# data[].attributes.body
Established "worthy poor" :

Widows, children, disabled people, older adults that are not able to work (these people were considered "worthy" of assistance

And "unworthy poor":

Abled bodied adults, everyone not considered "worthy"

Idea of family first for financial support

Indoor relief: assistance through poor- and work-houses

Outdoor relief: relief through cash and other goods

https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/poor-laws/#:~:text=The%20poor%20laws%20gave%20the,put%20the%20unemployed%20to%20work.

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Land-Grant Bill for Indigent Insane Persons (1848-54)

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Dorothea Dix "the apostle for the insane" proposed a bill in 1848 to congress that would set aside 12+ million acres of federal land to help "the insane"

10 million of these acres were to be used to build mental health asylums on

The remaining 2+ million acres were to be sold to gain funds to benefit of "the blind, deaf, and dumb"

Bill was vetoed by Franklin Pierce in 1854

https://fee.org/articles/why-franklin-pierce-vetoed-a-bill-to-earmark-10-million-acres-of-federal-land-for-indigent-insane-persons/#:~:text=The%20bill%20proposed%20to%20set,to%20build%20and%20maintain%20asylums.

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Laws sterilizing certain groups of women, to breed out the "undesirable traits"

These traits included: mental and physically disability, racial minorities, impoverished, promiscuity

Aimed to reduce tax burden on "typical" Americans for institutions caring for the disabled

1907: Indiana enforced the first sterilization law

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26322647/#:~:text=State%20programs%20targeted%20institutionalized%2C%20mentally,had%20sterilized%20approximately%2060%2C000%20persons.

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A type of insurance for employees who sustain work related injuries

Also known as Workmans' Compensation

Covers:

About 2/3 of employee's paycheck

All medical expenses

First state passed in 1911 (WI); 50th state passed in 1948 (MS)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888620/

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): First major restriction on immigration in the U.S.; barred Chinese migrants and made them unable to receive legal status

Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act): barred Asian immigration, significantly reduced eastern and southern European immigration. Made to maintain western European population in the U.S. through national origin quotas.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Hart-Celler Act): repealed the national origins quotas of the Johnson-Reed Act. Still in effect today. Established preferences for immigrants allowed (family relations, job-seekers, and asylum seekers).

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/CIR-1790Timeline.pdf

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Allowed removal of Japanese-Americans from "military areas" along the west coast

Signed by FDR, amidst WWII

Resulted in mass incarceration of Japanese Americans into internment camps

Enabled John DeWitt to designate new "military areas" specifically targeting Japanese communities; allowed for forceful removal of these Japanese families from their homes into internment camps

Conditions:

Harsh temperatures/ weather conditions

Uninsulated barracks

Cots for sleep

Extreme military presence, anyone who left or tried to escape was shot

However, many Japanese Americans in these internment camps formed their own communities and were able to maintain their standards of culture

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation

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Temporary assistance to workers that have found themselves unemployed

To be eligible: must be actively seeking employment, must have lost your job involuntarily and without aspects of personal misconduct, must have made a certain amount (determined by state) in a calendar quarter from your previous job

Benefits: A weekly cash percentage of your previous job's quarterly earnings (often caps out depending on state), you can only be on UI for up to a certain number of weeks also designated by your state

https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/docs/factsheet/UI_Program_FactSheet.pdf

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Part of FDR's New Deal

Largest social insurance program to date in the United States; also most effective anti-poverty program

What is it for?:

People who become retired and/or disabled

Minors who have outlived their families

Workmans' Comp.

Continues to morph

Class powerpoint/notes

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Part of the New Deal

Response to unemployment levels of the Great Depression

Employed 8.5 million workers to work on infrastructure and construction projects

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Works-Progress-Administration

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Established federal minimum wage

Required overtime to give time-and-a-half pay

Restrictions on the amount of hours juveniles can work and the types of jobs they can work

Required employers to pay workers who receive tips minimum wage, unless they make more than $30/month in tips

https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa

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Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)

# data[].attributes.subject
Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)

# data[].attributes.body
Originally designed for WWII veterans who served at least 90 days in active duty; does not include those dishonorably discharged

Monies for education, apprenticeships, vocational training, etc.

