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November 6, 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected president, triggering secession from the Union.

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February 4, 1861: The Confederate States of America are formed, with Jefferson Davis as president.

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April 12, 1861: The Civil War begins with the Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.

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July 21, 1861: The First Battle of Bull Run (or First Battle of Manassas) results in a Confederate victory, demonstrating the war's potential for a long conflict.

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March 8-9, 1862: The Battle of Hampton Roads pits the ironclad warships USS Monitor and CSS Virginia, a significant technological advancement in naval warfare.

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September 17, 1862: The Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg) is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, resulting in a Union victory that halts a Confederate invasion of the North.

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September 22, 1862: President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slaves in Confederate territory free.

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July 1-3, 1863: The Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania is a major turning point in the war, with a Union victory that halts Lee's invasion of the North.

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November 19, 1863: President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address, a powerful speech that reframes the war as a struggle for human equality.

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November 1864: President Lincoln is re-elected, demonstrating continued public support for the war effort.

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November-December 1864: Sherman's March to the Sea in Georgia and South Carolina destroys Confederate infrastructure and demoralizes the South.

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April 14, 1865: Abraham Lincoln was shot and assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on