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Soft Beige and Terracotta Dots Simple Thesis Defense Presentation

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Ong Jun Heng - The dissolution of the soviet union

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Ong Jun Heng - The dissolution of the soviet union

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I am interested in this topic of the dissolution of the soviet union, as i am intrigued by the consequences of the USSR disintegration, and hence would like to study in greater detail regarding the profound impacts and consequences of the dissolution which continues to impact us today, for example, in aspects such as the collapse of the USSR and how it changes and influences the world politics, and the far reaching ideological consequences.

1. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106481440/the_collapse_of_nica-libre.pdf?1697012964=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DUnderstanding_the_Events_Leading_to_the.pdf&Expires=1706973991&Signature=AyUa83wt-lf1sR~SpaIC~09nkv8LFZ8PCn8qSmiFzKVxCJ7sl2gYEpHapzMDvq9F2ByQSHZ~xoEPlyDI~Vh8udAyCSPlHQDxi3wjIZMYOFLQtQX9NusSQBSldANuB81soNWLXVS~AINlAQhXy6ViX945Be-3Th7VcbDTPqc~c4vYW2QBJXsidnOZ5NpGn43qXPCvVHUxaBscvTtPDUt50epsoEh38q-Juuea8fPaiUoyGZ7DjlyGHstS4zwB90IxmDo-xFGrjXOD5ktNQRBOX9IpPZEen8i3zTAAC07cP027Auu~MhuXTpwFkkybU6AdHWl1QANb4lRgbzvsRGm7kQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

This article enhances my comprehension of the collapse of the USSR by delving into the multifaceted reasons and underlying backgrounds that contributed to its downfall. It provides a comprehensive exploration of the factors and discussion points surrounding the USSR's demise, offering a nuanced perspective and a more detailed understanding of its root causes. This in-depth analysis establishes a foundation for me, serving as a precursor to exploring the profound impacts and consequences of it.

2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925780?read-now=1&seq=77#page_scan_tab_contents

This article not only presents an alternative perspective on the factors contributing to the collapse of the USSR, but it also offers a comprehensive examination of specific events and policies that unfolded in the aftermath. Detailing the consequences of the USSR's fall facilitates a clear understanding of the interconnectedness of various elements in this historical narrative.

3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27007772

This article explores the contemporary repercussions of the USSR's collapse, shedding light on its ongoing influence in the present-day world. It particularly delves into the Russia-Ukraine conflict shaped by the fall of the USSR.

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HI!!! My name is madeleine and i'm really interested in learning about the histories of words / languages and how their meanings are changed over time and with our ever-changing world and contexts!

I've recently taken a liking and am intrigued by the concept of semantic bleaching ( like how words like "literally" doesn't really mean "literally" anymore and is used instead as a word to emphasise the object after it)

and by how derogatory terms can be reclaimed by minorities that are targeted by those terms and used as something positive! I think it's really interesting and there is much debate to be had as there is a grey area between whether the usage of a slur is right or wrong depending on who is using it. I really love learning about the histories and synthesis of new words and the reasons behind why that is the case.

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378216601000480

Modern uses of the word literally are surveyed, and the solecistic misuse of this word as an expression of speaker commitment is shown to be a natural semantic extension of its basic metalinguistic meaning. The development appears to be typical of a large class of intensifiers, though it is argued that literally itself is only in the early stages of such an evolution. Aspects of this development are observed to run counter to well-known tendencies for meaning change to involve subjectification, and it is suggested that subjectification itself may be a special case of the ways in which originally pragmatic meanings can become conventionalized properties of a form's lexical semantics.

1. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/138389/1/8_%EB%B0%95%EC%84%B8%EB%AF%B8.pdf

The second definition of the adverb, literally, was officially added to the major English dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster, a dictionary of American English, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and

Oxford Dictionary of English, in around 2013. The original definition of literally used to refer a particular fashion, as the word denotes,‘in a literal way,’but the additional definition of ‘informal’literally is used in an exaggerated way to emphasize a literal or non-literal statement or description. Since literally became available to mean ‘figuratively’as well, two contradictory senses of literally have drawn many people’s attention for the last decade. A lot of people have been arguing about the ‘proper’use of literally online, and the dispute seemed to reach its peak as the major English dictionaries added the second definition of literally. Despite the prevalence of debates about the correct use of ‘literally,’

1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/529469736.pdf

This interdisciplinary psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic thesis explores the cognitive processing of slurs, in particular those targeting the LGBTQ+ community. It also seeks to determine whether the phenomenon of linguistic reclamation has any effects on the processing of slurs. Existing research on the processing of taboo language more broadly has identified that taboo words are accessed from the mental lexicon more slowly than non-taboo words, yet are better remembered than non-taboo language after they are encountered. This body of research has also suggested that among other factors, degree of emotional arousal and perceptions of a word’s tabooness are key modulators of both of these effects. However, until now, research into taboo language processing has not at all considered whether these effects are produced for slur words as a specific category of taboo language, nor whether linguistic reclamation might alter arousal responses and tabooness judgements, to the extent that expected taboo language processing effects are no longer produced.

The research consisted of five separate studies. The first two studies were preliminary surveys used to identify the most recognisable LGBTQ+ slurs in contemporary British English, gain insights into their use and reclamation, and produce a database of normed emotional, nonemotional, and reclamation behaviour ratings for these words. Two lab experiments followed, in which the lexical accessibility and recall likelihood of LGBTQ+ slurs was compared both to non-taboo negative words, and other taboo words which were not slurs. Comparisons were also made based on participant demographic data, and the normed ratings were used to model explanations of the results. The final study was a pupillometry study which sought to directly measure an impact of linguistic reclamation on physiological arousal responses. Data collection for this final study had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the design and potential outcomes of the study are comprehensively detailed within this thesis.

1. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=663134

This paper explores the nature and linguistic mechanics of hate speech and, using both traditional analytic approaches from the philosophy of language – primarily the Austinian theory of speech acts and the Gricean framework for speaker meaning – as well as contemporary contributions to the literature, it examines the possibility of reclaiming words of hate in order to disarm them of their power to inflict harm – this possibility of linguistic disarmament is one that we take to be self-evidently desirable, especially from the perspective of those who might otherwise be vulnerable to the effects of hate speech. After establishing what constitutes hate speech, the paper moves on to consider how it operates and how it might come to change. We determine from our analysis that words of hate can only effectively be disarmed, as it were, through the process of reclamation. Thus, we then look at some case studies to elucidate the shifting nature of the meaning of hate words. Finally, operating on the basis of our normative goal of disarming this particular class of harmful words, we tie the preceding analysis together and advance our strategy for how to disarm hate words, as well as considering some objections that might be levied against our position.

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why are you interested in this particular topic?

paste the URL and Abstracts of at least 3 articles you find on Google Scholar on your topic / area of interest

e.g. 1: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58910394.pdf Applying techniques from the growing field of ecocriticism, this article uses Jane Eyre to explore a growing environmental awareness among middle-class Victorians and demonstrate how their need to preserve a “wild” or “natural” landscape coincides with ideas of liberty and freedom prevalent in the novel. By looking at Jane’s changing interactions with and interpretations of the natural world, we can gain a better understanding of the value and interpretation of landscape to the Victorians. In Jane Eyre, Jane’s journeys continually lead her to finding a way to balance her human wants and needs with the “wildness” of the natural world.

2: ........

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share your thoughts and personal response :) some guiding questions, if it helps:

1. what makes it different from a class assignment or test?

2. what makes a topic worth looking into?

3. what is the role of primary or secondary sources?

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^ pls upload a picture that you think is representative of your project. then fill in the items below

1. subject / discipline

2. description of topic (please KIV "motive")

3. case studies / sources (this is to check that you've done at least a cursory lit review - you know what's been written about the topic, or discussions and issues in it)

4. needs (what advice do you require? e.g. in methodology like how to conduct a survey? etc.)

