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Theodor Herzl pioneers the idea of Zionism (1896)

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Theodor Herzl pioneers the idea of Zionism (1896)

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Theodor Herzl was a Jewish journalist known as the father of Zionism. After seeing people treat Jews badly, he thought Jews needed their own country. In 1896, he wrote a book called The Jewish State, saying Jews should have a homeland in Palestine. In 1897, he started the First Zionist Congress and created the World Zionist Organization, becoming its first leader.

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The Balfour Declaration was a letter from the British government in 1917 that supported the idea of creating a homeland for Jewish people in Palestine. It was written by Arthur Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, to a Jewish leader named Lord Rothschild. At the time, Britain controlled Palestine. The declaration said that while a Jewish homeland should be created, the rights of the Arab people living there should also be respected. This announcement was important because it led to more Jewish people moving to Palestine, which caused tensions with the Arab population.

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WWI was sparked by the assassination of the archduke Franz Ferdinand, as well as other tensions, including rivalries and militarism. The war resulted in approximately 16 million deaths due to new technologies like machine guns and poison gas. The main combat was between the Allied powers and the Central Powers. After WWI, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, causing the British and French to divide the Middle East.

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Jewish immigration to Palestine (1920-1946)

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Jewish immigration to Palestine (1920-1946)

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Between 1920 and 1946, many Jews moved to Palestine to escape danger and hate in Europe. After World War I, Britain controlled Palestine and allowed more Jews to settle there, especially after the 1917 Balfour Declaration, which supported a Jewish homeland. The Fourth Aliyah (1924–1929) brought Jews from Eastern Europe, and the Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939) brought many Jews fleeing the Nazis. This led to tensions and fighting between Jews and Arabs. In 1939, Britain tried to stop Jewish immigration, but many Jews still came secretly, especially after the Holocaust. This immigration helped lead to the creation of Israel in 1948.

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The British Mandate for Palestine was a period of British control over the region, including what is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. After WWI, the League of Nations established this mandate following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The main purpose of the mandate was to protect the rights of Arab's while also creating a "national home for the Jewish people." The Mandate ended on May 14, 1948, after the Palestine Act 1948 was passed, which is the same day that Israel was declared a state.

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The Holocaust was a terrible event during World War II when the Nazi government in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, tried to kill all Jewish people in Europe. From 1941 to 1945, they forced Jews into crowded places called ghettos, sent them to prison camps, and killed many of them, mostly in gas chambers. About 6 million Jews died, along with millions of others, like Roma people, disabled people, and prisoners. Some people tried to fight back, and in the end, other countries stopped the Nazis and freed the people still alive in the camps.

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The Cold War began in 1945 after World War II ended. It was not a real war with fighting, but a time of great tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two countries had very different ideas about how to run a country. The United States believed in democracy and freedom. The Soviet Union believed in communism. They did not trust each other and competed in many ways, like building weapons and trying to be the first in space. Even though they never fought directly, their conflict affected many countries around the world.

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King Abdullah of Jordan Assassinated (1946)

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King Abdullah of Jordan Assassinated (1946)

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King Abdullah I of Jordan was killed on July 20, 1951, in Jerusalem. He was shot while entering the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The person who shot him was named Mustafa Ashu, and he was part of a group that did not agree with the king's plans to make peace with Israel. King Abdullah wanted to work with Israel, which upset many people in the Arab world. After King Abdullah was killed, his son, King Hussein, became the new king of Jordan.

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In 1947, the UN voted on Resolution 181, which suggested splitting Palestine into two countries, one for Jews and one for Arabs. It also proposed that Jerusalem be run by the UN. Since 1917, Britain had controlled Palestine after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in World War I. During this time, fighting between Jews and Arabs became worse.

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UN Addresses Palestinian Displacement (Dec 11, 1948)

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UN Addresses Palestinian Displacement (Dec 11, 1948)

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During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, over 700,000 Palestinians had to leave their homes. They call this event the "nakba," which means "catastrophe." Israel won the war, kept the land the UN gave it, and also took some land meant for Palestinians. Israel took West Jerusalem, Egypt took Gaza, and Jordan took the West Bank and East Jerusalem. In 1948, the UN said in Resolution 194 that Palestinian refugees should be allowed to return to their homes. Many Palestinians believe this gives them the "right to return," but the details of this are still argued, especially after the 1967 war when 300,000 more Palestinians had to leave.

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Arab-Israeli War 1948-1949 TURNING POINT

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Arab-Israeli War 1948-1949 TURNING POINT

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The Arab-Israeli War in 1948 was a big turning point because it happened right after Israel became a country. When Israel declared itself a new country, five Arab countries attacked it, but Israel fought back and won, taking more land. Many Palestinians had to leave their homes and became refugees. This event, called the Nakba, caused a lot of anger and made the conflict even worse. It started a long struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that is still going on today.

