# data[].attributes.body
Ends slavery

# data[].attributes.body
Abolished slavery

# data[].attributes.body
Slavery is abolished

# data[].attributes.body
The 13th Amendment is to abolish slavery

# data[].attributes.body
ending the institution of slavery in the United States

# data[].attributes.body
ends slavery and finally recognizes african americans as us citizens

# data[].attributes.body
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime

# data[].attributes.body
abolished slavery

# data[].attributes.body
Slavery is abolished in the United States.

# data[].attributes.body
Ended Slavery on December 6 1865

# data[].attributes.body
Ended Slavery on December 6 1865

# data[].attributes.body
The 13th amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

# data[].attributes.body
to grant citizenship to formerly enslaved people and to guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th amendment gives citizenship rights and equal protection.

# data[].attributes.body
It was to grant all people born or naturalized in the United States to be a us citizen; it was to guarantee equal civil and legal rights to all citizens

# data[].attributes.body
Defines U.S. citizenship and equal protection

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment made any person born or naturalized in the US a citizen. Also made the states unable to to deprive a person of their life, liberty, or property without due process of law. All citizens have the right equal protection of the laws

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th Amendment was passed on July 9, 1868, to address issues related to former slaves, it granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, which included former slaves, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the law”

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th amendment granted citizenship and equal protection for all citizens

# data[].attributes.body
equal protection of laws, defines U.S citizenship

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th amendment grants citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States. Also, guarantees equal protection under the law.

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th amendment was passed to address citizenship and equal protection under laws, civil rights (black codes), representation based on the whole number of persons in each state, excluding non-taxed Native Americans on July 9th, 1868. Efforts to rebuild the nation and ensure civil rights for all citizens

# data[].attributes.body
It gave citizenship and rights to all people born on July 9, 1868

# data[].attributes.body
The 14th amendment was passed to protect the rights of freed slaves. The Southern states were instilling laws that prohibited black people from having basic rights like everyone else. Section 2 also decreases the size of members in the house of representatives in that state if they refuse the right to vote for anyone. This was passed in june 8th 1866. The southern states refused to ratify this which set the reconstruction act of 1867 into motion.

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th amendment give people rights to vote, not to decline by race.

# data[].attributes.body
to guarantee African American men the right to vote and to prohibit states from denying the vote based on race, color, or previous slavery

# data[].attributes.body
The government can no longer deny someone the right to vote on the basis of race.

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th Amendment ratified in 1870, granted black men the right to vote

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote. It was ratified on February 3, 1870. The amendment states that the right to vote cannot be denied by the United States or any state on account of race.

# data[].attributes.body
15th Amendment allowed black men the right to vote after civil war

# data[].attributes.body
Feb 3, 1870. it was to grant the right to vote to all male ethnicity or prior slave and prohibited states from denying the votes.

# data[].attributes.body
gives all males the right to vote no matter the race

# data[].attributes.body
Gives all men regardless of race voting rights, 15th amendment was passed on February 3, 1870

# data[].attributes.body
ratified in 1870, granted african american men the right to vote. It states that the right to vote cannot be denied by any state by color, race, or previous condition of servitude.

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th amendment was passed to ensure that the right to vote could not be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of someone. On February 3, 1870

# data[].attributes.body
The impact of mining during westward expansion was deforestation, as miners cleared land for mining operations, they cut down vast areas of forests, leading to habitat destruction and soil erosion. Large herds of cattle grazing on the Great Plains led to the depletion of grasslands, which in turn caused soil erosion and the disruption of local ecosystems.

# data[].attributes.body
One environmental impact of both the mining and cattle industries on the land is soil degradation. Mining can lead to the removal of topsoil and contamination of the land with heavy metals, while cattle grazing can result in overgrazing, which strips the land of vegetation and leads to soil erosion.

# data[].attributes.body
One major impact of mining and cattle ranching on the land during the Western Expansion was significant environmental degradation, primarily due to overgrazing by cattle on the open range, which depleted native grasses and led to soil erosion, while mining operations often resulted in polluted waterways and disrupted landscapes due to the extraction of minerals.

# data[].attributes.body
Pollution and release of chemicals: Mining processes can contaminate soil, ground water, and surface water.

# data[].attributes.body
a big impact is the soil degrading. both the cattle and mining industries had a huge impact on the soil in the land.

# data[].attributes.body
one enviromental impact was soil erosion. mining often sripped the land of vegetation, while grazing by cattle can degrade the soil, leading to increased erosion and loss of fertile topsoil.

# data[].attributes.body
coal mining, surface mines remove soil and rock above coal deposits impacting the environment

# data[].attributes.body
The mining caves would pollute the waters of streams and lakes near towns and reservations.

The cattle; Overgrazing led to soil erosion and depletion of natural grasslands. Additionally, the introduction of cattle disrupted local ecosystems and led to the displacement of native wildlife .