Allowed up to 52 weeks on unemployment insurance

Low interest rates on mortgages and loans for homes and businesses

Post 9/11 G.I. Bill:

For veterans who served at least 90 days active duty after 9/11/2001

Full tuition coverage on in-state, public schools; caps on private schooling

Reimbursement for relocation related to school, along with housing payments for full-time students

Reimbursement for charges related certifications/licenses

Transferability to immediate family members (partner/children)

https://www.va.gov/education/about-gi-bill-benefits/

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Created by Lyndon B. Johnson; originally as an 8-week summer program that is now year-round

Provides services to children ages 0-5

Includes school readiness and education services, health and dental services, nutritional meals, family-services, and more

Available to eligible families in all 50 states for free

https://childcare.gov/consumer-education/head-start-and-early-head-start#:~:text=Head%20Start%20and%20Early%20Head%20Start%20programs%20are%20free%2C%20federally,younger%20than%20age%203%20years.

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Part of JFK's New Frontier

Intended to reduce the number of institutionalizations by providing mental health centers in local communities

Promoted community care instead of hospitalized care, while still enforcing prevention

Funded research for the causes and effects of intellectual disabilities

https://cottonwooddetucson.com/community-mental-health-ac/#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20the%20CMHA,deinstitutionalization%20of%20patients%20was%20accelerated.

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Signed by LBJ in 1964

Banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, nationality, sex, and religion in:

employment

public accommodations

federally funded programs

voter registration

Began integration of public spaces such as schools, bathrooms, theaters, etc

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement

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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)/ Food Stamps:

Part of LBJ's Great Society

Entitlement program

Allows eligible households, particularly those in poverty, to obtain resources for food

Used to use paper food coupons (as shown in above)

Today, it uses electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards

https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program

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Federal health insurance program for older adults, gained through participation in the workforce

Enacted by LBJ

Four Parts:

1. Hospital insurance (in-patient care/ follow-ups)

2. Medical insurance (majority of doctor visits)

3. Medicare Advantage (specific types of doctors)

4. Prescription drug

Class powerpoint

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Federal/ state partnership program to provide healthcare for low-income families

Signed by LBJ

Established as a federal partnership with mating state requirement

Largest medical program that provides mental health services

Covers almost half of all births in the U.S.

Class powerpoint

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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Signed by Nixon, promoted long-term environmental protection

Agencies required to consider environmental impacts of proposed actions and give this information to the public

Established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ); which helps enforce NEPA and advises the president on environmental actions

Created "Finding of No Significant Impact"; proposed actions found not to have a consequential environmental impact are given a (FONSI)

Agency actions not issued a FONSI must create and environmental impact statement

https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national-environmental-policy-act

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Federal program signed by LBJ that provides services to older adults; services include:

Forms of transportation

Elder abuse support and prevention

Access to caregivers

Access to community related jobs/ volunteering

Preventative health and wellness services

Assistance to older Native Americans

https://www.usaging.org/olderamericansact

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Part of SSA

Cash assistance program

For older adults and disabled individuals that fall below the poverty line

Class powerpoint

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(WIC)

Food assistance vouchers for nutritional food items

For low-income pregnant, postpartum mothers up to the child's fifth year of age

Healthy assistance such as breast pumps

Vouchers expire; "use it or lose it"

Class powerpoint

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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

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Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

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Signed by Nixon

Established nationally recognized definitions of child abuse and neglect

Funding to states and agencies to prevent, investigate, and research causes and effects of child abuse

Established the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect; and the Office on Child Abuse and Neglect

https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/about-capta-legislative-history/#:~:text=CAPTA%20provides%20Federal%20funding%20to,for%20demonstration%20programs%20and%20projects.

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Housing and Community Development Act (HCD)

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Housing and Community Development Act (HCD)

# data[].attributes.body
Laws geared to improve low-income communities

Includes:

The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)- grants to local governments

Home-Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere Program (HOPE)- encourages first time home buyers and home ownership

Homeowner Rehabilitation Program- helps homeowners rebuild and rehabilitate their homes, along with their communities

HOME Investment Partnerships Program- federal funding and help to build affordable housing for low-income families

Emergency Solutions Grant- federally funded relocation assistance

Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP)- works to stabilize communities disproportionately affected by foreclosure

https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/social-problems-public-policy/housing-and-community-development-act

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Aims to reduce the tax burden on eligible low-income workers

Provides tax credit and cash assistance to eligible low-income workers. Allows for refunds should one's tax credit exceed the amount of their tax liability

https://www.epi.org/publication/ib370-earned-income-tax-credit-and-the-child-tax-credit-history-purpose-goals-and-effectiveness/

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Signed by Jimmy Carter. Addressed the disproportionate removal of Native American children from their families, actively works to keep them with their families.

