places they get information.
투표 연령이 얼마 남지 않은 학생들은 매년 가을마다 정보를 얻는 많은 곳에 거짓, 편견, 의견이 어떻게 도사리고 있는지 탐구하는 데 최대 2주를 소비한다.

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Fake News-Coronavirus was stolen from Canada then was spreaded by chinese on purpose. 

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Fake News-Coronavirus was stolen from Canada then was spreaded by chinese on purpose. 

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In january 2020, when coronavirus was just starting to spread. This fake news was posted. Stating that the virus was already in the labs in 2013 and chinese agents stole it. Then spreaded it as a bioweapon.

news link: https://greatgameindia.com/coronavirus-bioweapon/

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Last year a mysterious shipment was caught smuggling Coronavirus from Canada. It was traced to Chinese agents working at a Canadian lab. Subsequent investigation by GreatGameIndia linked the agents to Chinese Biological Warfare Program from where the virus is suspected to have leaked causing the Wuhan Coronavirus outbreak.

The Saudi SARS Sample

On June 13, 2012 a 60-year-old Saudi man was to a private hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with a 7-day history of fever, cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath. He had no history of cardiopulmonary or renal disease, was receiving no long-term medications, and did not smoke.

Egyptian virologist Dr. Ali Mohamed Zaki isolated and identified a previously unknown coronavirus from his lungs. After routine diagnostics failed to identify the causative agent, Zaki contacted Ron Fouchier, a leading virologist at the Erasmus Medical Center (EMC) in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for advice.

Fouchier sequenced the virus from a sample sent by Zaki. Fouchier used a broad-spectrum "pan-coronavirus" real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to test for distinguishing features of a number of known coronaviruses known to infect humans.

This Coronavirus sample was acquired by Scientific Director Dr. Frank Plummer (key to Coronavirus investigation Frank Plummer was recently assassinated in Africa) of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg directly from Fouchier, who received it from Zaki. This virus was reportedly stolen from the Canadian lab by Chinese agents.

#FrankPlummer - renowned Winnipeg based Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory scientist key to #Coronavirus investigation has died in mysterious conditions in Africa. He was the one who received Saudi SARS Coronavirus sample which was smuggled to Wuhan https://t.co/VjvQMURTyT
- GreatGameIndia (@GreatGameIndia) February 6, 2020

The Canadian Lab

Coronavirus arrived at Canada's NML Winnipeg facility on May 4, 2013 from the Dutch lab. The Canadian lab grew up stocks of the virus and used it to assess diagnostic tests being used in Canada. Winnipeg scientists worked to see which animal species can be infected with the new virus.

Research was done in conjunction with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's national lab, the National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases which is housed in the same complex as the National Microbiology Laboratory.

NML has a of offering comprehensive testing services for long history coronaviruses. It isolated and provided the first genome sequence of the SARS coronavirus and identified another coronavirus NL63 in 2004.

This Winnipeg based Canadian lab was targeted by Chinese agents in what could be termed as Biological Espionage .

Chinese Biological Espionage

In March 2019, in mysterious event a shipment of exceptionally virulent viruses from Canada's NML ended up in China . The event caused a major scandal with Bio-warfare experts questioning why Canada was sending lethal viruses to China . Scientists from NML said the highly lethal viruses were a potential bio-weapon.

Following investigation, the incident was traced to . Four months later in July 2019, a group of Chinese agents working at NML Chinese virologists were forcibly dispatched from the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). The NML is Canada's only level-4 facility and one of only a few in North America equipped to handle the world's deadliest diseases, including Ebola, SARS, Coronavirus, etc.

Xiangguo Qiu - The Chinese Bio-Warfare Agent

The NML scientist who was escorted out of the Canadian lab along with her husband, another biologist, and members of her research team is believed to be a Chinese Bio-Warfare agent Xiangguo Qiu . Qiu was the head of the Vaccine Development and Antiviral Therapies Section in the Special Pathogens Program at Canada's NML.

Xiangguo Qiu is an outstanding Chinese scientist born in Tianjin. She primarily received her medical doctor degree from Hebei Medical University in China in 1985 and came to Canada for graduate studies in 1996. Later on, she was affiliated with the Institute of Cell Biology and the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health of the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, not engaged with studying pathogens.

But a shift took place, somehow. Since 2006, she has been studying powerful viruses in Canada's NML. The viruses shipped from the NML to China were studied by her in 2014, for instance (together with the viruses Machupo, Junin, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Hendra).

