# data[].attributes.body
"Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure and can be performed at a variety of intensities, as part of work, domestic chores, transportation or during leisure time, or when participating in exercise or sports activities" We chose this quote because it shows the purpose of why we are physically active.

# data[].attributes.body
"Children and adolescents living with disability should start by doing small amounts of physical activity and gradually increase the frequency, intensity and duration over time." (Pg 11, World Health Organization, 2020)

We chose this quote because if you start with high intensity physical activity it may cause injury so it is important that you increase activity gradually overtime to avoid injury and protect your body.

"Children and adolescents living with disability may need to consult a health-care professional or other physical activity and disability specialist to help determine the type and amount of activity appropriate for them." (Pg 11, World Health Organization, 2020)

We used this quote because certain types of people have different disabilities and some might be suited to different kind of exercise then others and so they need advice on what physical activity will be suited to them.

"Additional benefits of physical activity to health outcomes for those living with disability include: improved cognition in individuals with diseases or disorders that impair cognitive function, including attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); improvements in physical function may occur in children with intellectual disability." (Pg 10, World Health Organization, 2020)

We chose this quote because physical activity can have particular advantages to disabled children who struggle with intellectual disabilities.

"Children and adolescents living with disability should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary, particularly the amount of recreational screen time." (Pg 11, World Health Organization, 2020)

We chose this quote because it says that children and adults shouldn't spend too much time being seated because it could hinder their development.

"In children and adolescents, higher amounts of sedentary behaviour are associated with the following poor health outcomes: increased adiposity; poorer cardiometabolic health, fitness, and behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour; and reduced sleep duration." (Pg 11, World Health Organization, 2020)

We chose this quote because it outlines why it is important be physically active otherwise these outcomes could lead to poor health.

# data[].attributes.body
Where gaps in existing evidence were identified,

new umbrella reviews were commissioned to examine:

1. the relationship between occupational (i.e. workrelated) physical activity and health-related outcomes

(40); and

2. the association between leisure-domain physical

activity and adverse health outcomes (41).

(For numbers 1 and 2 above, searches were undertaken using

PubMed, SportDiscus and EMBASE for reviews published from

2009 to December 2019.)

3. the association between physical activity and

falls prevention; the 2019 Cochrane Collaboration

Systematic Review by Sherrington et al. (42) was used,

and updated with evidence published from the end

search date of their original review, through to

November 2019.

4. the association between physical activity and

osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The search for existing

systematic reviews on osteoporosis and sarcopenia,

conducted in PubMed for reviews published from

2008 up to November 2019, identified no new reviews

and eight new primary studies.

5. the evidence on associations between physical

activity and health outcomes in people living with

HIV. A scoping review ascertained the availability of evidence on physical activity and health-related outcomes among people living with HIV to support conducting an umbrella review which was conducted for evidence published up to October 2019 with no start date limitation using PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science.(Pg.22 and 21)

(I've chosen this quote from "WHO GUIDELINES ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOUR" because this quote talks about what methods they used for collecting data. This quote also talks about the medical evidence to support their medical reviews about the association between physical activity and

osteoporosis and sarcopenia. They both are diesease that decay the body's muscle and bone strength, sarcopenia comes with old age and osteoporosis is the weakening of the bone.

# data[].attributes.body
"Children and adolescents are spending greater time engaged in sedentary behaviors, particularly for recreation, such as screen-based entertainment (pg 29 World Health Organization)

We chose this quote because it is a massive problem in this day in age as children are growing up on screens or doing activities screen related to entertain them rather than being outdoors and being entertained by sport.

"Studies reported that sedentary behavior of more than 2 hours per day was positively associated with childhood overweight/obesity"

We chose this quote because it is well supported with evidence and represents some issues in which are harming our youth. This raises concern to our Macleans College core PED as we are all physically active at school once every fortnight. This doesn't improve our physical wellbeing because it doesn't support what the World Health Organization mentions about teenagers and how much physical activity we should be doing each week.

# data[].attributes.body
"In children and adolescents, higher amounts of sedentary behaviour are associated with the following poor health outcomes: increased adiposity; poorer cardiometabolic health, fitness, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour; and reduced sleep duration." We chose this quote because it tells us the direct side affects of sedentary behaviour and it's effect on our youth. We also believe that this is a massive problem in our day and age.

"Evidence indicates that greater time spent in sedentary behaviour, especially recreational screen time, is related to poorer health outcomes (24, 35). For example, higher duration of screen time (including television viewing) is associated with poorer fitness and cardiometabolic health (24, 25) in children and adolescents." This quote explains how their is an issue with children spending more time on screens rather than doing physical activity outside and how it has resulted in bad health in youth.