5. looking for members?

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faith - Societal Norms and Conventions (its purpose and formation etc)

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faith - Societal Norms and Conventions (its purpose and formation etc)

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1. https://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4N1FDIZvcI8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=research+paper+topics+on+formation+of+societal+norms&ots=Th6_ORnHPt&sig=YY7oFcivvu2h8NdUVKFvtXJsHaw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

The article/book discusses whether societal norms have a behavior guiding force. It challenged me to ponder deeply about whether human behavior would always conform with dominant social norms. I was able to take a first step in the direction of a deeper understanding of what motivates humans to follow a norm and finding out the reason why social norms even exist in the first place. By weighing the conditional preferences for obeying a norm, we shed light on the plethora of reasons why collective conformity takes root in society. Through the article/book, I have gained new insight that social norms often go against narrow self-interest and a need for greater conscious deliberation and balancing of what one perceives as the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action.

2. https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1019457108

This article pushed me to think more critically about the transition in social norms required for a society’s advancement. Looking through the lens of whether social norms are self-enforcing, we can gain a better understanding of the reasons behind an individual abiding by a certain societal norm. The article gave a fresh perspective on looking at social norms from a vantage point, casting new light on the boundaries of societal norms.

3. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/ppe-repec/ppc/wpaper/0015.pdf

This article challenges the stereotypical view on societal norms and gives a new perspective on how characterizing norms simply as clusters of expectations can be misleading. Shedding light on the discrepancies between societal expectations and behavior, the article teaches us that a norm cannot simply be identified with a recurrent behavioral pattern. It pushed me to think deeper on how the existence of norms is the very starting point of behavioral patterns. I can gain greater new insight on whether or not there truly is a relation between people's normative beliefs and what people in fact do/act; in which this can be linked to the bigger topic of social psychology.

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twarita- representation of afterlife in literature

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twarita- representation of afterlife in literature

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I find the concept of death and afterlife intriguing. Seeing as it is an incredibly old concept, contrasting its portrayal in literature of the medieval times with that of modern times was something I found interesting.

https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/17970

This is an interdisciplinary study of Attic conceptions of the deceased in the afterlife. It thereby aims to identify and explain how the deceased were represented in a specifically selected corpus of textual and iconographic material originating from the Archaic and Classical periods. It includes descriptions of the deceased in the afterlife in Homeric epic poetry and 5th century Athenian drama, as well as representations of the deceased in Attic vase-paintings from the 6th and 5th centuries BC.

2.https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/3488/

The corpus of texts surviving from medieval Scandinavia which contain, or purport to contain, pre-Christian myths, vestiges of a pagan belief-system, is quite large. As in all religions, the fate of the ‘soul’ after death is shown to be of primary concern to pagan Scandinavians. This paper is concerned with the way in which the afterlife, in its various forms, is presented in extant literary texts: not as an exercise in religious history, but in an attempt to find out what literary use was made by authors of different periods and genres of the two main Scandinavian realms of the dead, Valhll and Hel.

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004294141/B9789004294141-s006.xml

This essay explores the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible, including Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, and the Wisdom of Solomon, focusing on the concepts of death and afterlife. Death is presumed to be physical unless otherwise indicated, with afterlife referred to as ìafterdeath.î The discussion centers on ìnon-lifeî as represented by sheol, a condition or place often paired with death and personified as a dynamic power. Emphasizing the broader meaning of ìlifeî in wisdom literature as encompassing quality, dignity, and proper relationships, the essay contrasts this with the absence of such characteristics in sheol, categorizing it as fundamentally ìnon-life.î Symbolic representations include watery darkness and a lack of connection with the Lord. The essay underscores the simplicity of the Hebrew conception of human makeup and argues against affirming true existence in sheol, maintaining its enigmatic portrayal as a reality beyond the comprehension of ancient Israelites.

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a research paper is usually about a situation, problem or just something that doesn't really have a concrete / straightforward answer. in science, this can be related to delving into new, unexplored fields like the application of Artificial Intelligence in specific problems like conserving energy. in the humanities, i like to believe that research papers are made for more abstract concepts, as humanity- like humans- are complicated. claims have to be made in said research paper, as well as a conclusion after all the data is collected and analysed. usually, research papers are about something novel, and are used to incite discussion amongst fellow enthusiasts and scholars in the topic.

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meiyu- People living just above/below the poverty line 

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meiyu- People living just above/below the poverty line 

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I wanted to research on this topic mainly because these people usually do not get noticed as much as the really rich or really poor people and hence resulting in them still struggling with living decently even when they ‘supposedly’ have what they need to survive. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10875549.2012.747997

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1992.tb00588.x

https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/79/4/739/2434804

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avril — female power and agency in literature 

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avril — female power and agency in literature 

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I was drawn to the research papers discussing Anthony and Cleopatra by Shakespeare as it is a multifaceted piece of literary work (most of his work is but I digress; I just like powerful women). The play focuses on themes beyond love and tragedy by exploring themes such as female power and agency. Often times, female characters lack agency in literary work. Furthermore, most of Shakespeare’s plays are set in male-dominated societies. However, Anthony and Cleopatra challenges those pre-existing notions, with a central female character asserting her power and influence. The following research papers discuss how her character and character relationships contribute to her portrayal as a stereotype-breaking female heroine.

Taking its cue from John Knox’s famous diatribe against female rule, The Monstruous Regiment of Women (1558), this essay seeks to investigate Shakespeare’s vision of queenly power in Anthony and Cleopatra. Contrasting his Egyptian majesty with figures of female authority in a number of earlier plays, it reads Anthony’s teasing description of that “strange serpent” the crocodile as a key to the play’s treatment of Cleopatra, that “serpent of old Nile”. By virtue of their seeming beyond definition or satisfactory description, both creatures are rendered “strange” or “monstrous” – placed, as it were, outside the bourn of what seems “natural”. But where the monstrous normally incites disgust or horror, in Cleopatra’s case it invites admiration and amazement – a wonder that extends to the magic of theatre itself with its strange power to make real what it admits nevertheless “beggars all description”.

“Monstruous Empire”: Queenly Power in Antony and Cleopatra | Skenè. Journal of Theatre and Drama Studies

William Shakespeare’s play Antony and Cleopatra focuses on the fatal love affair of the titular characters, the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, and the militant leader of the Roman triumvirate, Mark Antony. This play is a dramatization of an already familiar narrative from the centuries prior. Writers like Plutarch and Virgil as well as Chaucer and Horace had their own iterations of the drama. Shakespeare’s play offers a re-centered vantage point of the political and romantic dynamics of this relationship between lovers and legends. This rendition complicates and humanizes the mythos of Antony and Cleopatra in ways that include new considerations for this audience. Additionally, Shakespeare veers away from some of his traditional approaches to writing in this text. I believe that Shakespeare goes further in his portrayal of the Egyptian queen than with most of the other women he writes and would like to offer a new reading of her lasting influence. This essay is primarily interested in the structures of power Antony and Cleopatra defend and display between them and seeks to further the discussion of a particular character archetype highlighted in the work of Bruce R. Smith’s Shakespeare and Masculinity. By relying on close readings of the play, feminist theory, and Smith’s argument, sufficient evidence can be provided for another contextualization of one of Shakespeare’s most endearing characters.

An Argument for Cleopatra -- the "Herculean Hero" -- of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra | Journal of the Wooden O

William Shakespeare, the greatest World poet and playwright, had an enormous talent for combining and expressing thoughts and emotions, expanding the capacity of language, in the representation of thinking, acting and interpreting. Shakespeare’s art of characterization, his power of creating personality through verbal and non-verbal clues, is exemplary. His tragic play, Antony and Cleopatra depicts the most famous lovers in history, their affair, their war together, their defeat and finally their suicide. The story had been told and retold for centuries in many different ways with many possible interpretations. I attempt to read the character of Cleopatra in the light of Queer Theory, which emerged in the early 1990s as a field of critical theory interested in shifting the boundaries and re-evaluating gender arrangements.

