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Christian kings in Spain started taking land from the Muslims. This was a long war, over 300 years. Jewish people in Spain were affected by these wars, but they kept living as they had before.

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People started saying that Jewish people killed Christian kids and used their blood in rituals. This false claim showed up in Spain, in a place called Saragossa

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DALL·E 2025-03-03 11.52.26 - A dark medieval scene in Saragossa, Spain, depicting the spread of false accusations against Jewish people. A shadowy crowd whispers rumors in a dimly

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A guy named Martinez began giving angry speeches against Jewish people in Seville. The Jewish community complained. The government wasn't happy with the angry crowds, but didn't do much. After ten years, a church leader told Martinez to stop, but then that leader died. Martinez kept preaching, even angrier. When the King of Castile died, Martinez had even more power, and things got really bad.

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DALL·E 2025-03-03 11.58.20 - A historical painting depicting a tense scene in 14th-century Seville, Spain. A man named Martinez, dressed in a friar’s robe, passionately delivers a

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Because Martinez had so much influence, nobody stopped the terrible events of 1391, which changed everything for Jewish people in Spain. The riots were about religion. Jewish people were forced to choose between assimilating or being killed. The angry mobs thought they could do whatever they wanted, and they were right. The riots began in Seville. Many Jewish people assimilated, but over 4,000 were killed. Some people stole from Jewish people, but mostly it was about religious hate. In Cordoba, 2,000 were killed. In Valencia, every Jewish person was killed. The killings went on for three months, in every Jewish community except Sarragossa. Over 50,000 Jewish people were killed. The rest either escaped or changed their religion. They became known as Conversos, or New Christians.

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DALL·E 2025-03-03 11.50.17 - A dark medieval city scene depicting the 1391 anti-Jewish riots in Spain. Buildings are burning in the background, while an angry mob armed with torch

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A church leader in Spain ordered a debate about religion. Jewish leaders had to go and defend their beliefs. Twenty Jewish leaders went, including Joseph Albo and Astruc HaLevi. They met in Tortosa in 1412. Not like debates before, they weren't promised protection. It wasn't a fair debate. The church leader said the point was to prove the Talmud was wrong about Christianity. Geronimo, a participant, threatened the Jewish leaders, saying their words were wrong. The debate was created in a way that Geronimo always had the final say. The debate lasted over a year and a half. The Jewish leaders and their families lost a lot of money. Many more Jewish people assimilated to escape all the hate. Parts of the Talmud that Geronimo said were wrong were erased. Even though they were threatened, the Jewish leaders weren't charged with anything.

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DALL·E 2025-03-03 11.53.59 - A medieval debate scene in Tortosa, Spain, in 1412. A grand hall with high arches and religious banners serves as the setting. Jewish leaders, includi

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Jewish people were forced to leave Spain.

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DALL·E 2025-03-03 11.57.12 - A historical portrait of a Jewish family in 15th-century Spain, dressed in period-accurate clothing, preparing to leave their homeland. The family con