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The government needs to consider responses to developing technologies like AM.

(1)

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Deregulation of housing can help relieve the housing crisis. Deregulation causes an increase in housing, and this helps with the housing crisis.

Resnikoff, N., Callaci, B., & Vaheesan, S. (2025)

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The United States continues to struggle with the demand for affordable housing, and people who are minorities are not favored even in low-income communities(Garcia, 2024)

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Increasing the construction of affordable housing can help relieve the housing crisis through the migratory chain effect

Mast, Evan. 2019.

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There's a current housing crisis in California, caused by mismanagement of regulations preventing the creation of more housing.

Biber, E., Elmendorf, C., Marantz, N., & O’neill, M.

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There are a lot of legal implications that come with the use of 3D printing, including repairing and restorations to model could be PATENT infringement.

Wilbanks, K. B.

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There are issues with enforcing copyright laws to 3D printing, but it can be solved through handing jurisdiction of electronic transmission to the international trade commission.

Greenfield, J.

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Redevelopments in high populated cities leads to more desirable areas which makes them susceptible to gentrification and makes it unaffordable for the low income communities already there (Immergluck, 2009)

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Alienation is caused when landlords mass cancel rent through taking advantage of housing laws. This causes displacement and fragmentation among communities, and cause political problems.

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As the price of not only products go up within urban cities, so does the price of homes (Immergluck, 2009)

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Construction companies are some of the largest users of energy, material resources, and water, which often makes them “ill-prepared to face environmental problems” (Horvath, 2004, p. 182).

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According to Tomec et al. (2024) and Kalinke et al. (2024), 3D

printing is the process of creating a product by building it up layer-by-layer using a digitally

rendered model.

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Atlanta’s lower-income districts are predominantly inhabited by African Americans many of which live below the poverty line as the families are low-income and are affected by the increasing urbanization and gentrification within their neighborhoods (Edgett, et al., 2023)

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The value of housing increased by 16% from 1996 to 2016 (Metcalf, 2018)

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Due to some new advancements within the 3D printing industry, it has been seen as a very promising solution to help combat the housing crisis due to its reliability, affordability, and fast pace building (Garcia, 2024)

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can use materials from renewable and

sustainable sources, like plant-derived starch and trees to make PLA-wood (Tomec et al., 2024) and biopolymers—biodegradable or not (Kalinke et al., 2024)—to reduce the negative

environmental impact.

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This leads to the displacement, especially eviction, of people in these communities (Hepburn et al., 2024)

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making of 3D printing filament can be done with recycled plastic, PLA, and ABS

waste (Madhu et al., 2022).

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3D construction printing can also be seen as a difficulty for lower-skilled people such as construction workers who base their jobs off of manual and hard labor which has been threatened by these new technological advancements (Hossain, et al., 2020)

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“additional demand for housing translates into prices that are substantially above the minimum profitable production cost, with rising land values driving up total costs”Glaeser et al. (2018)

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filament can then be used to enhance the recycling efficiency of materials and create formworks to construct housing and commercial buildings (Tomec et al., 2024; Skoratko & Katzer, 2021).

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The incorporation of RPPs and SASs can improve the interlayer adhesion of 3d printed products Improving overall strength of a 3d printed product

(Medvedev, 2024)

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Continued discrimination against minorities, as landlords and sellers favor those with a higher “spending power” (Immergluck, 2009).

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green cement

that can be used as a material to build housing in urban areas, such as Atlanta, and can be applied

to the 3D additive printing process as well.

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Cement that contains glass fiber and aggregate from

recovered construction waste (Skoratko & Katzer, 2021) can also be used to help improve the

environmental impact

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Incorporating recycled glass Agregates in 3DCP material can adjust the thermal conductivity of a 3d printed product to fit certain climates

(Bayat, 2025)

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gentrified neighborhoods attract higher income communities, therefore landlords raise the rent prices, and find ways to get rid of current, low-income residents (Hepburn et al., 2024)

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of the 3D printing process is

closely related to the energy used to power the process (Albrecht et al., 2025).

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According to Puppos (2021), 3D printing can meet up with the demand for faster builds and better quality housing that regular construction might fail to provide when trying to keep up with the housing need.