# data[].attributes.body
Mining: Caused significant environmental damage, including deforestation, water pollution, and landscape alteration.

Cattle Ranching: It’s led to significant environmental degradation, including soil erosion and deforestation.

# data[].attributes.body
Hydraulic mining washed millions of tons of silt, sand, and gravel in the locals rivers, raising the riverbed and causing the rivers to overflow. The flooding destroyed orchards and farmland.

# data[].attributes.body
One impact would be the destruction of the soil because of pollution and the mining

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act of 1862 and the Dawes Act of 1887 were both laws that affected the distribution of land in the United States. The Homestead Act allowed citizens to claim public land, while the Dawes Act divided Native American reservation lands into allotments for individual families.

# data[].attributes.body
One environmental impact from mining is that mining activities have polluted the land, air and water sources, making areas unhabitable and unusable. cattle would overgraze and use up natural resources leading to soil degradation. also, cattle ranching would lead to depletion of local water supplies.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act of 1862 promoted Western expansion by allowing Americans to claim 160 acres of federal land, while the Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments, resulting in significant loss of Native American land.

# data[].attributes.body
Native Americans lost 90 million acres of their land, which was about two-thirds of the land they held in 1887.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed Americans, including freed slaves, to claim up to 160 acres of federal land by improving it and living on it for five years. The Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots for families, with the remaining land sold to American settlers, often leading to the loss of tribal land and culture.

# data[].attributes.body
the homestead act is a law that aloud citizens to claim 160 acres of government land.

The dawes act deviated tribal lands into reservations and distributed land.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed citizens to claim public land in the U.S. The Dawes Act of 1887 divided Native American reservation lands into allotments for individual families.

# data[].attributes.body
Both Acts where laws that allowed people to claim the public lands and move Native peoples to the reservations

# data[].attributes.body
Allowed anyone who wanted a "homestead" for a small fee to claim and settle land. Up to 160 acres

The Dawes Act divided land into allotments for farming or ranching encouraging Native Americans to become independent landowners. 160 acres for every head of household, 80 acres for every single adult, and 40 acres to each child.

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. It allowed any American, including freed slaves, to claim up to 160 acres of public land for a small filing fee, provided they improved the land by building a dwelling and farming it for at least five years.

The Dawes Act, also known as the General Allotment Act, was enacted on February 8, 1887. It aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. Each Native American family received 160 acres, and single adults received 80 acres

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land.

Dawes act, also known as the General Allotment Act, was a law passed in 1887 that divided Native American reservation land into individual plots. The act was intended to assimilate Native Americans into American society by encouraging them to farm and ranch.

# data[].attributes.body
homestead act 1862- allowed any american, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 acres of federal land. to get the land, they had to improve it by building a dwelling and cultivating the land for five years

dawes act 1887- split up tribal lands into individual plots for native american families, and the leftover land was sold to the settlers. it was meant to embody native americans but ended up taking away a lot of the land & culture. typically given 160 acres. singles- 80, children-40

# data[].attributes.body
The Homestead Act of 1862 was an important law that President Abraham Lincoln signed on May 20, 1862. Its purpose was to speed up the settlement of the western territories by letting any American, even freed slaves, claim as much as 160 acres of federal land for just a small fee. The Dawes Act was part of a broader policy of forced assimilation and dispossession that had profound and lasting impacts on Native American communities and the act allowed the President to split up tribal lands into personal plots for Native American family heads and individuals. Each family head got 160 acres, individuals over 18 got 80 acres, and minors were given 40 acres.

# data[].attributes.body
Homestead Act 1862, which provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. the act distributed millions of acres of land it individual settlers. the dawes act, the dawes act was to assimilate native americans

# data[].attributes.body
One major impact of Western Expansion was the devastating displacement and loss of land for Native American tribes, as settlers moved westward, often leading to violent conflicts and a dramatic decline in indigenous populations.

# data[].attributes.body
the loss of their land, the disruption of these culture, and forced to relocate out of the gamey parts of the land killing off their food supply.

# data[].attributes.body
One large impact of western expansion on Native Americans was forced displacement As settlers moved westward, Native American tribes were often forcibly removed from their ancestral lands and relocated to unfamiliar territories, such as reservations. This displacement led to a loss of livelihood, culture, and traditional way of life.