Infiltrating the Canadian Lab

Dr. Xiangguo Qiu is married to another Chinese scientist - Dr. Keding Cheng, also affiliated with the NML, specifically the "Science and Technology Core". Dr. Cheng is primarily a bacteriologist who shifted to virology. The couple is responsible for infiltrating Canada's NML with many Chinese agents as students from a range of Chinese scientific facilities directly tied to China's Biological Warfare Program, namely:

1. Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun

2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region

3. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei

4. Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

All of the above four mentioned Chinese Biological Warfare facilities collaborated with Dr. Xiangguo Qiu within the context of Ebola virus, the Institute of Military Veterinary joined a study on the Rift Valley fever virus too, while the Institute of Microbiology joined a study on Marburg virus. Noticeably, the drug used in the latter study - Favipiravir - has been earlier tested successfully by the Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, with the designation JK-05 (originally a Japanese patent registered in China already in 2006), against Ebola and additional viruses.

However, the studies by Dr. Qiu are considerably more advanced and apparently vital for the Chinese biological weapons development in case Coronavirus, Ebola, Nipah, Marburg or Rift Valley fever viruses are included therein.

The Canadian investigation is ongoing and questions remain whether previous shipments to China of other viruses or other essential preparations, took place from 2006 to 2018, one way or another.

Dr. Xiangguo Qiu also collaborated in 2018 with three scientists from the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Maryland, studying post-exposure immunotherapy for two Ebola viruses and Marburg virus in monkeys; a study supported by the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

The Wuhan Coronavirus

Dr. Xiangguo Qiu made at least five trips over the school year 2017-18 to the above mentioned Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which was certified for BSL4 in January 2017. Moreover, in August 2017, the National Health Commission of China approved research activities involving Ebola, Nipah, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses at the Wuhan facility.

Coincidentally, the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory is located only 20 miles away from the Huanan Seafood Market which is the epicenter of the Coronavirus outbreak dubbed the Wuhan Coronavirus.

The Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory is housed at the Chinese military facility Wuhan Institute of Virology linked to China's Biological Warfare Program. It was the first ever lab in the country designed to meet biosafety-level-4 (BSL-4) standards - the highest biohazard level, meaning that it would be qualified to handle the most dangerous pathogens.

In January 2018, the lab was operational 'for global experiments on BSL-4 pathogens,' wrote Guizhen Wu in the journal Biosafety and Health. 'After a laboratory leak incident of SARS in 2004, the former Ministry of Health of China initiated the construction of preservation laboratories for high-level pathogens such as SARS, coronavirus, and pandemic influenza virus,' wrote Guizhen Wu.

Coronavirus Bioweapon

The Wuhan institute has studied coronaviruses in the past, including the strain that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, H5N1 influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue. Researchers at the institute also studied the germ that causes anthrax - a biological agent once developed in Russia.

" Dany Shoham, a former Israeli military intelligence officer who has studied Coronaviruses (particularly SARS) have been studied in the institute and are probably held therein," Chinese biowarfare. He said. "SARS is included within the Chinese BW program, at large, and is dealt with in several pertinent facilities."

James Giordano, a neurology professor at Georgetown University and senior fellow in Biowarfare at the U.S. Special Operations Command, said China's growing investment in bio-science, looser ethics around gene-editing and other cutting-edge technology and integration between government and academia raise the spectre of such pathogens being weaponized.

That could mean an offensive agent, or a modified germ let loose by proxies, for which only China has the treatment or vaccine. "This is not warfare, per se," he said. "But what it's doing is leveraging the capability to act as global saviour, which then creates various levels of macro and micro economic and bio-power dependencies."

China's Biological Warfare Program

In a 2015 academic paper, Shoham - of Bar-Ilan's Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies - asserts that more than 40 Chinese facilities are involved in bio-weapon production.

China's Biological Warfare Program is believed to include full range of traditional chemical & biological agents with a wide variety of delivery systems including artillery rockets, aerial bombs, sprayers, and short-range ballistic missiles. #coronarovirus https://t.co/7qpDNNmqk7
- GreatGameIndia (@GreatGameIndia) January 25, 2020

China's Academy of Military Medical Sciences actually developed an Ebola drug - called JK-05 - but little has been divulged about it or the defence facility's possession of the virus, prompting speculation its Ebola cells are part of China's bio-warfare arsenal, Shoham told the National Post.