Shakespeare's Cleopatra: Queer Disposition in Character Development | International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management

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A research paper is an informative paper about a study that you have chosen to focus on, and it is usually done after a lot of research, data collection, and many other steps that must be taken before putting it out there for others to read. A research paper delves into many different topics, anything that people see fit in exploring and has a good reason to support why they wish to go into detail about a certain issue, for example, AI superintelligence, whether it is more beneficial or harmful to the world. This research paper is mainly used as a platform to explore topics that one is interested in, and if it is something that many others are also interested in, it will spark a discussion after reading the research paper. Primary sources offer raw information, or the first-hand evidence compiled by research, whereas secondary sources interpret or analyze the information from primary sources and hence after the use of primary and secondary sources, there will be a conclusion to sum up the entire paper.

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I have been always interested in the relationship between fans and idols and what kind of social impacts this results in. This idol industry has been booming for the past 2 decades, although it has been around for quite awhile. Not sure what aspect of this deep and layered topic I want to focus on yet, but I think it will be a rather an interesting take on how identity can be formed and influenced by the Idol culture. This is especially so since there is a rising number of singapore youths who are willing to give the industry a shot.

Escapism-and-Motivation-Understanding-K-pop-Fans-Well-being-and-Identity.pdf (researchgate.net)

Japan one is interesting too

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09589236.2011.617604

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A research paper/ project documents one’s journey in finding out more in depth about a  particular research question. It is different from a class assignment or test as it has many different layers to uncover, and unlike a test, it does not have a fixed right or wrong answer. Personally, I think what makes a topic worth looking into is determined by firstly one’s genuine interest in that topic and secondly the relevance of that topic in today’s world. The role of primary or secondary source is such that the researcher gains more useful and relevant information about the topic, enabling them to develop a more in depth understanding and analysis of the topic.

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Banerjee Abhijit et al - electing the most effective nudge

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Banerjee Abhijit et al - electing the most effective nudge

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Can it be argued that immorality that different compared to individualism if the concept of moral compasses differ for each person?

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I think a research paper spawns from something- a field or concept that can be as specific and focused as desired which does not have sufficient existing material relating to it. When one finds such a topic interesting and a valuable asset to today's ever evolving landscape usually their contribution is in the form of a research paper about it. It is different than a class assignment or rest as it doesn't seek to evaluate your knowledge and understanding but rather is meant to amplify it and is driven by genuine curiosity and is obviously much more large scale. What makes a topic worth looking into is determined by its relevance in today's landscape, uniqueness in terms of the topic i.e. not something that has a significant amount of reach already done on it and lastly the researcher's interest and area of curiosity. The role of primary sources aids in direct evidence and substance which is further analysed and evaluated whereas information from secondary sources is written (and analysed) by another person and hence may require further evaluation. Ultimately both enable them to explore and embark on a vent into their chosen topic, learning discovering as much as possible about it.

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Chang T.C. - a historic neighbourhood as arts space

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Chang T.C. - a historic neighbourhood as arts space

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A research paper explores topic(s) that the author is truly passionate about which differs from school assignments where one has to do whatever they are assigned. Passion plays a big part in the exploration and the dissection of the topic as the author has keen interest in delving deeper into topics that would otherwise seem boring or uninteresting to others. But to me, a topic worth delving into also involves a little bit of controversy. It draws the attention of possible readers and other researchers alike, and controversy also allows for multiple aspects or sides of a topic to be discussed. Primary sources include original texts, while secondary sources may involve retelling or reviews of the original text, which provides alternatives views and opinions on a topic.

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A research paper usually involves a deeper dive into a specific topic that may be relatively niche to certain audiences. It can explore topics that the author is truly interested in, and can be separate from their education and school work. Any topic that the author has a genuine interest in is a topic worth researching. Primary and secondary sources play the critical role of providing information for the author to work with, as well as deepening the author’s understanding in the topic.

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a research paper/project is a deep analysis and interpretation of a topic based on individual opinions and interests. it showcases detailed information and arguments about a particular topic that one is passionate in. in this case, passion is vital in carrying out a research project, as it drives one to discover more about something they’re passionate in.

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1. A research paper differs from a class assignment or test is that instead of learning and studying a topic prior to the test or assignment a research paper drives the person to learn more about the topic instead. A research paper generally contains more encompassing information about a topic than a regular assignment’s requirement and is more of an expanded essay that presents your own interpretation or evaluation or argument. When you write an essay, you use everything that you personally know and have thought about a subject. This means that a research paper requires independent research as well.

2. A topic is worth researching on especially when it has unsolved mysteries about it and if it affects a number of people, even if it is a small amount. Anything is worth investigating if it exists (or doesn’t). Even for things that have already been ‘solved’, there’s always a possibility that the solution may be incorrect which also gives us a reason to still try to find loopholes within the solutions.

3. Primary sources (first hand experiences) help us understand the issues of the world around us while secondary sources (other data collected from other researchers) are information collected about the world beyond our reach (eg another country, a larger variety of people)

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A research paper is something that delves in deeply about a topic, with introductions, methodology for collecting data, if any is collected, the sources from which quotes were taken, and using it all to come to a conclusion

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A research paper is a comprehensive and systematic document that presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of original research conducted by an individual or a group of researchers. It is a highly formal academic document that contributes new knowledge, insights, or perspectives to a specific field of study. Research papers are a crucial component of scholarly communication, serving as a means for researchers to share their work with the public (beyond school, wowza).

The typical key components of a research paper include:

1. Title

2. Abstract

3. Introduction

4. Literature Review

5. Methods

6. Results

7. Discussion

8. Conclusion

9. References

10. Acknowledgments

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A research paper presents original findings or analyses existing information on a specific topic. It involves in-depth investigation, critical analysis, and often includes citations to support claims. Unlike a class test, a research paper requires extensive research.

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1. a research paper is different from a class assignment or test because it is something one does out of personal interest and something that has self-set deadlines. It is more in-depth than what we learn in class, and we are the ones who get to choose how deep the research goes.

2. a topic is worth looking into when it is available, relevant and significant enough to be researched on. there needs to be sufficient scope such that different types of data and research can be aquired like primary and secondary data

3. secondary and primary data have their own roles, in my opinion. primary data is something that can be highly specific to the thesis statement and research topic while secondary data can be broader. however, primary data is most probably collected at a very small scale while secondary data can be collected at large scales with bigger budget and thus can be more quantitative. Another thing i use secondary data is for fact-checking and validating my primary data, and spotting trends in my research between aquired (primary) data and preexisting conventional data. (secondary data)

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A research paper is a deeper analysis on a topic compared to essays. It requires extra skills such as data collection, analysis as well as some form of originality in the research topic.

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Single Parenthood and its impact on child development (Faith, Avril, Chidviya, Zio)

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Single Parenthood and its impact on child development (Faith, Avril, Chidviya, Zio)

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1. Subject discipline: Sociology

2. Description of topic

We chose to explore the topic of single parenthood, a particularly at-the-margins group of individuals that presents a note-worthy and explorable landscape due to its impact on child development. In today's rapidly evolving social landscape, the traditional family structure has evolved significantly, with single-parent households becoming increasingly common. This societal shift has sparked a growing interest in understanding the impacts of single parenthood on childhood development. Single parenthood can arise from various circumstances, including divorce, separation, or the choice to raise a child independently. Regardless of the underlying reasons, single parents face unique challenges in balancing the responsibilities of parenting alone while providing a nurturing environment for their children.

Within this context, we want to find out why behavioral problems, educational dropout, and lower self-esteem, amongst other issues are more prevalent in children brought up by single parents and their impact on child development. Such issues are commonly intertwined with one another and are significant hurdles that such children of single parents have largely failed to overcome, which hinders their development as people. We acknowledge that the absence of the traditional nuclear family support system, consisting of both a biological maternal and paternal figure, may potentially contribute to these challenges. The underrepresentation of such non-archetype family structures has led to failure in solving issues related to the upbringing of single-parent children. Hence, there is a need for greater support for them from policymakers, and more care and understanding given to them by the general public. We also aim to create or encourage a more inclusive environment for such families and their children to grow up in.