"One review of largely cross-sectional studies, reported that sedentary behaviour (measured as total screen time) of more than 2 hours per day was positively associated with childhood overweight/obesity compared with lower levels (< 2 hours/day) (56)." This quote talks about the data collected on the negative health side effects (obesity) in children that are raised solely on devices and not physical activity and sports.

# data[].attributes.body
1. In most countries, children and adolescents are spending greater time engaged in sedentary behaviours, particularly for recreation

Evidence indicates that greater time spent in sedentary behaviour, especially recreational screen time, is related to poorer health outcomes. There is low certainty evidence that higher duration of sedentary behaviour is significantly associated with lower physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents. There is very low to moderate certainty evidence that higher durations of sedentary behaviour (screen time, television viewing and video game use) are significantly associated with unfavourable measures of mental health and behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour in children and adolescents.

2. Does the association vary by type or domain of sedentary behaviour?

It is acknowledged that not all sedentary behaviour is harmful. Evidence suggests certain types of sedentary behaviour, such as reading and doing homework outside of school, are associated with higher academic achievement, indicating that there are differences in outcome depending on the activity (24, 25). Sedentary behaviour may include time spent engaged in educational pursuits/study or quiet play, or social interaction without electronic media. These pursuits (e.g. reading, doing puzzles, drawing, crafting, singing, music) are important for child development and have cognitive as well as other benefits.

# data[].attributes.body
"Doing some physical activity is better than doing none." (Page 25 World Health Organisation 2020)

We chose this quote because it shows doing even the smallest amount of physical activity every day is better than doing none at all. Doing something everyday will keep you healthy

"Nonetheless, a substantial body of evidence shows that many of the health benefits occur with 60 minutes of physical activity daily (22, 35), and given no contradictory evidence, it was concluded that the updated evidence reaffirms the current WHO recommendation for 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per day"(Page 27 World Health Organisation 2020)

We chose this quote because it tells us that 60 minutes of physical activity per day will only benefit your health and fitness, with no contradictory evidence showing that there are little to no downsides of getting an hour of physical activity in.

"In children and adolescents, physical activity has positive effects on cognitive function and academic outcomes" (Page 26 World Health Organisation 2020)

We chose this quote because it proves that physical activity is important for young people to improve cognitive functions and there academic outcomes. This tells us that physical activity has an impact inside the classroom aswell.

"There is moderate certainty evidence that greater amounts of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity are associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness, cardiometabolic health and bone health in children and adolescents." (Page 27 World Health Organisation 2020)

We chose this quote to show that physical activity has an overall benefit on the body from a young age. It can help you perform better in sport, feel better , and lowers the risk of health problems now and in the future.

# data[].attributes.body
3.Is there a dose-response association (total volume, duration, frequency, intensity of interruption)?

There is insufficient evidence available to determine whether a dose-response relationship exists between sedentary time (including recreational screen time) and health outcomes in children and adolescents. Most of the evidence assessing the associations between sedentary behaviours and health outcomes in children and adolescents is cross-sectional in nature, with low certainty evidence according to GRADE, and a majority of studies relied on self- or parent-reported measures of sedentary time that are subject to measurement errors and recall biases. There is, however, evidence that less time spent in sedentary behaviours appears to be better for health outcomes, and the association between sedentary behaviour and adverse health outcomes is generally stronger for sedentary behaviour when assessed as television viewing or recreational screen time as the exposure variable, than for total sedentary time. However, overall the evidence was considered insufficient to support specifying time limits.

4.Children and adolescents should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary, particularly the amount of recreational screen time.

Sedentary behaviour was not included in the WHO 2010 recommendations, yet during the past decade, there has been a growing body of research examining the health outcomes associated with different measures and types of sedentary behaviours. Technology and digital communications have influenced how people work, study, travel and spend leisure-time. In most countries, children and adolescents are spending greater time engaged in sedentary behaviours, particularly for recreation, such as screen-based entertainment (television and computers) and digital communications, such as mobile phones.

The quotes:

# data[].attributes.body
"It is estimated that between four and five million deaths per year could be averted if the global population was more active (2, 11). Global estimates of physical inactivity indicate that in 2016, 27.5% of adults (12) and 81% of adolescents (13) did not meet the 2010 WHO recommendations (1), and trend data show limited global improvement during the past decade."(pg.25 WHO, 2020)

-We chose this quote to display the importance of physical activity and how it decreases chances of death caused by health concerns. By doing physical activity, we reduce various health risks such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease etc.