Ebola is classified as a "category A" bioterrorism agent by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, meaning it could be easily transmitted from person to person, would result in high death rates and "might cause panic." The CDC lists Nipah as a category C substance, a deadly emerging pathogen that could be engineered for mass dissemination.

China's Biological Warfare Program is believed to be in an advanced stage that includes research and development, production and weaponization capabilities. Its current inventory is believed to include the full range of traditional chemical and biological agents with a wide variety of delivery systems including artillery rockets, aerial bombs, sprayers, and short-range ballistic missiles.

Weaponizing Biotech

China's national strategy of military-civil fusion has highlighted biology as a priority, and the People's Liberation Army could be at the forefront of expanding and exploiting this knowledge.

Weaponizing Biotech - China's War for Biological Dominance#coronoavirus https://t.co/MEVQ5VERJw
- GreatGameIndia (@GreatGameIndia) January 25, 2020

The PLA is pursuing military applications for biology and looking into promising intersections with other disciplines, including brain science, supercomputing, and artificial intelligence. Since 2016, the Central Military Commission has funded projects on military brain science, advanced biomimetic systems, biological and biomimetic materials, human performance enhancement, and "new concept" biotechnology.

In 2016, an AMMS doctoral researcher published a dissertation, "Research on the Evaluation of Human Performance Enhancement Technology," which characterized CRISPR-Cas as one of three primary technologies that might boost troops' combat effectiveness. The supporting research looked at the effectiveness of the drug Modafinil, which has applications in cognitive enhancement; and at transcranial magnetic stimulation, a type of brain stimulation, while also contending that the "great potential" of CRISPR-Cas as a "military deterrence technology in which China should "grasp the initiative" in development.

In 2016, the potential strategic value of genetic information led the Chinese government to launch the National Genebank, which intends to become the world's largest repository of such data. It aims to "develop and utilize China's valuable genetic resources, safeguard national security in bioinformatics, and enhance China's capability to seize the strategic commanding heights" in the domain of Biotechnology Warfare.

Chinese military's interest in biology as an emerging domain of warfare is guided by strategists who talk about potential "genetic weapons" and the possibility of a "bloodless victory."

Unclassified Documents

Unclassified investigation documents as published by GreatGameIndia provide details about concerns expressed by the NML's director-general Matthew Gilmour in Winnipeg, and his superiors in Ottawa.

The email communication mentions Qiu by name, thanking her for sending the deadly viruses.

Click on the image to know more about the classified documents

The shipment was routed from Winnipeg to Toronto and then to Beijing on a commercial Air Canada flight on Mar. 31, 2019. The very next day, the recipients (kept secret) replied that the package had arrived safely.

Canadian Parliament erupt over GGI report on Espionage

Recently, the Canadian parliament erupted over a heated debate regarding the cover-up of Chinese spies stealing coronavirus from the Winnipeg based BSL-4 lab to the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China.

Iain Stewart, the President of PHAC came under fire from parliamentarians after he repeatedly refused to explain why PHAC terminated the employment of the Chinese spy Dr. Xiangguo Qiu and her husband, Keding Cheng, in January.

Here is what the famous scientist aka Batwoman of #China had to say about us while referring to our reporting on #Wuhan Institute of Virology.

Read more 👉🏽 https://t.co/CP87kiQxh7 pic.twitter.com/edMpNbBqwa
- GreatGameIndia (@GreatGameIndia) March 28, 2021

Conservative MP Garnett Genuis asked if there has ever been a case in which a Canadian lab fired a scientist over security breaches or the improper transfer of viruses.

He erupted when Stewart replied that he was "not able to answer the question as structured."

"I'm glad you have a bloody senior office in this country where you're supposed to account to parliamentarians and the Canadian people. Now answer the damned question," Genuis said.
"This is such an utter disgrace."

"Well, I'm glad you have a bloody senior office in this country where you're supposed to account to parliamentarians and the Canadian people. Now answer the damn question. Mr. Stewart, this is a critical issue of national security." -@GarnettGenuis.

https://t.co/rTaFfea18G
- Terry Glavin 格立文 (@TerryGlavin) March 23, 2021

Experts and Media finally admit GGI Espionage story

For over a year, GreatGameIndia was hounded by the so-called Fact-checkers operated by Atlantic Council - NATO's war propaganda arm for exposing that Coronavirus is actually a Bioweapon.