# data[].attributes.body
The Westward expansion led to displacement, forced removal, and loss of lands

# data[].attributes.body
consumption of resources, like buffalo, which natives relied on for clothing, food, and shelter. the massive hunting settlers drastically reduced buffalo populations, making it difficult for tribes to sustain their traditional way of life

# data[].attributes.body
One major impact of western settlement on Native Americans was the loss of land and resources. As settlers moved westward, they trespassed on Native American territories, leading to the forced relocation of many tribes to reservations. This displacement disrupted traditional ways of life, as Native Americans lost access to their ancestral lands and the resources they depended on for survival.

# data[].attributes.headline
Western Expansion Impact on Native Americans

# data[].attributes.subject
Western Expansion Impact on Native Americans

# data[].attributes.body
As more people settled the west and started farming and ranching Native Americans were deprived of their hunting grounds. Their way of life.

# data[].attributes.headline
West ward expansion impact on Native Americans 

# data[].attributes.subject
West ward expansion impact on Native Americans 

# data[].attributes.body
Indian Removal Act (1830): This act forced many Native American tribes to relocate from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to designated "Indian Territory" in present-day Oklahoma. The forced marches, such as the Trail of Tears, resulted in significant loss of life and cultural disintegration.

The U.S. government often made treaties with Native American tribes, promising them certain rights and protections. However, these treaties were frequently broken or renegotiated under duress, leading to further loss of land and autonomy.

# data[].attributes.body
westward expansion in the 19th century transformed the U.S , sparking conflicts with native Americans altering the environment and reshaping society

# data[].attributes.body
One would be The Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by President Jackson where it led to The Trail of Tears; when it forced relocation of Native American Tribes like: Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Cherokee from their homelands making life hard passing on disease; Many people died from starvation leading to loss of culture, land, and people

# data[].attributes.body
The westward expansion impacted Native American tribes were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands to make way for settlers. This often-involved treaties that were unfavorable to the tribes and led to the loss of millions of acres of land. Also, The U.S. government implemented policies aimed at assimilating Native Americans into American society. This included efforts to convert them to Christianity, educate them in American-style schools, and encourage them to adopt European American farming practices.

# data[].attributes.body
the process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire american traits and characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
The process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics. (Mostly Native Americans)

# data[].attributes.body
" The process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics such as Native Americans"

# data[].attributes.body
Americanization refers to the process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics. They wanted Native Americans to Americanize.

# data[].attributes.body
Native people being sent to schools that required they speak English, choose an english name, cut their hair into an American style, and attend church.

# data[].attributes.body
to absorb native americans into "american culture" so like adopting american culture, values, and social norms. basically thte practices of americans

# data[].attributes.body
The process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics such as Native Americans

# data[].attributes.body
The process of converting a person of different culture or heritage to adopt American cultures and standards. This activity was widely practiced on natives, trying assimilate native to blend in with the Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
The process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics

-make Native Americans more “American”

Josie m

# data[].attributes.body
Americanization requires a person to acquire American traits and there characteristics; mainly referring to Native Americans, cutting hair to match with young colonizers, cursing out and beating on kids that who speak their language; Picking up social norms

# data[].attributes.body
the process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
Hostility towards immigrants

Josie M

# data[].attributes.body
hostility towards immigrants

# data[].attributes.body
nativism in the book means "hostility toward immigrants".

# data[].attributes.body
Hostility towards immigrants

# data[].attributes.body
Americanization requires a person to acquire American traits and there characteristics; mainly referring to Native Americans, cutting hair to match with young colonizers, cursing out and beating on kids that who speak their language; Picking up social norms

# data[].attributes.body
Americanization means to abandon traditional tribal culture and to absorb a group into the culture of another population.

# data[].attributes.body
Hostility towards immigrants. it is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people

# data[].attributes.body
Hostility towards immigrants. Nativism is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people.

# data[].attributes.body
An extreme hate for immigrants by native born people. There were Nativist organizations like the American Protective Association, which was an anti-Catholic organization.

# data[].attributes.body
Nativism is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people. surfaced due to Irish immigration in the 1840's and 1850's in late 1800's, nativism was focused mainly on Asians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans.

# data[].attributes.body
it is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people, nativism was mostly was mainly focused on asians, jews, eastern eurpoeans. some nativists feared that the large number of jewish immmigrants also added to the fear & led to a rise of antisemitism, also the number of catholics on the mostly protestant united states.

# data[].attributes.body
During around the 1800 when immigrants were first moving out to the americas, a lot of Americans were upset by this. Nativism is the hatred for immigrants by native-born people. A lot of immigrants were showing up such as Jews, Irish, and Asians. Almost 24 million immigrants showed up during this time.

# data[].attributes.body
nativism is an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people and hostility toward immigrants.

# data[].attributes.body
An extreme dislike of immigrants by Native-Born people. This word surfaced in the 1840-50's because of Irish immigration and Nativism mainly focused on Asian, Jew, and European Groups