3. Case studies/sources

https://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ChSuBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=single+parents+on+child+development&ots=Ol_sv0iEFU&sig=Uy0RGPI6cZMep_j4OMBXPmKa0ag&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=single%20parents%20on%20child%20development&f=false

- The book discusses in depth how various "deviations” from traditional family styles affect childrearing practices and child development. Instead of dwelling on the "deviance" of these childrearing modes or styles, the book illustrates the dynamic developmental processes that characterize parenting and child development in contexts that can be deemed nontraditional because they do not reflect the demographic characteristics of the traditional families on which social scientists have largely focused. Through the discussion of the dynamics and possible effects of dual-earner families, families with unusually involved fathers, families characterized by the occurrence of divorce, single parenthood, remarriage, poverty, adoption, reliance on non-parental childcare, ethnic membership as well as violent and/or neglectful parents. By so doing, the authors provide thoughtful, literate, and up-to-date accounts of a diverse array of nontraditional or traditionally understudied family types. All the chapters offer answers to a common question: How do these patterns of childcare affect children, their experiences, and their developmental processes? The answers to these questions are of practical importance and have significant implications for the understanding of developmental processes in general. As a result, the book will be of value to basic social scientists, as well as to those professionals concerned with guiding and advising clients and public policy.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09731342231179017

- This article explores the evolving dynamics of single-parent families in the context of changing societal beliefs and structures. It discusses the challenges faced by single parents and the impact of family instability on children's development, including their mental and physical health, academic performance, social interactions, and emotional well-being. The article also highlights the positive outcomes and resilience-building factors that can help mitigate the negative effects of single parenting. Through a comprehensive review of research findings and statistical data, it provides insights into the prevalence of single-parent households globally and in particular India, shedding light on the various factors contributing to the rise of single parenthood. The article emphasizes the importance of effective parenting, social support systems, and interventions to promote the well-being of both single parents and their children.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00781.x

- This paper presents findings from a research project funded by the European Union, focusing on the experiences and perspectives of children and young people from single-parent families in England, Greece, and Cyprus, acting as case studies that support us further with our research paper. The study aimed to explore how these individuals perceive and navigate their lives within single-parent households, particularly concerning poverty and social exclusion. In England, the research utilized semi-structured interviews and focus groups with children of single parents, as well as those from two-parent families, along with discussions with single and two-parent families, and interviews with professionals. The findings underscore the children's awareness of poverty's impact on their family dynamics and daily lives, emphasizing the challenges of "time poverty." Despite these difficulties, the study also sheds light on the positive aspects of single-parent families while highlighting the children's struggles with exclusion from social activities due to financial constraints

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rense-Nieuwenhuis/publication/332678628_Single_Parents_in_Context/links/5cdfbd35a6fdccc9ddb953a3/Single-Parents-in-Context.pdf

- This paper scrutinizes the prevalence and characteristics of single-parent households while shedding light on the challenges they encounter. Through an exploration of factors like income levels, social policies, and cultural norms, the paper elucidates how these elements shape the experiences of single parents and their children within society. Moreover, it delves into the implications of single parenthood for family well-being, child development, and the formulation of social policies designed to support single-parent families. By examining single parenthood within its broader societal context, the paper provides valuable insights into the dynamics of contemporary family structures and the challenges they face.

4.  Needs

We require some advice in deciding on appropriate methodologies to go about getting more information on our topic. For example, if we were to conduct a survey or interviews, we understand that this topic might be sensitive to some, and hence we are not really sure what would be the most appropriate methodology that we should choose to ensure that we get meaningful insight while respecting the sensitivities and privacy of those involved (ie the single parent or the child that has been brought up by a single parent) at the same time. We would like advice on how to carefully select and combine appropriate methodologies, such that we can gather comprehensive insights while minimizing potential discomfort to those involved in this sensitive research topic. Afterward, guidance on ensuring that the execution of our chosen approach is respectful would help as well.

5. Looking for members?

No, our group which consists of Faith, Avril, Chidviya and Zio, we are not looking for additional members.

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[Code-switching among Malay communities in Singapore] My, Madeleine

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[Code-switching among Malay communities in Singapore] My, Madeleine

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1. Linguistics / Sociolinguistics

2. We aim to delve into code switching as a phenomenon amongst Malays in Singapore, examine and underscore certain unique aspects of code switching in this particular instance, and investigate the possible causes and factors contributing to this phenomenon across different ages, as well as the implications this may have on a cultural and linguistic level.

3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13670050.2021.1997903#:~:text=among%20Singapore%20preschoolers.-,Predictors%20of%20code%2Dswitching%20in%20Singapore%20preschoolers,and%20parent–child%20shared%20activities.  (Patterns and predictors of code-switching in Singapore preschoolers: a corpus-based study)

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.129/html (Code-switching and learning among young children in Singapore)

https://melta.org.my/journals/TET/downloads/tet16_01_03.pdf (Functions of Code-switching in Malaysia and Singapore)

4. We may need help consulting someone more versed and nuanced in the field of Linguistics, as this is a discipline quite unfamiliar to us. We might be able to use this advice to better analyse and understand speech patterns and apply them to our research. Perhaps we may also need guidance in regards to crafting a survey as we foresee that we may have to conduct one in order to collect relevant data.

5. We are not sure if we want to look for more members.

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Navigating Poverty: Examining Experiences and Government Support in Singapore (feat. Meiyu, Keira, Megan, Junheng)

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Navigating Poverty: Examining Experiences and Government Support in Singapore (feat. Meiyu, Keira, Megan, Junheng)

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Subject/discipline: Econs & sociology

Description of the topic:

In this study, we concentrate on the lives of individuals residing near or below the poverty line in Singapore. Despite Singapore's reputation as a developed nation with a high standard of living, some Singaporeans face significant financial struggles, especially with the increasing prices due to factors like the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Despite Singapore's high rankings in global indices such as the Global Innovation Index, the persistence of poverty prompts questions about its underlying causes.

Our aim is to delve into the challenges encountered by those teetering on the brink of poverty and to examine the government's strategies to assist them. By scrutinizing both the hardships faced by these individuals and the effectiveness of government support, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of poverty in Singapore. Ultimately, our findings will contribute to ongoing efforts to address this pressing issue and inform future policy decisions.

Motive:

The motive for studying the lives of people living near or below the poverty line in Singapore stems from a desire to understand and address socioeconomic disparities within the country, including social inequality. Despite Singapore's overall prosperity and development, there exists a segment of the population facing financial challenges and struggling to meet basic needs. This persistent socioeconomic gap highlights the pressing need to examine underlying factors contributing to inequality. By delving into the experiences of these individuals and evaluating the government's response, we aim to identify gaps in support systems and ultimately work towards creating a more equitable society where all citizens can thrive. Additionally, understanding the factors contributing to poverty in Singapore can inform broader discussions about economic inequality and social welfare policies locally. Recognizing and addressing social inequality due to socioeconomic status is crucial for fostering a fair and just society, where everyone has equal opportunities and access to resources for a better quality of life, as high inequality discourages skill development, limits mobility to advance socially or economically within the society, and hinders economic growth. High inequality fosters insecurity and erodes trust by creating unfairness and instability. It exacerbates social tensions by widening the gap between different socioeconomic groups, leading to resentment and alienation, which will spell disaster for Singapore’s already fragile society.

How to gather evidence?

Already written and published materials that can be found online

Meetings/ interviews/ surveys (if possible)

Etc.