Now when the Special Committee on Canada-China relations grilled Iain Stewart, the President of PHAC live in Canadian Parliament and demanded explanation on the case the media has silently changed its tune.

Quoting two national security experts inan article titled ' Wake-up call for Canada': Security experts say case of 2 fired scientists could point to espionage, the CBS reported:
"It appears that what you might well call Chinese agents infiltrated one of the highest prized national security elements when it comes to biosecurity and biodefence," said Christian Leuprecht, a security expert and professor at the Royal Military College and Queen's University.
Frank Plummer & Ron Fouchier

Qiu and Cheng were last publicly seen at a memorial service for Dr. Frank Plummer, the former head of the national lab who died in February 2020.

Canadian scientist Frank Plummer who headed the NML ended up dead a week after GreatGameIndia's report on the RCMP investigation was published.

Plummer is associated with another key individual to our investigation - the Dutch virologist Ron Fouchier.

Known as the creator of the world's deadliest virus, Fouchier isolated the SARS Coronavirus and smuggled it out of Saudi Arabia, which was then sent to Frank Plummer.
This story has been published in full in one of the world's largest Chinese TV News Network - NTDTV.
GreatGameIndia is being actively targeted by powerful forces who do not wish us to survive. Your contribution, however small help us keep afloat. We accept voluntary payment for the content available for free on this website via UPI, PayPal and Bitcoin.

Support GreatGameIndia

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Coronavirus Bioweapon - How China Stole Coronavirus From Canada And Weaponized It - GreatGameIndia

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Last year a mysterious shipment was caught smuggling Coronavirus from Canada. It was traced to Chinese agents working at a Canadian lab. Subsequent investigation by GreatGameIndia linked the agents to Chinese Biological Warfare Program from where the virus is suspected to have leaked causing the Wuhan Coronavirus outbreak.

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Other studies have presented websites promoting the preservation of imaginary animals, which the vast majority of children and adolescents surveyed did not recognize as hoaxes.
다른 연구들에서 (조사 과정에서) 상상의 동물들을 보존할(보호할) 것을 촉구하는 웹사이트들을 보여줬는데, 아이들과 청소년 중 대다수가 그것이 장난질이었음을 알아차리지 못했다고 답하였다.

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1418 한예령 - susceptible to 걸리기 쉬운, ~에 영향 받기 쉬운

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1418 한예령 - susceptible to 걸리기 쉬운, ~에 영향 받기 쉬운

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Children and teenagers are not the only ones susceptible to misinformation: Several studies suggest that older adults are more likely to struggle to recognize fake news and are the most likely to share it.
가짜 정보에 영향을 받기 쉬운 이들이 아이들과 청소년뿐인 것은 아니다: 몇몇 연구들이 성인들이 가짜 뉴스를 알아보지 못할 가능성이 더 높고, 성인들이 그 가짜 뉴스를 공유할 가능성이 가장 높다고 한다.

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Fake news example -  Coronavirus Vaccine cause mysterious illness in volunteer. 

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Fake news example -  Coronavirus Vaccine cause mysterious illness in volunteer. 

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Coronavirus Vaccine Cause Mysterious Illness In Volunteer. Trials Stopped. - GreatGameIndia

The fake news circulated on September 9, 2020, when the pandemic was at its peak, citing the name of a particular company, that the government was contracting to take legal action against people who were not responsible for the vaccine and who were affected

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Drug giant AstraZeneca has stopped global trials of its coronavirus vaccine after it caused a mysterious illness in one of the volunteers. The company said it is investigating the cause of the unexplained illness but did not say who had stopped the trial.

UPDATE: The mysterious illness caused during COVID-19 vaccine trials is identified as Transverse Myelitis which may lead to paralysis. As per secret agreements with governments, the vaccine manufacturer cannot be legally held responsible for the side-effects of the coronavirus vaccine.
"As part of the ongoing randomized, controlled global trials of the Oxford coronavirus vaccine, our standard review process triggered a pause to vaccination to allow review of safety data," the company said in a statement sent to CNN.
The company said it is investigating the cause of the unexplained illness.

