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1635: Establishment of Boston Latin School, the first public school in the U.S.

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1635: Establishment of Boston Latin School, the first public school in the U.S.

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1635: Establishment of Boston Latin School, the first public school in the U.S.

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1788: Publication of early arithmetic teaching protocols in the U.S.

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1788: Publication of early arithmetic teaching protocols in the U.S.

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1788: Publication of early arithmetic teaching protocols in the U.S.

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1817: Founding of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.

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1817: Founding of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.

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1817: Founding of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.

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1819: Civilization Fund Act funds missionary schools aimed at assimilating Native American children.

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1819: Civilization Fund Act funds missionary schools aimed at assimilating Native American children.

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1819: Civilization Fund Act funds missionary schools aimed at assimilating Native American children.

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1827: Massachusetts mandates free public education for all grades.

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1827: Massachusetts mandates free public education for all grades.

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1827 free public education for all grades.

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1834: Establishment of Perkins School for the Blind, pioneering formal education for visually impaired students.

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1834: Establishment of Perkins School for the Blind, pioneering formal education for visually impaired students.

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1879: Opening of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, the first off-reservation boarding school for Native American children.

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1879: Opening of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, the first off-reservation boarding school for Native American children.

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1879 Opening of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School

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1928: Meriam Report criticizes the federal Indian education system, highlighting poor conditions and policies.

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1928: Meriam Report criticizes the federal Indian education system, highlighting poor conditions and policies.

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1928 Meriam Report criticizes the federal Indian education system

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1950s-1960s: "New Math" movement introduces abstract concepts like set theory into curricula.

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1950s-1960s: "New Math" movement introduces abstract concepts like set theory into curricula.

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1954: Brown v. Board of Education decision declares racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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1954: Brown v. Board of Education decision declares racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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1954: Brown v. Board of Education decision declares racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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1970s: Formation of the first Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) in U.S. schools.

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1970s: Formation of the first Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) in U.S. schools.

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1970s: Formation of the first Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) in U.S. schools.

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1975: Enactment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, ensuring free appropriate public education for children with disabilities.

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1975: Enactment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, ensuring free appropriate public education for children with disabilities.

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1975 Enactment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act

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1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act allows tribes to manage their own education programs.

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1975: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act allows tribes to manage their own education programs.

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1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act allows tribes to manage their own education programs.

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1989: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) releases standards promoting problem-solving and reasoning.

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1989: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) releases standards promoting problem-solving and reasoning.

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1989 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

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1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reauthorizes and expands upon previous legislation.​

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1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reauthorizes and expands upon previous legislation.​

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1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 

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1990: Establishment of GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network) to advocate for LGBTQ+ students.

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1990: Establishment of GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network) to advocate for LGBTQ+ students.

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1990 Establishment of GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network)

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2001: Introduction of the No Child Left Behind Act, emphasizing standardized testing.

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2001: Introduction of the No Child Left Behind Act, emphasizing standardized testing.

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2001 Introduction of the No Child Left Behind Act

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2010: Adoption of Common Core State Standards by multiple states, standardizing math education benchmarks.​

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2010: Adoption of Common Core State Standards by multiple states, standardizing math education benchmarks.​

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2010 Adoption of Common Core State Standards by multiple states

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2011: California passes the FAIR Education Act, requiring the inclusion of LGBTQ+ history in social studies curricula.

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2011: California passes the FAIR Education Act, requiring the inclusion of LGBTQ+ history in social studies curricula.

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2011: California passes the FAIR Education Act, requiring the inclusion of LGBTQ+ history in social studies curricula.

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2020s: Ongoing debates and legislation across states regarding the inclusion of LGBTQ+ topics in school curricula.​

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2020s: Ongoing debates and legislation across states regarding the inclusion of LGBTQ+ topics in school curricula.​

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2020s: Ongoing debates and legislation across states regarding the inclusion of LGBTQ+ topics in school curricula.​

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Recognizing the diverse backgrounds of students, including those from Indigenous communities or with disabilities, prompts the integration of culturally relevant examples and teaching methods. This approach not only validates students' identities but also enhances engagement and comprehension.

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Awareness of the historical marginalization of students with disabilities underscores the importance of providing differentiated instruction and accommodations. Implementing strategies such as visual aids, manipulatives, and technology ensures that all students have equitable access to mathematical concepts.

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The evolution of math education, from rote memorization to conceptual understanding, highlights the need for curricula that foster critical thinking and problem-solving. Incorporating real-world applications and collaborative projects can make math more accessible and meaningful for all students.

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During my current fieldwork placement in a middle school math classroom, I have had the opportunity to observe and support students from a variety of cultural and learning backgrounds, including English learners and students with IEPs. This experience has deepened my understanding of how historical inequalities in mathematics education continue to affect underrepresented groups. In the past, students with disabilities and students of color were often excluded from rigorous math instruction or tracked into low-expectation pathways that limited their future opportunities.Iinclusive practices like differentiated instruction and Universal Design for Learning aim to bridge these gaps, the remnants of inequity are still visible—particularly in the underrepresentation of these students in advanced math programs. My fieldwork has reinforced the importance of creating a classroom environment where all students are held to high expectations, supported with the tools they need, and given meaningful opportunities to succeed in mathematics.

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How Do We Make Math Class More Inclusive of Trans and Non-Binary Identities? https://www.glsen.org/blog/how-do-we-make-math-class-more-inclusive-trans-and-non-binary-identities

Inclusive Learning: Research on the Impact of Inclusive Curriculum https://www.glsen.org/research/inclusive-learning

GLSEN. (n.d.-a). LGBTQ history timeline reference. https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/LGBTQ-History-Timeline-References.pdf

Inclusive Curriculum Standards https://www.glsen.org/activity/inclusive-curricular-standards