Case studies:

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/abs/stigma-shame-and-the-experience-of-poverty-in-japan-and-the-united-kingdom/54989C34DCA7FC2BB745A61F67B2A8A4

This article explores the role of stigma and shame in the experience of poverty across different capitalist societies, focusing on the UK and Japan. By analyzing empirical literature, it highlights how stigma manifests differently in varying social, personal, and institutional contexts, ultimately serving to legitimize poverty within these systems despite differing social values and welfare structures.

https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=lien_research#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20official%20poverty,poverty%20is%20defined%20and%20measured

This article explores the absence of a poverty line in Singapore, and examines the different ways in which poverty can be measured in Singapore. It explores the concepts and benefits, as well as drawbacks, of an absolute poverty line or relative poverty, and non-quantitative approaches to measuring poverty in Singapore, primarily highlighted by poverty as measured through capability, social exclusion, as well as poverty assessments. This provides a framework for us to analyze what constitutes poverty in Singapore’s context, and can help us to define what the poverty line should be.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X05000588

This paper offers a comprehensive overview of recent urban growth trends in developing countries, emphasizing the significant challenges posed by rapid population growth and global economic transformations. With approximately half of the world's population now residing in urban areas, cities play a crucial role in the global economy, yet many struggle to provide adequate services to their residents. As urbanization continues to accelerate, especially in smaller urban settlements, there is a pressing need for international agencies to address the growing disparities in living conditions and recognize the importance of sustainable development, particularly in Africa, and we can link this to our topic as we would have to recognize the broader context of urbanization which can provide valuable insights into the complexities of poverty alleviation efforts. It also allows us to better contextualize the challenges faced by individuals teetering on the brink of poverty in Singapore and assess the effectiveness of government support strategies in addressing these issues.

Needs:

Advice on how to gather data

Sourcing for target audiences.

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“They have the money, but they can’t buy a flat.” [Working Title] Shaza & Arna

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“They have the money, but they can’t buy a flat.” [Working Title] Shaza & Arna

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1. Economics and sociology

2. We wish to focus on the struggles of the “middle class” married couples in Singapore in obtaining a place to call home. Despite our nation being a meritocratic society, income ceilings ($14000 for BTOs $16000 for ECs) prevent these couples who have worked hard for better salaries from purchasing new HDB flats (Build-to-orders and Executive Condominiums) as they are placed at a lower priority compared to those whose income fall below the income ceiling. This policy forces the couples to buy either non-HDB houses (Condominiums, Landed Property etc.) or resale flats. These options are much more expensive compared to purchasing brand new HDB flats—those with higher gross monthly income must spend more to buy a house. We believe that these couples are additionally marginalised in the way the general public have little sympathy for them as they assume that since they have higher gross monthly income, they can afford to spend more on housing.

We aim to address the socioeconomic disparity of this government policy despite its belief in meritocracy. We wish to investigate the socio-economic implications of the current policy and explore potential adjustments to enhance housing accessibility and affordability for all income groups.

3. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/big-read-rising-property-prices-building-delays-young-couples-1338166

This article from Channel News Asia discusses the challenges faced by couples in Singapore due to rising property prices and building delays. The article explores various reasons behind the rising property prices, such land scarcity and increase of construction costs. It also delves into the impact of delays in building completion on homebuyers, leading to uncertainty and financial strain. Additionally, the article discusses the government's efforts to address these issues through measures such as increasing the housing supply and providing financial assistance to eligible homebuyers.

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/big-read-young-couples-future-plans-inflation-3102661

Natalie Tan, a 26-year-old public relations associate, and her 29-year-old partner, a venture capitalist, were unable to secure a HDB BTO flat early due to rising housing prices. After five failed attempts, they turned to the resale market, but the situation worsened, affecting their future plans.

4. We will research for existing data analysis to understand the impact of income ceiling policies on housing affordability and accessibility. We will also conduct surveys and interviews with married couples in Singapore to gather insights into their housing needs, challenges, and perspectives on the income ceiling policy. Comparative analysis of similar housing policies in other countries to identify best practices and potential solutions. Etc. Please advise us on how to gather data and arrange interviews.

5. It’s just the two of us so please join us. 🥹

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SINGAPORE: Fang (not her real name), 30, used to be able to put up with living at her in-laws' place, where she and her husband have been staying since 2019 while waiting for her Build-To-Order (BTO) flat in Punggol which was supposed to be ready by this year. Not anymore.

Having to work from home like many others after COVID-19 struck last year, the manager saw her productivity plummet as she had to talk to her clients and conduct video-conferencing calls from the kitchen of the four-room Housing and Development Board (HDB) flat.

And no matter how hard Ms Fang tried to be extra mindful of the needs of her in-laws, who were themselves working via teleconferencing, she noticed tension between her and the elders building up over the months.

Soon, she found herself shuttling between living at her in-laws' place in Punggol and her parents' Farrer Park three-room flat to preserve everyone's sanity - only to have the sight of the seven to eight boxes cluttering her room serve as a reminder of an unfulfilled dream.

They contained items such as kitchenware and tupperware which she had bought pre-pandemic, thinking that her marital flat could be ready earlier than expected. After all, it is not uncommon to hear of homeowners collecting their key up to a year ahead of schedule.

But it was not to be. She is now expecting her flat to be delayed by a year.

Ms Fang's split-living arrangement inevitably means that she and her 30-year-old husband will have to spend some nights alone, as he prefers to stay at his parents' home since it is nearer to his workplace.

"I believe our plans to have children would have to be pushed back," she lamented.

The newly-weds are not the only ones in Singapore whose plans have been derailed due to a pandemic-induced delay in getting keys to their dream flats.

More than 40,000 households waiting for their BTO flats are now in the same boat, as the construction sector - already struggling to clear a huge backlog after restrictions to ease the virus' spread eased - continues to grapple with global supply chain disruptions and manpower shortages.

In pre-pandemic days, prospective homeowners were waiting for about three to four years following a new launch for a flat under the BTO scheme - often regarded as the Government's primary lever to provide affordable homes to those wishing to start a family.

Now, they will have to add between six and nine months, or even a year in some cases, to the waiting game.

The delays couldn't have come at a worse time for young couples eager to set up their very first marital home.

The buoyant housing market - which seems to care little for the economic havoc caused by COVID-19 - means that other options, such as buying a resale HDB flat, are slipping from their reach.

HDB resale prices had shot up by 8.1 per cent following four consecutive quarters of increases in the past year, and are currently just 4.8 per cent below the last peak in 2013.

In the private market, prices are at a historic high, making apartments or houses in the sector even more inaccessible to many young couples. Prices jumped 3.3 per cent in the first three months of the year, marking the steepest quarterly increase since the second quarter of 2018.

Even the rental market cannot provide much reprieve, as couples find it increasingly expensive to rent flats.

Based on March's flash data from real estate portal SRX, condo rents are 2.4 per cent higher than in March last year after climbing three months in a row, while HDB rents are 3.4 per cent higher over the same period, having risen for nine consecutive months.

This perfect storm in the housing market, said analysts, is driven by BTO construction delays, the low interest rate environment which has persisted amid the global economic slowdown; and rising demand from foreign investors, backed by the prospects of further price growth and an improving leasing environment.

As these factors are likely to persist for some time, some analysts are predicting that private residential prices will chalk up 4 to 10 per cent gains in the full year, while HDB resale prices are expected to rise by 5 to 9 per cent.

The situation is not unique to Singapore, with countries such as Australia and the United States also experiencing a housing boom, due to a combination of various factors including those related to the pandemic.
(Are cooling measures on the cards after four quarters of price increases in the residential property market? CEO Propnex Ismail Gafoor and NUS Institute of Real Estate Studies Dr Lee Nai Jia advise what to look out for on CNA's Heart of the Matter podcast:) HITS CLOSE TO HOME

With the "perfect storm" unlikely to blow over anytime soon, some couples who are planning to get married or starting a family have had to go back to the drawing board.

Due to the delay in BTO delivery dates, some said that they had to delay their wedding plans to around the time when their flats would be ready.