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Formation of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) 1960s

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Formation of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) 1960s

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The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was started in 1964 to speak for the Palestinian people and to help them get their own country. At first, Arab countries helped set it up, especially Egypt. Later, in 1969, Yasser Arafat became the leader, and the PLO became stronger and more independent. The PLO worked to fight for Palestinian rights and became the main group representing Palestinians around the world.

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The Six-Day War (Jun 5, 1967 - Jun 10, 1967) TURNING POINT

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The Six-Day War (Jun 5, 1967 - Jun 10, 1967) TURNING POINT

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In 1967, Israel fought a war against several Arab countries called the Six-Day War. Israel won quickly, losing 700 soldiers, while its enemies lost nearly 20,000. After the war, Israel took control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, where many Palestinians lived. Israel also took land from Syria and Egypt, including the Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula. Israel kept the Sinai Peninsula until 1982.

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In 1967, after a war, Israel took control of land including the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem. After that, some Israeli people started moving into these areas and building homes, which is called the settler movement. Many Palestinians already lived there, and they saw this as unfair and as taking their land. This caused a lot of tension and fighting, and the issue of settlements is still a big problem in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians today.

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The 1972 Olympics were held in Munich, Germany. During the games, a Palestinian group called Black September attacked the Israeli team. They took 11 Israeli athletes and coaches as hostages, hoping to get Palestinian prisoners released. The situation ended very badly. All 11 hostages were killed, along with some of the attackers and a German police officer. This tragic event shocked the world and showed that even peaceful events like the Olympics could be affected by violence and politics.

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In 1973, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, a very important Jewish holiday, hoping to win back land they lost in an earlier war. At first, Israel was surprised and lost ground, but later it fought back and pushed the other armies away. The war ended after a few weeks with a ceasefire. Many people were hurt or killed. It showed how tense things were between Israel and its neighbors and led to future peace talks.

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In 1978, the leaders of Egypt and Israel met with U.S. President Jimmy Carter at a place called Camp David in the U.S. After many days of talks, Egypt and Israel agreed to make peace. Egypt became the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel. In return, Israel agreed to give back land it had taken from Egypt in an earlier war.

This was a big step toward peace in the Middle East, even though other countries did not agree with it at the time.

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In 1981, Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, was killed by a group of Egyptian soldiers during a military parade. Some people were angry at Sadat because he made peace with Israel in 1979. They felt he betrayed the Arab world. His death was a big shock, and it showed how difficult and dangerous it was to try to make peace in the Middle East.

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The First Intifada was a big uprising by Palestinians living in areas controlled by Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza.

It started in 1987 when Palestinians began protesting against Israeli rule. They threw rocks, held strikes, and refused to follow certain rules. It was mostly young people and regular citizens who took part. Israel responded with strong force, and many people were hurt or killed on both sides. The Intifada lasted for several years and got a lot of attention. It led to peace talks, and more people around the world started to notice the problems between Israelis and Palestinians.

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The Madrid Peace Conference, held in 1991, was a meeting to try to solve the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors. It brought together Israel, Arab countries, and Palestinian leaders, with help from the United States and the Soviet Union. This was the first time Israel and Arab countries talked directly to each other. Although the conference didn’t solve everything right away, it helped start future peace talks, like the Oslo Accords, and was an important step towards peace.

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The Madrid Peace Conference (Oct 30, 1991)

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The Madrid Peace Conference (Oct 30, 1991)

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In 1993, leaders from Israel and the Palestinians made a peace agreement called the Oslo Accords. For the first time, they agreed to talk and try to solve their problems peacefully. Israel agreed to let the Palestinians have some control over parts of the West Bank and Gaza. The PLO, which spoke for the Palestinians, agreed to stop fighting and recognize Israel. It was an important step toward peace, and both sides hoped it would lead to a better future. But not everything went as planned, and there were still many problems after that.

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The Oslo Accords II was a peace deal made in 1995 between Israel and the Palestinians. It was made to help both sides live more peacefully. The deal said that the West Bank would be split into parts. Some parts would be controlled by Palestinians, some by Israel, and some by both. It also said that Palestinians could vote for their own leaders. People hoped it would bring peace, but fighting and problems still continued.

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The Second Intifada was a turning point in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict because it made things much worse between the two sides. It started in 2000 and involved a lot of violence, like protests, bombings, and attacks. Many people were killed, and it made both Israelis and Palestinians trust each other even less. The peace talks that had been happening before the Intifada stopped, and it became harder for both sides to talk about peace. The violence also led more Palestinians to support groups like Hamas, which did not want peace talks. After this, there was less hope for a quick peace, and the conflict became even more about fighting and security.

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The Gaza War in 2008 was an important turning point in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict because it changed how both sides fought each other. It started after Hamas, a group in control of Gaza, sent rockets into Israel, and Israel responded with bombs and soldiers. Many people were killed or hurt, and many buildings in Gaza were destroyed. Life in Gaza became even harder. This war also made the split between the West Bank (controlled by the Palestinian Authority) and Gaza (controlled by Hamas) bigger. The war showed that peace was even harder to reach, and fighting in Gaza became a big part of the conflict. After this, it seemed like peace was farther away than before.