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It is a process makes changes in the school system in which its way of controlling the process of making policy, designing curricula, managing local school, spending funds, generating revenues, and training teachers. Furthermore, it refers to the transformation of responsibility and power to local communities and school in which they are able to make their own decisions about different aspects of practice and policy.

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Decentralization of schools is truly a global phenomenon. Most nations apply it even they are large as India or tiny as Burkina Faso. Moreover, it has been promoted by democratic government in Spain and Australia, and by autocratic military regime in Argentina. This term has manifold roots. In the business field, leaders have discovered the shortcomings and limitations of centralization in dealing with rapidly changing market conditions. During the late of 1980s and early 1990s, the worldwide realized that the centralization was not effective in the education system. As a result, they encouraged the use of decentralization by increasing the concept of free markets, competition, and even privatization.

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Why do we need decentralization in Oman?

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Why do we need decentralization in Oman?

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Oman, as any other country, takes decentralization into a vital consideration as it can make huge differences in all aspects of life. Nowadays, Oman education system considered generally as a centralized system since Designing educational policies, establishing educational goals, and developing strategies, plans, and projects are all carried out by the ministry of education.  this causes high pressure on the ministry of education and therefore could reduce the productivity and the quality of the education in the country. therefore, decentralization will minimize the responsibilities of the ministry of education and then the efficiency of teaching and learning will improve. furthermore, Oman needs decentralization in order to have a greater control of the expenses and wastes. since all students in all schools in Oman study the same subjects with the same curriculum, we ended up having school graduate students all with the same skills and knowledge. But if the ministry of education let each governorate teach its students skills related to the culture they live in, the country will have ,on the other hand, students with rich and divers skills and who then can serve the labor market efficiently.

Evidence for the centralization of the ministry of education and its plans to apply decentralization (source: Education Council in the Saltant of Oman, https://www.educouncil.gov.om/en/index.php?scrollto=start)
" The Ministry of Education is in charge of managing the school education in all stages (Grades1-12). The Ministry’s responsibilities include the development of education policies, curricula and schoolbooks, development of student performance assessment mechanisms; overseeing the work progress in schools and providing technical and administrative support for teaching and administrative personnel in schools. The Directorates General of Education across all governorates are in charge of the implementation of the Ministry’s plan, and in return, the Ministry is gradually working towards conferring more financial and administrative powers to these Directorates."

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The benefits/ advantages of decentralization 

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The benefits/ advantages of decentralization 

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1. Reduces burden: it contributes to make the burdens shared by different communities instead of putting them on one institution.

2. Facilitates Quick Decision Making: it fasts the process of making decision by school management.

3. Evaluation of performance: it enhances the process of evaluation of various staff and students in the school.

4. Better supervision: it makes the educational management system to supervise over the school effectively.

5. Better control: it makes the process of controlling over the school by the management system easier and efficiently.

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How to implement decentralization in Oman

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How to implement decentralization in Oman

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Oman education system has some sort of decentralization but with limited aspects. for example, Oman has 11 different governorates and each governorate is responsible to do the exams and to follow up the schools in that region. however, these governorates are not completely free since they only have the authority to implement, but not to plan or design. As we mentioned the advantages of decentralization and its importance in Oman, the government must take decentralization into noticeable consideration. the first steps to implement decentralization is to:
1. Ensuring equity.
2. Develop liability systems and measures.
3. determining what government wants to do.
4. Implement policies designed to achieve those goals.
The the country will be ready to implement decentralization. These are some suggestions on how to implement decentralization in Oman:

provide compulsory subjects that all students in Oman must take like Arabic, English, Science and Math. but then let  each governorate to to choose other elective subjects related to the students interests in that region, such as learning how to fish, pottery, embroidery, palm industry, and so on.

Transfer all powers and responsibilities, including education, curriculum, and finances, to the school, and in return, a very strict accounting system.

engage the community in decision making process related to the local schools.

Transfer responsibilities, power and authorities in the school to the principal.

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Article 1: What is the impact of decentralization on student achievement?

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Article 1: What is the impact of decentralization on student achievement?

