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Group members, Kok Xuan Kai, Soon Hao Young, Ryan Ong Rui Yan, Phoa Teck Kai Preston 

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Group members, Kok Xuan Kai, Soon Hao Young, Ryan Ong Rui Yan, Phoa Teck Kai Preston 

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On 13 march 1937 Maria Hertogh was born into a Christian (Roman Catholic) family, her biological parents, Adeline and Adrianus Hertogh, were Dutch-Eurasian Catholics.

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In 1942 during World War II, Maria's parents were interned by the Japanese. During this time, Che Aminah binte Mohamed, a Malay-Muslim woman from Terengganu which was a family friend of Adeline Hertogh, took Maria in and raised her as a Muslim, giving her the name Nadra binte Ma’arof. This marked the beginning of Maria's life as part of a Muslim Malay household

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The cold war between the United States and the soviet union played a role in the Hock Lee Bus Riots because communist ideas influenced labor movements. The Cold War and the rise of groups like the Malayan Communist Party created tension in Singapore. When bus workers were fired, protests erupted, which the British saw as influenced by communist forces.

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Communism in Malaya affected Hock Lee Bus Riots (1948)

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Communism in Malaya affected Hock Lee Bus Riots (1948)

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1. Instigating Strikes and Protests: The CPM(Communist party malayan) utilized trade unions and student groups to instigate strikes, protests, and demonstrations, which were seen as destabilizing by the colonial government. This included the Hock Lee bus strike and riot in 1955, where the CPM-influenced trade union pushed for better wages and working conditions, leading to a violent confrontation with the police.

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Communism in Malaya affected NS riots (1948)

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Communism in Malaya affected NS riots (1948)

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2.Infiltrating Student Groups: The CPM saw students as a potential revolutionary force and infiltrated Chinese middle schools, particularly after the National Service Ordinance of 1954 sparked protests. The students' grievances against the colonial government, combined with the CPM's influence, fueled the May 13 riots in 1954, where students clashed with police during a peaceful demonstration.

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Adeline Hertogh finds Maria(September 1949)

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Adeline Hertogh finds Maria(September 1949)

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After the war, Adeline Hertogh started looking for her daughter. In 1949, she found Maria in Malaya and went to court in Singapore to get her back. But Che Aminah, who had raised Maria, refused to give her up. She believed she was Maria’s real mother because she had cared for her and raised her as a Muslim.

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In August 1950, 13-year-old Maria Hertogh was brought to Singapore for a custody battle between her Muslim foster mother and her Dutch birth mother. On 22 November 1950, Maria married a 22-year-old Muslim teacher, Mansoor Adabi, under Islamic law. However, on 2 December, the British court ruled in favor of her birth mother and took Maria, placing her in a Catholic convent. This decision angered the Muslim community, who felt their religion was disrespected.

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After the court case, the Singapore High Court granted Adeline Hertogh custody of Maria. This sparked protests from the Malay community, who wanted Maria to stay with Che Aminah, her foster mother. Tensions escalated, leading to the 1950 Maria Hertogh Riots in Singapore, with violent clashes between the Malay and Chinese communities. The riot was eventually dealt with, leaving 173 injured and 18 deaths.

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The British colonial government in Singapore faced growing unrest, especially from anti-colonial and communist groups. In 1952, in response to rising communist insurgencies in Malaya, the British introduced compulsory national service for young men in Singapore. The policy aimed to strengthen the military presence, but it sparked significant opposition, particularly from the Chinese-speaking community.

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The National Service Riots erupted on 13 May 1954. The riots were sparked when a large group of students and young men gathered to protest the compulsory conscription. Location: The protests began outside the Singapore Civil Service Association (School Curriculum and Standards Authority) building, where protestors demanded that the government revoke the national service policy. The demonstration quickly turned violent as police clashed with protesters. The protesters were mostly Chinese students, many of whom were communist sympathizers or members of student unions that had aligned with anti-colonial movements.

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The National Service Riots in 1954 empowered Chinese students and inspired political activity. This prepared the ground for their active participation in the Hock Lee Bus Riots of 1955. Earlier riots intensified anti-colonial anger and reinforced leftist ideas, therefore promoting more harmony between students and labourers.

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The Hock Lee Bus Riots occurred in 1955 in Singapore. The riots were sparked by a strike by workers at the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company, who were protesting for better pay, working conditions, and union recognition. The company’s refusal to meet their demands, and the firing of several workers, intensified the situation.

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In May 1955, Hock Lee Bus workers went on strike for better pay, conditions, and union recognition. The company fired workers, increasing tensions. Chinese students, upset with colonial education policies, joined in, organizing picket lines and blocking bus depots. The protest disrupted transport and drew police attention, escalating the situation.

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The British colonial government saw communism as a threat, especially after the Malayan Emergency. When bus workers and students protested, the government viewed it as part of a larger communist movement and responded with force. Both groups, driven by anti-colonial and pro-communist beliefs, resisted, leading to violent clashes with police and the escalation into the Hock Lee Bus Riots.

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In April 1956, David Marshall went to London to press for Singapore’s self-government. Marshall demanded full internal self-government for Singapore by 1957, determined to have a greater local control over defence and external affairs. In the end, the talk failed as the British doubted the LF government’s ability to deal with communist threat after the Hock Lee Bus Riots.

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To gain British trust for future talks, Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock cracked down on left-wing groups which caused the Singapore Chinese Middle School Students’ Union being banned, and several student leaders being arrested. Chinese middle school students felt unfairly targeted and excluded from the political process. Their frustration and anger grew, leading to mass protests and school occupations. These actions escalated into violent clashes with the police, resulting in the 1956 Chinese Middle School Student Riots.

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Chinese Middle School Student Riots(25 September1956)

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Chinese Middle School Student Riots(25 September1956)

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In September 1956,Lee Yew hock's government banned the Singapore Chinese Middle School students' Union because of it's supposed communist activities. In response, over 5,000 students held sit-ins and meetings at Chung Cheng High School and The Chinese Middle School demanding the union to be reregistered .When police moved in to break up protests, violence erupted. In the end, the Chinese middle school student riots led to 13 deaths, over 120 injuries, and mass arrests of students..