The AstraZeneca vaccine is one of three coronavirus vaccines in late-stage, Phase 3 trials in the US. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) usually monitors trials for adverse events and can order a pause or halt a trial, but AstraZeneca did not say who had stopped the trial.
"In large trials, illnesses will happen by chance but must be independently reviewed to check this carefully. We are working to expedite the review of the single event to minimize any potential impact on the trial timeline. We are committed to the safety of our participants and the highest standards of conduct in our trials."
There is a lot of unrest and distrust among people with regards to the COVID-19 vaccine and regulators and companies alike have been working to ensure people trust in the vaccine authorization process.

A senior executive of AstraZeneca has revealed in shocking details that the company could not be on receiving end of any constitutional motion or face legal action for any possible side effects or unwanted reactions induced by its Covid-19 vaccine. https://t.co/Q53SPaHuJ5

- GreatGameIndia (@GreatGameIndia) August 4, 2020

However, as reported by GreatGameIndia earlier, a senior managerial executive of AstraZeneca has revealed in shocking details that the company could not be on the receiving end of any constitutional motion or face legal action for any possible side effects or unwanted reactions induced by its Covid-19 vaccine.

The company has agreements with governments as per which AstraZeneca cannot be held responsible for any side-effects of the vaccine and those affected will have no legal recourse.

AstraZeneca has been granted protection from future product liability claims related to its COVID-19 vaccine by most of the countries with which it has struck supply agreements.
For latest updates on the outbreak check out our Coronavirus Coverage. Send in your tips and submissions by filling out this form or write to us directly at the email provided. Join us on WhatsApp for more intel and updates.
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COVID-19 Vaccine Cause Mysterious Illness In Volunteer

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Drug giant AstraZeneca has stopped global trials of its coronavirus vaccine after it caused a mysterious illness in one of the volunteers. The company said it is investigating the cause of the unexplained illness but did not say who had stopped the trial.

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If we want them to be a truly intelligent constituency, we have to start now.
지지층, 유권자

만약 우리가 그들이 진정으로 똑똑한 지지층이 되기를 원한다면, 우리는 지금 시작해야 한다.

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Eduacation lab at the university of rhode island, realized that instagram was one of her primary information sources, via infographics and post that contained one sentence explanations of really complex issues 로드아일랜드 대학의 교육용 연구실은 인스타그램이 매우 복잡한 문제에 대한 한 문장의 설명을 포함하는 시각화된 데이터와 게시물을 통해 그녀의 주요 정보의 원천 중 하나임을 깨달았다.

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Media literacy: 사람들이 미디어에 접근하고 비평하고 창조하거나 조작할 수 있도록 하는 능력
Without an explicit mandate from lawmakers, though, some schools - many of which face staff shortages and political fights over classroom subjects - struggle to integrate media literacy into their curriculum.

그러나 입법자의 명시적인 명령 없이 일부 학교 (대부분 교직원 부족과 교실 과목에 대한 정치적 투쟁에 직면해 있는)는 미디어 리터러시를 교육 과정과 통합하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있다.

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사전+폭로, 잠재적인 잘못된 정보가 전파되기 전에 경고함으로써 이에 대응하는 관행
동의어:접종
Twitter and Google have so-called pre-bunking initiatives to warn users about common misinformation tactics.
트위터와 구글은 흔한 오정보 전술에 대해 유저들에게 경고하기 위해 소위 사전폭로 계획이라 불리는 것을 가지고있다.

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Entrenched: (변경이 어렵도록) 자리를 잡다

''Some methods have become entrenched in schools that almost imply that students should question everything they see with an equal amount of skeptism.'' He said.

그가 말하길; 학생들이 보는 모든 것에 대해 동일한 정도의 의심을 가지고 질문해야 함을 거의 암시하는 일부 방법이 학교에 확고히 자리 잡았다

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Infertile: 불임

Others had said they were unvaccinated against Covid -19 because thir parents had told them, inaccurately, that the shot would make them infertile.

다른 이들은 부모님이 백신이 그들을 불임으로 만든다는 것이라는
잘못된 정보 때문에 코로나에 대한 백신을 맞지 않았다고 한다

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평가
Mr.Krueger began including more lessons about evaluating evidence and fact-checking
Krueger는 증거 평가 및 사실 확인에 대한 더 많은 교훈을 포함하기 시작했습니다.

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But Peter Adams, a former teacher who heads research and design for the Nesw Literacy Project is pushing for a broader consensus on the types of skills students should learn and the results educators want.
그러나 Nesw Literacy Project의 연구와 디자인을 이끄는 전 교사인 Peter Adams는 학생들이 배워야 할 기술의 유형과 교육자들이 원하는 결과에 대한 더 넓은 합의를 추진하고 있다.