"The past 10 years has seen a significant increase in the body of evidence on the health impact of different types, amounts and durations of physical activity, as well as on the impact of sedentary behaviours and its interrelationship with levels of physical activity and health. In addition, the evidence base for physical activity in subpopulations, such as pregnant women and those living with chronic conditions and/or disability now permits the examination of the relationship between physical activity and health outcomes in these groups."

(pg.26 WHO, 2020)

-We chose this quote to show that it isn't just an opinion that physical activity benefits our health, but it's proven by up-to-date scientific evidence

# data[].attributes.body
"Regular physical activity is a known protective factor for the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, breast and colon cancer" We chose this quote as it shows the ways physical activity can reduce the risk of diseases.

“Nonetheless, the importance of sleep is recognized and was included as an important health outcome when considering the impact of physical activity and sedentary behaviour.” We chose this quote because it shows a direct link between good sleep and the performance of physical activity.

“Government officials who develop national, subregional or municipal plans to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviours in population groups through guidance documents.” This quote shows how the government is planning to increase physical activity in people who sit down all day.

"Physical inactivity is defined as not meeting the 2010 Global recommendations on physical activity for health (1) and is a leading contributor to global mortality. It is estimated that between four and five million deaths per year could be averted if the global population was more active" This quote shows how physical activity can prevent death in humans. We chose it as physical activity is one of the most important things you can do.

“For each population (P), the exposure (E) was greater volume, duration, frequency or intensity of physical activity; for, as comparison (C) no physical activity or lesser volume, frequency, intensity or duration of physical activity.” This is saying that if the more you do physical activity the more you can put in more intensity and more volume than if you don't do physical acitivity.

# data[].attributes.body
"Sedentary behaviour may include time spent engaged in educational pursuits/study or quiet play, or social interaction without electronic media. These pursuits (e.g. reading, doing puzzles, drawing, crafting, singing, music) are important for child development and have cognitive as well as other benefits." - Page 31 W.H.O. text. We chose this one because it is shown that sedentary activities and behaviours don't mean it is negative and doesn't provide benefits.

# data[].attributes.body
Global estimates of physical inactivity indicate that in 2016, 27.5% of adults (12) and 81% of adolescents (13) did not meet the 2010 WHO recommendations (1), and trend data show limited global improvement during the past decade. (Page 15, WHO 2020).

We chose this quote because it shows how a huge amount of people are still not meeting the recommended levels of physical activity. Although this is improving it is still not at the level it needed to be to foster healthy communities worldwide.

Emerging new evidence indicates that high levels of sedentary behaviour are associated with cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality (8–10).

This relates to our other quote as it proves that when appropriate physical activity levels are maintained it has a significant effect on our overall health and wellbeing (hauora).

Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure (1) and can be performed at a variety of intensities, as part of work, domestic chores, transportation or during leisure time, or when participating in exercise or sports activities. At the low end of the intensity range, sedentary behaviour is defined as any waking behaviour while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture with low energy expenditure (7).

This supports our previous argument of how when physical activity isn't done properly it can take a toll on our bodies. When we can be physically active whilst working and living we are able to participate in a variety of other activities as we are more fit and able.

# data[].attributes.body
1-''In the Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030 (14), action 4.1 calls for WHO to develop and disseminate global recommendations for physical activity and sedentary behaviours in children under 5 years of age, young people, adults, older adults''

2-''Global estimates of physical inactivity indicate that in 2016, 27.5% of adults (12) and 81% of adolescents (13) did not meet the 2010''

# data[].attributes.body
"60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity

physical activity across the week; most of this physical activity

should be aerobic. "

-They are saying kids aged 5-17 with disabilities should be getting at least 60 minutes of mostly aerobic exercise.

"On at least 3 days a week vigorous-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen muscle and bone should be incorporated."

-They should be doing this 1 hour of exercise 3 times a week.

"In children and adolescents, higher amounts of sedentary behaviour are associated with the following poor health outcomes: increased adiposity; poorer cardiometabolic health, fitness, and behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour; and reduced sleep duration."

-kids with disabilities shouldn't spend too much some sitting down on a device as it can cause many problems.

"There are no major risks for children and adolescents living with disability engaging in physical activity when it is appropriate to an individual’s current activity level, health status and physical function; and the health benefits accrued outweigh the risks."

-There is no risk with a kid with a disability engaging in physical activity at their level.