Others have decided to delay parenthood, while some like 30-year-old Abdul Aliff have no choice but to welcome a new member of the family before their "nest" is ready.

The freelance technician, whose wife is expecting their first child, is currently renting a one-bedroom apartment in Punggol for S$600 from his elder brother.

He had initially wanted to have a child only after he and his 28-year-old wife moved into their BTO flat in Sengkang - which might still have been possible if not for the construction delays - but "God has better plans", he quipped.

Still, the one-room flat is too small for a family of three. They could only buy travel cots or foldable cribs as there isn't enough space for a proper crib. It would also be easier to move when they get the keys to their own place by the second quarter of 2023, he said.

"Everything we're getting for the baby is either the mini version or something that we can easily pack in a box and shift," he said.

For those who have opted to continue renting while they wait for their delayed BTO flats, it means having to fork out more than what they had originally budgeted.

Take the case of a 28-year-old civil servant who declined to be named. She and her husband got married in 2019 and decided to rent at a prime location, thinking that it would only take two years at most, with the expectation that their BTO flat would be ready by June this year.

But when it was confirmed that their BTO development at Punggol's Waterway Sunrise II - which required a change of contractors - would be delayed by a year, they had to break the lease for their Holland Village unit and move into a cheaper rental flat in Punggol to save money.

"If we had continued to rent at the original location and paid a higher rent, it would be much more difficult for us to save up for the HDB in the future. In a sense, we are burning more of our savings," she said.

Mr Justin Ong, 28, a sales and leasing manager, and Ms Jen Lee, 29, a customer success manager, are also planning to rent from the middle of next year, after realising that their BTO flat in Kallang is going to be delayed for nine months, till May 2023.

Since they would not be able to immediately move into their new home after getting married in December next year, the couple felt they could take the time to learn to live with one another before tying the knot, then continuing with this living arrangement after marriage.

But given the current market conditions and the S$2,000 budget for monthly rent, they foresee having to recalibrate their expectations - from a one-bedroom apartment in a mature estate to one at a non-central part of Singapore.

"S$2,000 is not a realistic budget for an accessible area. Those units are going at around S$2,800, or even more than that. Prices now are quite expensive for anything that is decently located, with decent furniture and decent interiors," said Ms Lee.

Like the 28-year-old civil servant, Mr Ong and Ms Lee are wary of renting for too long as well, pointing out that a year of renting with their S$2,000 monthly budget could have gone towards covering half the renovation cost for their eventual home.

"The money is going to the landlord, not a downpayment to our own property, our own assets," said Mr Ong.

Earlier in April, in giving an update that about 43,000 households were affected by construction delays as of end February, National Development Minister Desmond Lee told Parliament that those who are unable to find alternative housing arrangements with family members, relatives or on the open market in the interim may contact HDB for assistance.

Around 240 households were helped with Interim Rental Housing flats, which are public rental flats offered to those with financial difficulties.

For those who can afford to pay more or want a bigger rental flat, they can apply for one under the Parenthood Provisional Housing Scheme (PPHS), which are primarily vacated flats from HDB's past Selective En Bloc Redevelopment Scheme exercises.

Rental rates for PPHS flats are based on their locations and type. They range from S$400 for a two-room flat in Canberra, Marsiling or Woodlands to $$1,500 for a four-room flat in Tiong Bahru, but they don't come furnished.

Mr Lee said that HDB received 2,350 applications to rent a flat under this scheme last year.

Of these, 66 per cent came from married couples; 31 per cent from couples under the fiancé/fiancée scheme; and the remaining 3 per cent were from applicants who were divorced or widowed with children.
RESALE MARKET SITUATION
While the HDB resale market offers a faster way for many young couples to get a flat, some lamented that they are not able to find a unit with the "right attributes" to set up a family, as the prices of such flats have ballooned beyond their budgets.

Graphic artist Mark Yong, 28, for example, had set aside a S$470,000 budget for a five-room HDB flat in Sengkang that is within walking distance from an MRT station.

While his friend managed to snag one of these units on the mid-floor for S$460,000 in the middle of last year, Mr Yong, who proposed to his girlfriend last month, is now looking at resale units costing at least S$500,000, even though some of them are on low floors.

He has decided to wait for the market to cool down in the next one to two years before buying a flat - which means that he and his girlfriend would not be able to get their own house in time for their wedding in August.

In the meantime, they will live with other tenants at his parents' five-room flat, which is being rented out.

He does not rule out the possibility of falling back on BTOs, but a lead time of five to six years would disrupt his plans to have three children by the time he turns 35.

"It would be quite terrible to have kids and then move," he said.

Communications consultant Ho Xiu Xian, 28, and her fiancé, filmmaker Jun Chong, 30, felt that a lot of their housing decisions had been "compromised and affected" due to the rising costs of flats.

They are hoping to live near either of their parents in Tiong Bahru and Bishan, which are prime areas.

"Should we wish to stay in these locations, we would have to be prepared to compromise and settle for a smaller flat. However, this will not be an ideal solution, especially if we plan to have children," Ms Ho said.

A 27-year-old engineer, who only wanted to be known as Maegan, said the uncertainty surrounding whether her BTO flat, which was slated for completion in 2024, would be delayed has made it hard to plan having a family and budget for the next few years.

Most of her friends are not considering a BTO unit at all and going straight for resale flats, she said.

However, the cash outlay can be too high for young couples in the current resale market, given that cash over valuation (COV) has begun to rise after staying suppressed for years.

Property experts said recent COV figures typically range between S$10,000 and S$50,000. However, it is not unheard of for someone to pay between S$100,000 and S$200,000 for choice flats.

Fresh graduate Vishaljit Singh Sandhu, 27, who is currently looking for a job, suggested waiving the COV's cash requirement for first-time buyers, so they can service the amount by mortgage instead.

He was hit with a S$40,000 COV for his recent S$425,000 four-room flat purchase with his 25-year-old fiancée, and was only able to pay the amount in cash due to his late father's insurance claims. The flat is located opposite Admiralty MRT Station at Woodlands Ring Road.

OVER IN THE PRIVATE PROPERTY SEGMENT...
If young couples are finding it increasingly hard to get an affordable public flat which meets all their criteria, would getting a home in the private property market - which has also been hit by building delays and is facing renewed interest from foreign investors - be even more of a pipe dream in the current climate?

Mr Alan Cheong, executive director of the research and consultancy team at real estate firm Savills Singapore, said it is still possible for an average 30-year-old couple to buy a condo - if they don't mind staying in a smaller condo unit compared to a HDB flat.

They would most likely also need to have a combined income of at least S$12,000, and have well-heeled parents who could support their condo's hefty 25-per-cent down payment, which could easily amount to S$300,000 for a S$1.2 million unit, he added.

Indeed, a couple in their early 30s - a lawyer and an office administrator who both declined to be named - said they would only be able to afford to buy a two-bedroom condominium in the city fringe with their parents' financial support.

The couple started looking for a condo that costs between S$1.2 million and $1.5 million last month, since their parents were willing to help pay part of the "painful and very big" down payment first while they slowly repay them in the future. They are comfortable with the mortgage due to their combined income of more than S$15,000.

A 29-year-old founder of a local start-up in the agricultural sector, however, said that she has yet to find a suitable small private home after a three-year search.

The woman, who wanted to be known only as Ms Foo, feels that her budget of S$1.6 million to S$1.7 million is midrange. She had expected to snag a freehold two-bedder that costs S$1,700 per square foot (psf) either in District 10, 11 or 15 with her budget, but such units are out of her reach.

"I can find a random two-bedder, but to find a freehold place that is decently comfortable is very challenging," she said.

Ms Hoong Huifang, 31, who is currently looking to buy a private apartment with her husband, wants a house that is close to where their parents live, in the Core Central Region.

However, most of the new condo launches around the area are in the S$2,000 psf range, and older condos at least the size of a four-room BTO are priced at around S$1.5 million.