Without it, he worries that lessons could backfire.

그것이 없으면, 그는 수업이 역효과를 낼 수 있다고 걱정한다.

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조작된
using techniques updated for the digital age, they are teaching students that virality does not confer legitimacy, that content can be fabricated or manipulated
디지털 시대에 맞게 업데이트된 기술을 사용하여 학생들에게 입소문의 합법성을 부여하지 않으며, 콘텐츠를 조작하거나 조작할 수 있다.

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When is it appropriate to turn to Wikipedia?
언제 위키피디아에 의지하는 것이 적절한가?
1410 이가윤

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동맹
Alarmed by the surge of misinformation online, several educational groups representing more than 350,000 teachers in math, social studies and other disciplines created an alliance to better support those trying to teach media literacy.
온라인에서의 잘못된 정보의 급증에 경각심을 가져, 350000명 이상의 수학, 사회, 다른 학문의 선생님을 대표하는 몇몇의 교육자 그룹은 미디어 리터러시를 가르치려는 사람들을 더 잘 돕기 위해 동맹을 만들었다.

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Swirl 소용돌이치다
But with young people spending more time online, where misleading and false narratives swirl around the upcoming midterm elections, the Covid-19 pandemic and other topics, educators are increasingly trying to offer protection.
그러나 다가오는 중간선거, 코로나19 팬데믹 및 기타 주제를 둘러싸고 오해의 소지가 있고 잘못된 서술이 소용돌이치는 온라인에서 젊은이들이 더 많은 시간을 보내면서, 교육자들은 점점 더 보호를 제공하려고 노력하고 있다.

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믿을 수 있는

Ms. Gilligan, a recent Maynard High School graduate, found that 47 percent of students in her school district rarely talked to their parents and guardians about what made media sources trustworthy

최근 메이너드 고등학교를 졸업한 길리건 씨는 그녀의 학군 학생 중 47%가 미디어 소식통을 신뢰할 수 있게 만드는 것에 대해 부모와 보호자와 거의 대화하지 않는다는 것을 발견했습니다

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However, in what she considered a heartening sign, 95 percent of seniors said they had done a research project that required them to gather information from multiple sources and  summarize theirnfindings.
그러나, 그녀가 진심어린 신호로 여겼던 것은, 95퍼센트의 노인들은 그들이 여러 출처로부터 정보를 수집하고 그들의 발견을 요약하도록 요구하는 연구 프로젝트를 수행했다고 말했다. 1410 이가윤

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확증 편향은 자신의 신념과 일치하는 정보는 받아들이고 신념과 일치하지 않는 정보는 무시하는 경향

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가짜의

His students once raised a bogus TikTok conspiracy theory that Helen Keller faked her blindness and deafness.

그의 학생들은 헬렌 켈러가 그녀의 시각장애와 청각장애를 조작했다는 가짜 음모론을 틱톡에서 제기한 적이 있다.

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In one example, a website claimed to offer facts about climate science, but was actually tied to the fossil fuel industry.  한 예로, 한 웹사이트가 기후 과학에 대한 사실을 제공한다고 주장했지만, 실제로는 화석 연료 산업에 묶여 있었다.
Climate science 기후 과학

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It duped nearly 97 percent of the students.
그것은 거의 97퍼센트의 학생들을 속였다.
1410 이가윤

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This can invite young people to conclude that all sources of information are qually suspect or, even worse, to inflame a kind of nihilism , that all sources of information have some sort of hidden motive or are out to manipulate them in some way.

이것은 젊은이들이 모든 정보의 출처가 똑같이 의심스럽거나 심지어 더 나쁜 것은 허무주의를 부추긴다는 결론을 내리도록 유도할 수 있다. 모든 정보의 출처는 일종의 숨겨진 의도를 가지고 있다.

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But media and information literacy advocates said the difficulties were outweighed by the dangers if
young students fail to recognize rhetorical red flags and fall prey to confirmation bias online, where
they could unwittingly feed rumors and contribute to polarization.

