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1. Water-soluble hormones cannot diffuse into the membrane.
2. They are able to attach to integral proteins with receptors extracellularly.
3. Binding of hormone to the receptor causes a signaling pathway reaction that either stimulates or inhibits a cell process.
4. The effect of these hormones are more rapid and lasts shorter when compared to lipid soluble hormones.

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1. Lipid-soluble hormones pass through the membrane and go to the nucleus where the receptors are mostly found.
2. The hormone-receptor complex can react with the DNA in the nucleus or with enzymes to stimulate the transcription of specific genes.

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Attach to membrane-bound receptors

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Attach to nuclear receptors

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Hormone: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Function/Influence: blood sugar control, stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat

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Hormone: Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone

Function/Influence: Develop and maintain male sexual characteristics and maturation and female characteristics, storing and releasing eggs.

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When hormones reach their target cells or the blood, they are destroyed. Hormones are only functioning for a short time before they are eliminated, and when they are released, bodily functions alter quickly.

Products of hormone breakdown are eliminated from the blood by the kidneys.

Lysosomal enzymes break down the hormone after it has entered the target cell and the amino acids of peptide and protein hormones are frequently recycled to create new proteins.

Having a carbohydrate connected to them, having a terminal end shielded from protease activity, and possessing binding proteins are three crucial modifications to avoid the destruction of hormone molecules.

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Water-soluble hormones have the capacity to dissolve straight into the blood, allowing them to circulate as free hormones and reach their intended tissue without binding to protein.

The cell membrane cannot withstand their greater size and hence they cannot permeate, instead they slowly diffuse from the blood into tissue spaces.

To help distribute these hormones to particular cells, organs controlled by certain protein hormones possess capillaries that are extremely porous.

Smaller, water-soluble hormones attach to binding proteins to prevent blood filtering and remain in the body.

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Polar molecules

Include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones.

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Hormone: melatonin

Function/Influence: Releases melatonin during night hours to help with sleep, or sleep cycle

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Hormone: Humoral factors

Function/influence: Helps develop the lymphoid system

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Hormones: tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin

Function/Influence: influence on metabolism, nervous system activity, growth, and maturation,  oxygen utilization by cells, heart rate, blood pressure, calcium levels, vitamin metabolism, infant and child brain development, and reproduction

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Hormones: Aldosterone, Corticosteroid, Testosterone

Function/Influence: regulates blood pressure, hydration balance, and salt levels. works as an anti-inflammatory, keeps blood pressure, blood sugar, and muscle strength in check, and controls salt and water balance.

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Hormones: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Growth hormone (GH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Oxytocin, Prolactin

Function/Influence: The pituitary gland aids in the regulation of other glands and produces hormones that regulate blood pressure, blood sugar levels, reactions to stress, menstruation, sperm production, bone growth, muscle mass, labor contractions, the production of breast milk, and the bonding between mother and child.

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Hormones: Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin, dopamine, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Function/Influence: The hypothalamus connects the neuronal and hormonal systems. Its hormones maintain the body's balance. They affect how the body reacts to illness as well as sleep patterns, alertness, appetite, body weight, thirst, blood pressure, and heart rate

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testes is responsible for secreting testosterone.

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ovaries are responsible for secreting estrogen and progesterone

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The breakdown components are then eliminated by the bile or by urination.

Conjugation is a process in which certain enzyme in the liver join water-soluble molecules to hormones that removes lipid-soluble hormones from circulation

The kidneys and liver eliminate the hormones more quickly into the urine and bile once they have been conjugated.

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Lipid-soluble hormones move in the bloodstream linked to associated proteins and transport the hormone  in aqueous environment

As a result, lipid-soluble hormones have far slower rates of deterioration or removal from the bloodstream.

The lipid-soluble hormones would rapidly spread out of capillaries and would be removed out of the blood by the kidneys or broken down by the liver and lung enzymes.

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Non-polar

Include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and fatty acid derivative hormones such as certain eicosanoids.

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a gland located in the brain that is responsible for controlling the endocrine system.

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1. a small pinecone-shaped structure located above and below the thalamus of the brain and is responsible for producing melatonin hormone

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Pink Simple Feminine Beauty Vlogger Linkedin Banner

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A self-propagating system, positive feedback is the much rarer type of feedback. It is when a hormone's release causes actions that result in another release of that hormone.

Oxytocin is released during childbirth, and subsequent uterine contractions lead to more oxytocin being released. After childbirth, oxytocin release comes to an end.

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A self-limiting system, the majority of hormones are controlled by a negative-feedback mechanism. When the substance reaches a desired level, it sends a signal that prevents further secretion of the substance. The hormone levels in blood are kept within a specific range in this way.

A negative feedback loop occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin as blood glucose levels fall as a result of insulin.

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1. lies on the upper part of the thoracic cavity responsible for secreting thymosin that develops T-cells which are important for the immune system.

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REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD

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REGULATION OF HORMONE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD

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1. The endocrine part of the pancreas consist of pancreatic islets responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HORMONAL STIMULI

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HORMONAL STIMULI

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One common method of hormone regulation is to stop some hormones from secreting other hormones. Inhibitory hormones are those produced by the hypothalamus and stop the anterior pituitary gland from secreting tropic hormones.

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1. are two small glands superior to kidneys. Each gland has an inner and outer part. The inner part is the adrenal medulla and the outer part is the adrenal cortex.

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY NEURAL STIMULI

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY NEURAL STIMULI

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As often as they stimulate targets, neurons can also inhibit them. When a neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone.

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HUMORAL STIMULI

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INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE BY HUMORAL STIMULI

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A companion hormone frequently exists whose release is inhibited by the same humoral stimulus when a hormone's release is sensitive to the presence of the stimulus.

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THREE TYPES OF INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE

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THREE TYPES OF INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE

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1. are four tiny glands embedded to the posterior wall of thyroid gland. It is responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone essential for blood calcium levels regulation.

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Hormone release as a result of another hormone. One example of this are tropic hormones, which are hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates the secretion of other hormones.

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The endocrine glands are directly stimulated by the nervous system to release hormones. When epinephrine and norepinephrine give energy surges needed for the body to react, the adrenal medulla needs to be directly stimulated by neuronal signaling from the sympathetic nervous system to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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a gland made up of two lobes connected by isthmus or a narrow band. Each lobe is located on each side of the trachea inferior to the larynx.

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is a light and small pea sized gland inferior to the hypothalamus connected by a stalk called infundibulum and rests in the depression of the sphenoid bone.

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The release of our hormones are stimulated by the molecules and ions inside our bloodstream. For example, the pancreas releases insulin in response to an increase in blood glucose levels.

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4. DIABETES - occurs when the body cannot properly use insulin or when the pancreas cannot produce enough of it.

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4. DIABETES - occurs when the body cannot properly use insulin or when the pancreas cannot produce enough of it.

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3. HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE - is an autoimmune condition in which the thyroid gland's operation is hampered by the immune system that can result in hypothyroidism.

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3. HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE - is an autoimmune condition in which the thyroid gland's operation is hampered by the immune system that can result in hypothyroidism.

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2. HYPERTHYROIDISM - occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than the body needs to function.

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2. HYPERTHYROIDISM - occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than the body needs to function.

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Hormone production and secretion is regulated in order to keep the body in homeostasis and react to environmental changes. Numerous hormones that regulate one another instead of just one hormone act together to control many bodily functions.

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1. ACROMEGALY - occurs when the body produces too much growth hormone (GH), which regulates physical growth.

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1. ACROMEGALY - occurs when the body produces too much growth hormone (GH), which regulates physical growth.