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“In Germany, for example, the federal government introduced in 2019 a ‘Special Depreciation for Rental Housing Production’, allowing developers to deduct an additional 20 percent of manufacturing costs from their tax liability if they build affordable homes”Wijburg (2024)

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some 3D printing processes are overall more eco-friendly than traditional

construction methods.

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"Given the growth in the numbers of homeless families needing assistance in the last decade and the expansion in programs for families, increased scrutiny of their effectiveness is warranted” Fisher (2000)

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The significant lack of competent large scale 3d printing softwares prevents 3d designers from using 3d printers to their full capabilities (Lipson, 2017)

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there is a 24% lower environmental impact in mineral

extraction when compared to traditional methods and a 81% lower environmental impact in

excessive plant and algae growth.

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Homeless people participate in voting less often.

(Coram et al., 2019).

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The homeless increase has also been a struggle for the housing crisis, as they are very vulnerable to diseases and sickness the race for affordable housing continues (Moustafa, 2020).

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Muñoz et al. (2021) also stated, “Overall,

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 3D printing scenario are lower by 385 kg CO2-eq or

38%” (p. 2155).

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Another example is the Defoors Ferry Manor. These Non-Profit communities are taking on the task of providing affordable housing for less privileged low-income communities (Paris, 2006)

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Construction workers use hard manual labor as their source of income but as their jobs are replaced by new technologies many are forced to take on even lower-skilled jobs with a decrease in pay (Hossain, et al., 2020).

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3D printing processes can help

minimize volatile organic compound emissions when using the correct materials,

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“policymakers expend great amounts of energy trying to bring down housing costs with subsidies for affordable housing and sometimes with rent control. But these efforts are undermined by planning decisions that make housing for most people vastly more expensive”Metcalf (2018)

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certain printing processes have emissions that are much lower

than the traditional printing process (Bilal et al., 2024) and certain thermoplastics used in the 3D

print process have very small reactions with CO, CO2, NO, and NO2 (Mangin et al., 2024).

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According to Haapala et al. (2023), the gap between low-skilled and high-skilled workers continues to widen, creating a labor market where economic mobility is increasingly difficult for those without educational credentials.

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Despite the benefits of 3D printing, it is relatively new so many businesses don't incorporate it into their manufacturing process yet (Zhao et al., 2024)

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Tax-incentive based housing expends Political capital.

Mast (2019)

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Bilal et al. (2024) stated, “Utilizing FGF with waste plastic as a manufacturing method could reduce emissions and divert plastic from landfills and the environment, thereby contributing to a circular plastic economy”

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Zhaoa et al. (2024) write, “This production flexibility of 3DP enables manufacturers to differentiate their products for customization without incurring significant costs, resulting in strong scope economies”

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3D additive printing opens the opportunity to recycle plastic waste from many different sources (Skoratko & Katzer, 2021),

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“Winsun announced that they had constructed ten concrete houses, in the space of 24 hours. Each house has 200 m2 usable floor area and costs only £2,970”

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Adjusting the Infill pattern can change the heat energy consumption of a 3d printed product to fit different climates

(Bayat, 2025)

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The 3D additive printing process can then use these recycled filaments to decrease its carbon footprint (Sharma et al., 2025), helping to reduce the amount of air pollution the process produces.

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“Dubbing 3D printing technology ‘a new craftsmanship,’ DUS Architects is a high-end focused firm that plans a one-of-a-kind 3D printed houses that architecturally stand out”

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Adjusting the Infill percentage of a 3d print can adjust the heat energy usage of a 3d print but can also use significantly more/less material

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According to the United States Census Bureau, Atlanta is populated by about 500,000 people where there’s roughly 2,900 people who are currently homeless as a result of a lack of affordable housing

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The optimal nozzle diameter and print speed of a 3d print has to be found through extensive testing for each material Increacing prep time and effort for a 3d print

(Shahzad, 2024)

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Lower skilled workers often are made up of minorities such as African Americans or Hispanics, contributing to the low-income population that is more vulnerable to economic recession (Raymond, et al., 2016).

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3d printing reuses waste from traditional construction reducing overall waste production

(Everett, 2022)

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Alexander (2021), the author’s proposed solution of tiny homes aims to make the construction process as affordable and efficient as possible in order to meet the inadequate supply of affordable housing, underlying goals that need to be fulfilled by other approaches to the housing crisis.

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By implementing 3DCP technologies in South Africa affordable low income housing has been produced for the communities there

(Aghimien, 2021)