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Summary:
This article is about decentralization. It explains it in different points. First, it defines the decentralization as a process moves or transfers administrative and financial decision-making powers from central Ministries of Education to local governments, communities, and schools. Then, it talks about its promis. Decentralization promises to be more efficient, better reflect local priorities, encourage participation of all stakeholders, improve learning outcomes and quality of teaching. The third point in this article says that decentralization works if the local communities are given the resources and empowerment necessary to improve learning and schools. Then it argues that the use decentralization encourages local communities to participate in school management, then improves accountability and responsiveness to student needs. Moreover,the parent collaboration can elicit commitment to self-made decisions and greater accountability. Finally, better classroom instruction and better student performance are examples of decentralization’s outcomes. They can be achieved by addressing two things:

1. The quality and quantity of educational contributions from teachers, parents, and others.

2. The efficiency with which these contributions are put into actions.

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This article shows that decentralization is not an easy project, but rather is a very complicated and long process. The document illustrates The main concerns, objectives, procedures, and methods that influence educational decentralization projects. The article also addresses the benefits and drawbacks of decentralization initiatives, particularly as they relate to difficulties with political, monetary, institutional, and educational quality. The document ends with a list of policy issues that can help officials interested in decentralizing a public education system with their planning and thinking. The author mentioned that the very first step to apply decentralization is to determine the specific goals and purposes of decentralization. Furthermore, a successful decentralization program needs a number of components, including advanced planning that is collaborative and thorough, a culture of experimentation, a readiness to be adaptable and take risks, and a commitment to long-term transformation.

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1. Diwan of Royal Court D.G of telecommunication and Information System. (2020, August 17). مجلس التعليم. مجلس التعليم. from https://www.educouncil.gov.om/en/index.php?scrollto=start

2. James Worrall. (2020, June). Decentralization in Oman. Muscat, Oman. School of Politics & International Studies, University of Leeds. https://gld.gu.se/media/1861/gld-working-paper-32.pdf

3. European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive

Education, 2017. Decentralisation in Education Systems – Seminar Report. (V.J. Donnelly,

E. Óskarsdóttir and A. Watkins, eds.). Odense, Denmark. https://www.european-agency.org/sites/default/files/Decentralisation%20in%20Education%20Systems_0.pdf

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralization of Education in India B.Ed Notes. (2022, March 3). Education Summary. https://educationsummary.com/lesson/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-decentralization-of-education-in-india-b-ed-notes/

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Back to: Education in Contemporary India - Unit 2

Decentralization is a particular form of organizational structure where the top management owns the decision-making responsibilities and supervises the daily operations of the middle and lower subordinates. Hence, the top management can focus on making major decisions with more abundance of time. According to Louis A. Allen, "Decentralisation refers to the systematic effort to delegate to the lowest levels all authority except that which can only be exercised at central points."

Advantages of Decentralization of Education

The advantages of decentralization of education in India are as follows:

1. Reduces burden: It can be helpful in reducing the burden of the management who is at the top.

2. Facilitates Quick Decision Making: It enables school management systems to make decisions faster.

3. Evaluation of Performance: It fosters the evaluation of the performance of different staff and students present in the institution.

4. Better Supervision: It allows the educational management system to supervise over the school effectively.

5. Better Control: Through decentralisation, the management system can have enhanced and efficient control over the school.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralization of Education in India B.Ed Notes

Disadvantages of Decentralisation of Education

The disadvantages of decentralization of education in India are as follows:

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1. Lack of Uniformity: In the context of the policies being followed, a lack of uniformity may arise.

2. Lack of Coordination: Decentralisation can also lead to a lack of coordination resulting in conflicts.

3. Lack of Trained Faculty: Decentralisation requires the hiring of trained and qualified personnel and there may be a lack of the same.

4. Financial Burden: Decentralisation can increase the financial burden of the institution.

5. Creates Conflict; It has the potential to strike a conflict between the managers and faculties of different divisions.

Giving additional responsibilities to schools is a popular form of decentralisation of education. This is referred to as school autonomy or school-based management. The election or appointment of school councils with budgets and the authority to make educational decisions takes place. Decentralisation can also lead to empowering school directors and teaching faculty to make educational decisions.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralization of Education in India B.Ed Notes

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralization of Education in India B.Ed Notes - Education Summary

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Back to: Education in Contemporary India - Unit 2 Decentralization is a particular form of organizational structure where the top management owns the decision-making responsibilities and supervises the daily operations of the middle and lower subordinates. Hence, the top management can focus on making major decisions with more abundance of time.