"Of course, another option would be to live further away from our parents as houses would be more affordable in those areas, but proximity is a priority for us," she said.

A Singaporean-foreigner couple interviewed is also caught in a bind.

After renting a S$3,200-a-month flat here for four years, a 37-year-old manager, who wanted to be known only as Anna, said she and her American husband started contemplating buying a house last November. Her husband, also 37, is an IT consultant on an employment pass.

But the couple with a combined income of more than S$14,000 recently decided to give up on the idea of getting a HDB resale flat or a condo.

Although they could technically afford a S$750,000 HDB flat in Rochor, which they were eyeing, they could not get enough of its upfront cost covered, given that banks are compelled to assess their ability to service the mortgage solely based on the salary of the Singaporean, Anna's in this case.

"Under one salary, the quantum that we can borrow from the bank is really low. It's so pathetic that we almost cannot afford a resale HDB unless we go to Chua Chu Kang and buy a three- or four-room flat," the mother of a two-year-old said.

They then turned to the private market hoping to get a two-bedroom condo for about S$1.2 million, but they soon realised that the ones in Chua Chu Kang are costing S$1.4 million to S$1.5 million. Even worse, they would be subjected to a 25-per-cent down payment.

The requirement kicked in when the last round of market cooling measures were implemented in July 2018, which revised the sum that buyers could borrow from a bank to finance their home loan from 80 per cent of the purchase price or property value to 75 per cent.

Of the remaining 25 per cent, 5 per cent must be paid in cash, while the remaining 20 per cent can be paid using a combination of cash or savings from the buyers' Central Provident Fund (CPF) Ordinary Account.

That, plus legal fees, stamp duties and renovation costs, would "wipe out" all their savings, Anna said.
ARE YOUNG PEOPLE PRICED OUT OF THE MARKET?
Mr Lee, the National Development Minister, had said in January that the Government is monitoring developments in the property market "very closely" and will adjust policies if necessarily, to maintain a stable and sustainable property market for all Singaporeans.

But as private home prices hit new highs and HDB resale prices continue to rise, some homeowners or potential homebuyers interviewed believe that the time is ripe for some government intervention to help them afford their first flats.

Ms Ho said: "If the costs continue to rise without certain aggressive measures to help first-time home owners, home ownership will gradually skew towards the privileged, and young couples like us will find it extremely strained to continue to pay off the flat."

In assessing the affordability of home ownership, property experts said that one indicator is the median price to income ratio.

The Business Times did such an analysis last month and found that the gap between prices of new condominiums sold and household income was at its widest in a decade, at 15.4 last year.

This means that a household, without spending on anything else, has to save for at least 15.4 years in order to afford the new condo unit.

The ratio for resale condominiums stood at 11.2, while the ratio for HDB resale flats was 3.9.

Professor Sing Tien Foo, director at the National University of Singapore's (NUS) Institute of Real Estate and Urban Studies (IREUS), said BTO flats are relatively affordable if the ratio could be kept at around four to six times before subsidies for couples with a household monthly income of around S$5,000 to S$7,000.

With the rising prices in the HDB resale market, he expects the ratio to stretch to around eight to 10. The ratio could be stretched to as high as around 14 to 15 times for private non-landed houses, if median income has not increased in tandem, he added.

"Many low and median-income young couples are likely priced out of the private markets at these levels, where they need to save 14 to 15 years, without setting aside for other expenses, to purchase the private housing," Prof Sing said.

Associate Professor of Urban Planning Lee Kwan Ok at NUS said Singapore's ratio in the public housing space is "actually not very high", compared to other global cities such as Hong Kong, although its ratios are "definitely getting higher".

However, the ratio for private homes is one of the highest across the world.

"Because the average income of young people is usually lower, the chance for them to buy private housing would be even smaller," she said.

The Government should try to keep the ratio in check because if the private housing option is beyond their ability to pay, people with above-average salary may be forced to buy from the HDB resale market, driving up demand and prices, Assoc Prof Lee said.
GOVT INTERVENTION NEEDED?
Even so, Mr Cheong of Savills said he does not think any affirmative action should be taken to help the younger generation buy private properties.

"Ultimately, this will drive up prices even more and create further problems down the road. The best way to get people up the income ladder is to make them relevant to the economy for a longer period of time, like into their 60s."

He added: "If one enacts policies to assist the young to move up the housing ladder, there will be the attendant asset price inflation problem.

"Also, there is the possibility that any help given to the younger cohorts in the economy may inadvertently end up disadvantaging the middle age to older working population because from the start, the latter group already cannot keep up with the pace and productivity levels of the former."

The experts said blunt cooling measures would not help, either.

Prof Sing said that while they could dampen the demand from investors or speculators and help stabilise prices, especially in the private residential segment, the correction may cause developers or existing owners to hold back their launches and sales, causing the supply to decline.

This would, in turn, make it hard for young couples to upgrade, he noted.

"Given the current ultra-low interest rate environment, high transaction costs may still not fully eliminate hot money seeking for safe haven in Singapore, if foreign investments continue to pour into local private housing markets," he added.

Agreeing, Mr Nicholas Mak, ‎ERA's head of research and consultancy, said further cooling measures would "just be delaying the inevitable".

The Government has been keeping prices artificially low, he said, citing how over the past decade, incomes had risen and gross domestic product grew faster than the private residential price index.

"The Government could be throwing more rocks on the lid to cool the market temporarily, but underneath, the heat is still there. The pot is going to boil over," he added.

As to whether it would be a good idea to waive the COV's cash requirement for first-time buyers, the experts said the move sounds easy to implement, but comes with major ramifications if the market crashes.

Dr Lee Nai Jia, deputy director of IREUS, said such a waiver requires the underwriting institution, such as HDB or banks, to take up more risk, as the collateral worth of the estates that got their COV cash requirement waived would be lower if the market changes.

"You are essentially allowing borrowing above 100 per cent. For the resale market, is that viable?" he said. "If everything tanks, HDB can be bankrupt, throwing a much bigger problem down the road."

To increase supply in the resale market to counter the effects of BTO construction delays, Dr Lee said HDB can consider reducing the five-year Minimum Occupation Period for new flats to three or four years for the time being.

He added that this would not only increase the pool of HDB flats in the market that people can buy, it would create more competition, resulting in a lowering of COV rates as prices fall.

Assoc Prof Lee Kwan Ok said one possible government action may be to increase property tax for existing homeowners, especially those who own multiple luxurious housing units.

"One simple reason behind the supply-demand gap is because some people own multiple homes," she said. "The government action should be towards giving more pressure to these people and making them sell their housing in the market, and in turn, increasing supply for young people."

Dr Sky Seah Kiat Ying, a senior lecturer at NUS' Department of Real Estate, said it would be useful to see how rising housing prices impacts the distributions of income, housing quality and prices, in order for the Government to understand which segment of the population is underserved.

"It is not just looking at average prices but also looking at who is doing really well versus who is not doing well at the different income percentiles," she said.

To address immediate needs, Mr Henry Kwek, Member of Parliament for Kebun Baru, had in February proposed building a certain type of HDB flats that can be used as "stock holding" so that young couples with children can live in them while waiting for their BTO flats to be completed.

In the same vein, NUS' Associate Professor Fu Yuming suggested that the Government's approach does not always have to be building new homes for sale only.

He pointed out that built-to-rent housing that provides tenure security and attractive shared amenities is getting popular among young people in many countries.

"It expands the diversity of housing opportunities, especially for people facing credit constraints for homeownership. The built-to-rent housing also provides attractive long-term investment opportunities sought after by institutional investors," he said.

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The Big Read: Rising prices, building delays - young couples face perfect storm in quest for home sweet home

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The delays couldn't have come at a worse time for young couples eager to set up their very first marital home, newly-weds say.

