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Born in France during the 19th century.

Positivism says only scientific knowledge is valid. No opinions, no beliefs, just facts. Everything must be tested through the scientific method.

Teachers must be trained & observed for effectiveness.

No religion in education. This means science is the priority.
School, society, and family must work together.

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Education: Just memorize. Don’t Question

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Education: Just memorize. Don’t Question

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In positivist education, knowledge is absolute truth. Teachers are the authority and students must listen and memorize rather than question.
There were no debates or personal opinions, just facts.

Students as Passive learners (no questions, just memory work!).
Teachers control what is learned.
The teaching method was to learn past facts, don’t experiment.

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Auguste Comte (1798–1857) Created a hierarchy of sciences:

Math

Astronomy

Physics

Chemistry

Physiology

Henri de Saint-Simon and John Stuart Mill also shaped positivism.

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Positivism don't foster creativity or critical thinking, again just memorization.
Creates mechanical learners who only repeat information instead of questioning it.
Ignores emotions, personal experiences, and moral values, focuses only on practicality

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Marxism is a social, economic, and political philosophy that studies how the ruling class controls wealth and power, keeping workers in a cycle of oppression.
It pushes workers to protest against social injustice and inequality.

Society is shaped by economic structures, those who control money control power.
Capitalism survives by keeping workers powerless and dependent on the system.

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Marxism and  Education: A Tool for Control?

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Marxism and  Education: A Tool for Control?

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Schools don’t just teach, they reinforce social classes.
The rich (bourgeoisie) are trained to lead, while the working class (proletariat) is trained to obey.
Marxists reject the idea that schools create equal opportunities. They argue it’s a capitalist myth to keep workers in their place.

Pay attention: Schools teach students to accept their position in society, making them believe the system is fair when it’s not.

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Comenius (1592 – 1670): Learning Through Growth

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Comenius (1592 – 1670): Learning Through Growth

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-Goal: Education should follow natural child development and promote peace.

-Curriculum: Language, math, history, Latin, and universal knowledge.
-Methods: Step by step learning, hands on materials.

-Teacher’s Role: A gentle guide who adapts to the child’s development.
-Impact: Introduced a more humane approach to education.

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Rousseau (1712 – 1778): Learning from Nature

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Rousseau (1712 – 1778): Learning from Nature

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-Goal: Let children’s natural learning environment.
-Curriculum: Nature, experiences, and sensation-based learning.
-Methods: Hands-on, nature-driven learning.
-Teacher’s Role: A facilitator, not an enforcer of social rules.

-Impact: Inspired child centered education and progressivism

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Pestalozzi (1746 – 1827): Education with Love

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Pestalozzi (1746 – 1827): Education with Love

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-Goal: Develop moral, mental, and physical abilities harmoniously.
-Curriculum: Object-based lessons (form, number, sound).
-Methods: Simple to complex, concrete to abstract learning.
-Teacher’s Role: A loving guide in a home like environment.
-Impact: Transformed elementary education with emotional security.

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Herbart (1776 – 1841): Systematic Learning

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Herbart (1776 – 1841): Systematic Learning

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-Goal: Develop moral character and intellectual growth.
-Curriculum: History and literature. Methods: Step by step learning preparation, presentation, association, application.
-Teacher’s Role: A structured, professional instructor.

-Impact: Pioneered organized, sequential instruction.

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How Marxism Shapes Education - Dr. Renton Rathbun

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Froebel (1782 – 1852): The Father of Kindergarten

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Froebel (1782 – 1852): The Father of Kindergarten

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-Goal: Develop children’s spiritual essence through play.
-Curriculum: Songs, stories, games, creative play.
-Methods: Self activity, play, imitation.
-Teacher’s Role: A guide for creativity.
-Impact: Invented kindergarten a playful space for early learning.

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Spencer (1820 – 1903): Science and Survival

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Spencer (1820 – 1903): Science and Survival

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-Goal: Teach practical skills for economic and scientific success.
-Curriculum: Science, ethics, and real life applications.
-Methods: Sensory learning, scientific method.
-Teacher’s Role: Organizes activities for practical learning.
-Impact: Stressed science and competition in education.

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Addams (1860 – 1935): Education for Diversity

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Addams (1860 – 1935): Education for Diversity

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-Goal: Help immigrants integrate while preserving culture.
-Curriculum: Life skills, arts, sciences.
-Methods: Community-based learning.
-Teacher’s Role: Learns alongside students.
-Impact: Pioneered multicultural education.

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Montessori (1870 – 1952): Independent Learning

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Montessori (1870 – 1952): Independent Learning

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-Goal: Support children’s development with hands on learning.
-Curriculum: Motor skills, sensory learning.
-Methods: Self directed, practical activities.
-Teacher’s Role: A facilitator who provides learning materials.
-Impact: Founded the Montessori method, used worldwide.

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-Goal: Foster personal, social, and intellectual growth.
-Curriculum: Problem solving, history, geography, science.
-Methods: Learning through real life experiences.
-Teacher’s Role: Creates a learning community based on shared experiences.
-Impact: Father of progressive education more practice, less theory.

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Piaget (1896 – 1980): Cognitive Development

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Piaget (1896 – 1980): Cognitive Development

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-Goal: Teach based on children’s stages of thinking.
-Curriculum: Hands on learning, problem-solving.
-Methods: Individualized learning, experiments.
-Teacher’s Role: Guides learning based on cognitive growth.
-Impact: Developed the stages of cognitive development.

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Freire (1921 – 1997): Education for Freedom

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Freire (1921 – 1997): Education for Freedom

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-Goal: Raise awareness about oppression and injustice.
-Curriculum: Literacy, critical thinking.

-Methods: Group discussions, real-life stories.
-Teacher’s Role: Encourages critical awareness of society.
-Impact: Created the theory of critical consciousness, education as liberation.