Involves tribal members in welfare cases involving their children

If removal is needed, children are to be considered for placements with other family and/or tribe members or another native family before consideration to be placed in a non-native home.

Established more rigid rules and standards of evidence for removal of native children than there were prior

https://www.nicwa.org/about-icwa/

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Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act

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Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act

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Signed by Carter.

Helps families with the adoption process, and improves child welfare services.

2 parts:

1. Adoption Assistance: Assistance to qualified families to help with costs associated with adopting and raising adopted children. Encourages families looking to adopt children to adopt.

2. Child Welfare Efforts: Promotes reasonably reuniting children with their families, prevents unnecessary removals, can provide social and mental health services to families (Adoption and Guardianship Assistance), and can provide tax credits for eligible adoption expenses.

https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/adoption-assistance-and-child-welfare-act-1980-pl-96-272/

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act 

# data[].attributes.subject
Education for All Handicapped Children Act 

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Signed into law by Gerald ford; guaranteed equal access to education for disabled children

Specifically guaranteed free appropriate public education (FAPE)

Requirement of individualized education programs (IEDs)

Encouraged least restrictive environments (LREs) to ensure the education received is not limited

Requires accessibility measures and/or devices

Families' right to due process should they believe their rights are being violated

https://www.gao.gov/products/113316#:~:text=Schools%20are%20required%20to%20evaluate,children%20as%20much%20as%20possible.

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Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention Act

# data[].attributes.subject
Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention Act

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Signed by Gerold Ford; intended to fund the regulation of the juvenile justice system and maintain protection of children involved

Standards for states to receive funding:

Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO)- States cannot hold people involved in status crimes

Adult Jail and Lockup Removal- States cannot hold juveniles in adult jails/prisons unless it is directly before or after a court hearing

Sight and Sound Separation- Adults and minors must be separated in detention facilities

Racial and Ethnic Disparities (RED)- efforts must be made to address the differences in treatment based on race within the juvenile justice system

https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/about

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McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (1987)

# data[].attributes.subject
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (1987)

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Signed by Reagan in 1987, renamed by Clinton in 2000. Ensures education and support services to homeless children and families.

Includes:

Homeless Eligibility Clarification Act: forced several social programs to not require permanent addresses and extended their access to homeless people

Emergency Shelter Programs

Traditional Housing Program: moves homeless families through different levels of housing until they reach independent living status

Education for Homeless Children and Youth (EHCY): notes rights to free public education to homeless children, allows for easy enrollment, attendance, and thriving of homeless children in public schools regardless of housing challenges.

Can extend the rights guaranteed under the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)

“The McKinney–Vento Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program: Implications for Special Educators” written by Mickey Losinski

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Signed by Reagan, attempted to reduce the amount of SUDs in the U.S.

Established the Office of National Drug Control Policy Policy (ONDCP): maintains the nation's policies and stances on drugs

Funding for drug abuse support and prevention programs

Promotes the use of rehabilitation

Established minimum sentences for levels of drug related crimes

https://www.cjcj.org/media/import/documents/anti-drug_abuse_keyes_et.al.pdf

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Signed by George H.W. Bush, prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability.

Including:

Work-based discrimination on basis of ability, includes reasonable accommodation

Public accommodations for accessibility and service animals; this includes public transportation

Prohibits discrimination related to government assistance and services

https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/disability/ada#:~:text=The%20Americans%20with%20Disabilities%20Act,local%20government'%20programs%20and%20services.

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Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act

# data[].attributes.subject
Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act

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Signed by George H.W. Bush, provides HIV care and AIDS prevention/ treatment to low-income individuals. Named after Ryan White, who died of complications related to AIDS in 1990 at age 18; Ryan contracted HIV through a blood transfusion.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216136/

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Signed by Clinton, the FMLA ensures qualified workers receive unpaid leave for certain medical reasons. Qualifying employees can receive up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year; up to 26 weeks if caring for eligible military service members.

Acceptable reasons:

maternity and/or paternity leave

adoption and/or foster care leave

caring for yourself or a family member with serious health complications

https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/benefits-leave/fmla#:~:text=The%20Family%20and%20Medical%20Leave,be%20maintained%20during%20the%20leave.

