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Description: The Missouri Compromise was a legislative agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while also establishing the 36°30′ parallel as the dividing line between free and slave territories.

Cause: The question of whether new states should permit slavery was causing tension between the North and South.

Effect: It temporarily resolved the sectional conflict by balancing free and slave states but only delayed the inevitable conflict over slavery.

Perspective: Slave owners: Sought to expand slavery into new territories.

Abolitionists: Wanted to prevent the spread of slavery.

Federal Government: Attempted to maintain balance and unity between North and South.

Connection: The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced the idea of popular sovereignty, further escalating tensions over slavery.

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Description: A conflict between the U.S. and Mexico, triggered by the annexation of Texas and territorial disputes. The U.S. victory led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ceded vast southwestern territories to the U.S.

Cause: The U.S. desire for territorial expansion and the annexation of Texas.

Effect: The U.S. gained large swaths of land, intensifying debates over whether to allow slavery in new territories.

Perspective: U.S. Government Saw the war as an opportunity for territorial expansion. The Mexican Government viewed it as an unjust invasion and a loss of land. Native Americans faced displacement and disruption as settlers moved westward.

Connection: The Compromise of 1850, as new territories acquired from Mexico heightened the slavery debate, leading to legislative compromises like the Fugitive Slave Act.

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Description: John Brown and his followers killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas in retaliation for the Sack of Lawrence, an attack on anti-slavery settlers.

Cause: The violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas over whether the state would allow slavery.

Effect: It escalated violence in "Bleeding Kansas" and made the conflict over slavery more personal and brutal.

Perspective

Anti-slavery advocates: Viewed John Brown’s actions as an attempt to defend free soil.

Pro-slavery advocates: Saw Brown as a murderer and a terrorist.

Connection: Connects to Bleeding Kansas (1854-1859), a series of violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, ignited by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and creating a deep divide between the North and South.

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Date: November 6, 1860

Description: Abraham Lincoln was elected president, triggering Southern states to secede from the Union as they feared his policies would threaten the institution of slavery.

Cause and Effect:

Cause: Lincoln’s anti-slavery stance and the growing divide between the North and South over slavery.

Effect: His election directly led to the secession of Southern states and the eventual start of the Civil War.

Perspective:

Southern States: Felt their rights to own slaves and determine their own laws were under threat.

Abolitionists: Saw Lincoln’s victory as a major step toward ending slavery.

Connection: Fort Sumter (1861), as the secession of Southern states and the election of Lincoln led directly to the first battle of the Civil War.

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Date: January 1, 1863

Description: President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all enslaved people in Confederate states to be free.

Cause: The Civil War's focus on preserving the Union, and the growing pressure to address the issue of slavery.

Effect: It weakened the Confederacy’s labor force and made abolition a central goal of the Union’s war effort.

Perspective:

Enslaved people: Hoped for freedom and saw it as a new beginning.

Union soldiers: Saw it as a moral and military strategy to weaken the Confederacy.

Confederate leaders: Saw it as an attack on their economy and way of life.

Connection: The 13th Amendment (1865), which formally abolished slavery in the United States.

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Date: July 1-3, 1863

Description: A turning point in the Civil War, the Union Army defeated the Confederate forces in a decisive three-day battle, marking the South’s last major invasion of the North.

Cause: General Robert E. Lee’s attempt to win a victory on Northern soil and demoralize the Union.

Effect: The Union victory at Gettysburg halted the Confederate invasion and marked the beginning of the South’s decline in the war.

Perspective:

Union soldiers: Celebrated the victory as a pivotal moment in the war.

Confederate soldiers: Felt the loss deeply, as it marked the end of their hopes for a successful invasion.

Connection: Connects to Sherman’s March (1864), as Union victories like Gettysburg paved the way for more aggressive military strategies in the South.

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Date: December 6, 1865

Description: The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States.

Cause: The Union’s victory in the Civil War and the desire to formally end slavery.

Effect: It legally freed all enslaved people and marked a significant shift in American society and politics.

Perspective:

Enslaved people: Gained their freedom, but faced ongoing challenges like discrimination and lack of resources.

Southern States: Had to adjust to a new social and economic order without slavery.

Connection: Connects to the Freedmen’s Bureau, which was created to assist formerly enslaved people during Reconstruction.

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Date: March 3, 1865

Description: A federal agency established to aid formerly enslaved people by providing food, housing, medical care, and education during the Reconstruction period.

Cause: The need to assist the newly freed African Americans after the Civil War and the abolition of slavery.

Effect: The Bureau helped provide vital services but faced opposition from Southern whites and had limited success.

Perspective:

Freedmen: Benefited from the Bureau’s assistance, though it was insufficient to fully support them.

Southern Whites: Resented the Bureau's efforts to empower African Americans and rebuild the South.

Connection: Connects to the 14th and 15th Amendments, which granted citizenship and voting rights to African Americans, further expanding their civil rights.