"Children and adolescents living with disability should start by doing small amounts of physical activity and gradually increase the frequency, intensity and duration over time."

-They should start out with a little physical activity and work their way up to more physical activity.

# data[].attributes.body
“Regular physical activity is a known protective factor for the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, breast and colon cancer (1–3). Physical activity also has benefits for mental health (4), delays the onset of dementia (5), and can contribute to the maintenance of healthy weight (1) and general well-being (6).”(pg.25 WHO, 2020)

-We chose this quote to show the wide range of health benefits that physical activity provides. It shows that being physically active not only prevents serious diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes, but also supports mental health, weight maintenance, and wellbeing overall.

“The overarching purpose of these guidelines is to provide evidence-based public health recommendations on how much and what type of physical activity children and adolescents, adults, older adults and subpopulations such as pregnant women and those living with chronic conditions or disability, should do for significant health benefits and mitigation of health risks.”(pg.26 WHO, 2020)

-We chose this quote to show that the WHO guidelines are designed to provide clear recommendations for all age groups and populations. This displays that physical activity guidance is inclusive and scientifically supported, ensuring that everyone can benefit from improved health outcomes.

“Emerging new evidence indicates that high levels of sedentary behaviour are associated with cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality (8–10).”(pg.25 WHO, 2020)

-We chose this quote to emphasise the dangers of sedentary behaviour and how a lack of movement increases the risk of serious health conditions and even death. This supports the importance of increasing physical activity.

# data[].attributes.body
3.WHO integrated care for older people; guidelines on community-level intervention to manage declines in intrinsic capacity (19) recommend multimodal exercise to prevent falls, and exercise for older adults with declining mobility.

4.The existing WHO guidelines, combined with these updated guidelines, provide an increasingly comprehensive set of global guidance on the contribution of physical activity and sedentary of key disease and to the promotion of health and well-being across life course.

5.Updating and broadening the scope of the guidelines as requested by the World Health Assembly,

# data[].attributes.body
'Evidence affirms the previous WHO recommendation for 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per day." (Page 27 World Health Organisation 2020)

We chose this quote because it recommends that people who do 60 min of physical activity per day will be more fit, healthy, and less fatigued. It will also stop people from being extremely lazy and help them do something good for themselves once a day.

# data[].attributes.body
“These pursuits(e.g. reading, doing puzzles, drawing, crafting, singing,music) are important for child development and have

cognitive as well as other benefits.” Pg 31

This quote tells us that there are good types of sedentary behaviour that are important for child development and conscience function, and that childeren doing these compared to spending time on screens is what benefits them.

“Conversely, the evidence linking

moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity to

positive health outcomes is strong and well documented

across diverse settings; replacing some sedentary

behaviour with physical activity (especially moderate-

to vigorous-intensity physical activity) may improve

health outcomes.” Pg 31

This quote mentions that there is great evidence in favour of being physically active and its health benefits, but there isn’t necessarily the same level of evidence showing that sedentary behaviour directly leads to negative health issues.

# data[].attributes.body
“These pursuits(e.g. reading, doing puzzles, drawing, crafting, singing,music) are important for child development and have

cognitive as well as other benefits.” Pg 31

This quote tells us that there are good types of sedentary behaviour that are important for child development and conscience function, and that childeren doing these compared to spending time on screens is what benefits them.

“Conversely, the evidence linking

moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity to

positive health outcomes is strong and well documented

across diverse settings; replacing some sedentary

behaviour with physical activity (especially moderate-

to vigorous-intensity physical activity) may improve

health outcomes.”

This quote mentions that there is great evidence in favour of being physically active and its health benefits, but there isn’t necessarily the same level of evidence showing that sedentary behaviour directly leads to negative health issues.

# data[].attributes.body
"Evidence supports that children and adolescents who are more physically active than their peers have greater bone mass, higher bone mineral content or density"

We choose this quote because it is saying that the more physically active children are the greater the bone density becomes. This relates to our society today because majority of younger children spend their time sitting on devices rather than doing quality exercise to great greater bone mass. The Macleans core PE program does not support growing teenagers as 1 hour PE session once a fortnight doesn't provide teenagers with the exercise they need. However, it is merely encouraging students that physical activity is still important as you grow up.

"In children and adolescents, physical activity has positive effects on cognitive function and academic outcomes"

We chose this quote because it does support the Macleans Core PE program because the goal is to give students a brain breaks out of the classroom which improves academic success. Getting outside to play a game or move your muscles during intense class work helps improve academic success.