그러나 미디어와 정보 읽고 쓰기 능력은 지지자들은 만약 어린 학생들이 수사적인 빨간 깃발을 알아채치 못하고 확증편향에 대한 타겟이 된다면, 그 어려움이 위험보다 심하다고 얘기하였다, 그 학생들이 아무것도 모르고 루머를 더 키우고 양극화에 기여를 하게 된다.

rhetorical red flag:
rhetorical은 설득을 할 수 익는 최적의 수단이다. 예를 들면 어떤 수사학자가 마음만 먹고 잘 못된 정보를 퍼뜨리고자 하면 그것이 누구보다 진짜 같이 드러나게 할 수 있다. 희망한다, 하는 과정이다 노력중이다 주로 이런 단어들을 써 글을 적음.

red flag는 한 관용표현으로 관심이 필요한 어떤 표시나 어떤 특정 문제를 말한다.

https://medium.com/book-bites/rhetorical-red-flags-watch-for-these-linguistic-traps-74a65ecc41fa

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The following is adapted from Restoring Reason by Dr. Travis M. Corcoran.
Rhetoric has two faces. If a person is a skilled rhetorician, they can make the worse argument appear the stronger, particularly if the listeners are weak in the liberal arts.

One of the most common examples of manipulative rhetoric is the use of talismanic words. Politicians in particular use this all the time, but the use of talismanic words is more widespread than just politics. Talismanic words are vague terms like hope, forward progress, change - words that can mean almost anything unless specifics are provided.

This rhetorical trick works because these words have positive and uplifting connotations, while being essentially void of meaning. And the speakers know that the void will be filled with meaning by the listeners, who want to feel good about what they are hearing.

As poet and diplomat Octavio Paz said, "The relations between rhetoric and ethics are disturbing: the ease with which language can be twisted is worrisome, and the fact that our minds accept these perverse games so docilely is no less cause for concern."

One way to avoid falling victim to these tricks is to know what to watch for. Here are some of the most common rhetorical techniques people use when they want to win you over to their side.

This occurs when someone restates an argument or claim in a distorted way and then attacks the weakness of the distortion.

Example:

Senator Adams says that the nation should not open the borders. Senator Barnes says that he is disappointed that Senator Adams hates and fears foreigners.

It may be that Senator Adams loves and embraces foreigners, but merely wants to better account for their admission to the country in order to ensure their safety and proper rights or benefits. Senator Barnes, however, distorts Senator Adams's claim to make him appear hateful and unappealing.

The validity of reasoned arguments cannot be contingent on the person or institution making that argument. Reason is rooted in logically combining premises and has nothing to do with the person stating those premises. Watch out for subtle versions of this.

Example 1:

Leading scientists and many scientific research papers show that smoking cigarettes is not addictive and does not cause cancer. (It is not scientists or even research papers that prove something true. It is accurate premises combined logically.)

Example 2:

Professor Dinkley is the foremost leading biologist in the world and he says that evolution is true. (Evolution may or may not be true. However, if it is true, it is not because an expert stated that it is true, but because of the preponderance of evidence.)

Often couched as a "call to the greater good," this is actually a means of enforcing social behaviors the speaker wants to control.

Example:

A lot of people think this politician is a hostile war monger, therefore this politician is a hostile war monger. (What people "think about" a politician does not define the truth of statements about the politician.)

Is a speaker calling on your pity, your revulsion, or your "wanting it to be true" to persuade you? If what they are proposing doesn't logically solve what they claim, don't get swayed by emotional appeals.

Example:

The claim is that electrical power lines cause cancer. If someone says, "My seven-year-old son died of cancer and we live fifteen kilometers from electrical power lines. Just before he died in agonizing pain he asked me if I would fight to have those electrical power lines removed so that no more children would have to suffer like him." (While you could obviously sympathize with this speaker, nothing in the statement proves the claim.)

Your job as an individual of reason is to be aware of these subtle cues and filter them out. Do not allow yourself to be distracted by irrelevancies. Institutions like politics, academia, and Legacy Media depend on viewers like you staying ignorant to their techniques.

Now that you know the techniques they use to manipulate your emotions, you can keep a more watchful eye on their deceit. The easier it is to call out the lies, the more informed and knowledgeable you will be about popular narratives in modern society.

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Rhetorical Red Flags: Watch For These Linguistic Traps

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The following is adapted from Restoring Reason by Dr. Travis M. Corcoran. Rhetoric has two faces. If a person is a skilled rhetorician, they can make the worse argument appear the stronger, particularly if the listeners are weak in the liberal arts. One of the most common examples of manipulative rhetoric is the use of talismanic words.