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Signed by Clinton, the Brady Act requires background checks for anyone attempting to purchase a firearm from a licensed seller in the U.S. The act is named after Jim Brady, who was shot in the line of fire of a Reagan assassination attempt. He and his wife became advocates against gun violence, prompting the Brady Act.

Also includes:

Five day waiting period for purchases of handguns in states that don't provide an alternative background check system

Exceptions in the background checks should the purchaser provide evidence of a previous background check

https://www.atf.gov/rules-and-regulations/brady-law

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Signed by Clinton, created and supports ways to deter and prevent domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking

Other important efforts:

Funds safe houses

Updated several times to include other groups such as the LGBTQ+ community in 2013

Class powerpoint

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Signed by Clinton, a public assistance program that helps low-income families stabilize themselves with temporary assistance.

Provides assistance in several ways including:

Food assistance

Home energy assistance

Child care assistance

Vocational training

Class powerpoint

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Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)

# data[].attributes.subject
Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)

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Requires sex offenders to register themselves and their crimes in the area in which they live, this information must be kept up to date. This information is accessible to the public, and appearances and sometimes required to maintain current registration. Failure to maintain up to date registration status can result in jail time, fines, and prolonged sentencing or parole. SORNA is required in all states and U.S. territories.

https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-ceos/sex-offender-registration-and-notification-act-sorna

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Signed by Clinton, DOMA defined marriage as the union between a man and a woman.

Other notes of importance:

Defined the term "spouse" as a partner of the opposite sex

Allowed states to refuse recognition of same-sex marriages

Only allowed parental rights within same-sex couples to the biological parent

In 2013 DOMA was overturned under the Obama administration, now all 50 states recognize same-sex marriage.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Defense-of-Marriage-Act

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Signed by George W. Bush, was a response to the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center that killed over 3,000 Americans. Intention to prevent and combat terrorism in the United States.

Traces money that funds terrorist groups

Can place groups or people under hold for suspicion of potential terror acts; meaning constant surveillance, no communication, and exempts privacy rights

Enables the government to gain information about particular groups or individuals without their permission or knowledge

Can uncover several crimes including money laundering, fraud, illegal immigration, and terrorism

Expanded law enforcement's ability to surveil communications

Predominantly targeted Arab, Muslim, and Latino communities

https://www.britannica.com/topic/USA-PATRIOT-Act

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Signed by George W. Bush, it is part of the Individuals With Disabilities Act, hold K-12 schooling to particular standards and ensures all children get up to date education.

Funds education more than any other federal program

Includes "Reading First" a program which encourages and strives to ensure all children are literate

Guarantees states set english and math comprehension standards. Enforces these under "Adequate Yearly Progress" which grades institutions on how well their students preform within the curriculum.

State regulated yearly assessments 3rd-8th grade, compares schools' scores to see which ones are in need of improvement. In Missouri, the assessment is known as Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) testing.

Encourages research based teaching methods

Promotes high quality K-12 educators

https://www.britannica.com/topic/No-Child-Left-Behind-Act

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 

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Passed by the senate in 2009, signed into law by Barack Obama in 2010. Formerly known as Obama Care.

Made sure all Americans had health insurance by the end of 2014, or fines were imposed

Closed the "donut hole" (coverage gap) in Medicare, where up to a certain amount was covered, then those under the insurance had to pay until coverage was restored around $6,000

Eliminated pre-existing conditions and charging extra for them

Children can be on parents' insurance until the age of 26

No more lifetime limits

Class powerpoint

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Coronavirus Epidemic and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act

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Coronavirus Epidemic and Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act

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Signed by Donald Trump, provided emergency assistance to American families, individuals, and businesses in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Programs include but are not limited to:

Economic Impact Payments (stimulus checks) of $1,200 to American citizens and $500 for each child in the family

Payment Protection Program (PPP) gave loans for American business affected by the pandemic to keep running and stimulate the economy, provides possible loan forgiveness

Unemployment Insurance Enhancements provided an extra $600 in federal unemployment benefits per week

https://www.investopedia.com/coronavirus-aid-relief-and-economic-security-cares-act-4800707#:~:text=Key%20Takeaways&text=It%20was%20the%20first%20program,payroll%20for%20affected%20small%20businesses.

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Officially began in 2013. Addresses concerns of systemic oppression, police brutality, and racial violence/ hate crimes against black Americans. Most recently, protests over the lynching of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020 sparked funding and reform within our government and policing systems heavily attributed to and associated with the Black Lives Matter Movement.

Prior knowledge