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DESCRIPTION OF TOPIC AND MOTIVE

For our capstone project we wish to use hospice caregivers as a lens to focus on mental health burdens and other issues (i.e. physical conditions-falling sick) of those in the caregiving field. In this field of work the caregiving burden entails a myriad of problems that deplete the quality of life of caregivers from depression, burnout to secondary trauma- which is especially relevant in hospice care, where the atmosphere is seemingly gloomy and depressing as are the cases they deal with on a daily basis. As a result many caregivers suffer in silence and their long work hours, combined with mediocre wages and lack of appreciation leads to more problems than one thinks. We were greatly motivated by this issue as we realized that amongst us caregivers are ubiquitous - part time, full time, domestic helpers in the houses of our neighbors and not just limited to hospice care. But yet, they are invisible. During the covid pandemic with a rise in our appreciation and gratitude for those in the healthcare industry by applauding doctors and nurses, caregivers who worked day and night and stood by the side of chronically ill individuals and were absolutely stripped of indulging in self care were invisible. Evaluating impacts of initiatives by the Singapore government and finding out more about issues from primary research allows us to perhaps think about ways in which we could positively impact their lives and thus shine a light on this underrepresented group.

Overall topic: Investigation into whether or not caregivers deserve more support.

CASE STUDIES AND PRELIMINARY LIT REVIEW

a) Problems faced by caregivers:

https://journals.lww.com/smj/fulltext/2022/10000/caregiver_burden_and_its_prevalence,_measurement.7.aspx#:~:text=Population%20studied%20and%20prevalence%20of%20caregiver%20burden,-Studies%20on

By looking at this issue from an Asian context, this review showed that a significant proportion of caregivers in Singapore experience caregiver burden. Caregiving experiences and outcomes are affected by cultural, behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Being a Malay caregiver appears to be a protective factor for caregiver burden, whereas having negative coping strategies and care recipients with functional, cognitive and behavioral impairments are positive risk factors. As for outcomes, caregiver burden is associated with poorer self-rated health and reduced quality of life. Caregiving burden was defined as “the extent to which caregivers perceive that caregiving has had an adverse effect on their emotional, social, financial, physical and spiritual functioning.”The burden of caregiving also has a negative impact on the well-being of care recipients, such as abandonment and institutionalization of the care recipient. It also differs based on conditions of the care recipient, socio economic conditions of the caregiver and their coping strategies with their care reciepient.

https://www.virtuallabschool.org/focused-topics/trauma-informed-care-in-child-care-settings/lesson-3#:~:text=Secondary%20trauma%20is%20a%20risk,to%20these%20experiences%20as%20well

It can touch the lives of any individual working in a helping field with survivors of trauma. The negative impact of secondary traumatic stress has been explored in-depth in several service profession roles such as doctors, nurses, firefighters, law enforcement, disaster relief workers, and social workers. While secondary traumatic stress can affect any person who works closely with survivors of trauma, some factors may place an individual at an increased risk of experiencing the negative effects of secondary traumatic stress.

b) Government/societal initiatives for caregivers:

https://www.ncss.gov.sg/social-services/caregivers

https://www.moh.gov.sg/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/caregiver-grants-subsidies

Looking at government initiatives, we can find out how caregivers are being taken care of by the government in the Singapore context. We would hence be able to eventually evaluate if such efforts are actually sufficient, as well as ponder upon what kind of policies would be necessary for the better support of caregivers in Singapore.

https://www.cal.org.sg/c2c

Zooming in to one of the specific social organisations in Singapore, we can discover the specific actions taken by the Singapore society to aid caregivers in their tough job.

Support groups → https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/support-groups-and-others/caregiver_support_groups#:~:text=Community%20support%20groups%20provide%20caregivers,same%20way%20as%20you%20do.

Comprehensive report on all kinds of support received by caregivers as of 2019 → https://www.moh.gov.sg/caregiver-support

Initiatives by National Council of Social Service → https://www.ncss.gov.sg/social-services/caregivers

(it might also be helpful to contrast this to problems faced by healthcare workers + support initiatives offered to them)

NEEDS

is our methodology comprehensive enough?

1. Interview: by asking actual caregivers in Singapore, we can obtain more detailed, comprehensive, and relevant information to further our research

2. Literature review: this could potentially allow us to pinpoint areas of concern and possible deficiencies in the support initiatives offered to caregivers, hence narrowing our research scope and allowing us to pin down starting points for our research

WE ARE CURRENTLY NOT LOOKING FOR ANY MORE MEMBERS

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Navigating Poverty: Examining Experiences and Government Support in Singapore (Meiyu, Keira, Megan, Junheng)

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Navigating Poverty: Examining Experiences and Government Support in Singapore (Meiyu, Keira, Megan, Junheng)

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Subject/discipline: Econs & sociology

Description of the topic:

In this study, we concentrate on the lives of individuals residing near or below the poverty line in Singapore. Despite Singapore's reputation as a developed nation with a high standard of living, some Singaporeans face significant financial struggles, especially with the increasing prices due to factors like the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Despite Singapore's high rankings in global indices such as the Global Innovation Index, the persistence of poverty prompts questions about its underlying causes.

Our aim is to delve into the challenges encountered by those teetering on the brink of poverty and to examine the government's strategies to assist them. By scrutinizing both the hardships faced by these individuals and the effectiveness of government support, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of poverty in Singapore. Ultimately, our findings will contribute to ongoing efforts to address this pressing issue and inform future policy decisions.

Motive:

The motive for studying the lives of people living near or below the poverty line in Singapore stems from a desire to understand and address socioeconomic disparities within the country, including social inequality. Despite Singapore's overall prosperity and development, there exists a segment of the population facing financial challenges and struggling to meet basic needs. This persistent socioeconomic gap highlights the pressing need to examine underlying factors contributing to inequality. By delving into the experiences of these individuals and evaluating the government's response, we aim to identify gaps in support systems and ultimately work towards creating a more equitable society where all citizens can thrive. Additionally, understanding the factors contributing to poverty in Singapore can inform broader discussions about economic inequality and social welfare policies locally. Recognizing and addressing social inequality due to socioeconomic status is crucial for fostering a fair and just society, where everyone has equal opportunities and access to resources for a better quality of life, as high inequality discourages skill development, limits mobility to advance socially or economically within the society, and hinders economic growth. High inequality fosters insecurity and erodes trust by creating unfairness and instability. It exacerbates social tensions by widening the gap between different socioeconomic groups, leading to resentment and alienation, which will spell disaster for Singapore’s already fragile society.

How to gather evidence?

1. Already written and published materials that can be found online

2. Meetings/ interviews/ surveys (if possible)

3. Etc.

Case studies:

1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/abs/stigma-shame-and-the-experience-of-poverty-in-japan-and-the-united-kingdom/54989C34DCA7FC2BB745A61F67B2A8A4

This article explores the role of stigma and shame in the experience of poverty across different capitalist societies, focusing on the UK and Japan. By analyzing empirical literature, it highlights how stigma manifests differently in varying social, personal, and institutional contexts, ultimately serving to legitimize poverty within these systems despite differing social values and welfare structures.

2. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=lien_research#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20official%20poverty,poverty%20is%20defined%20and%20measured

This article explores the absence of a poverty line in Singapore, and examines the different ways in which poverty can be measured in Singapore. It explores the concepts and benefits, as well as drawbacks, of an absolute poverty line or relative poverty, and non-quantitative approaches to measuring poverty in Singapore, primarily highlighted by poverty as measured through capability, social exclusion, as well as poverty assessments. This provides a framework for us to analyze what constitutes poverty in Singapore’s context, and can help us to define what the poverty line should be.

3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X05000588

This paper offers a comprehensive overview of recent urban growth trends in developing countries, emphasizing the significant challenges posed by rapid population growth and global economic transformations. With approximately half of the world's population now residing in urban areas, cities play a crucial role in the global economy, yet many struggle to provide adequate services to their residents. As urbanization continues to accelerate, especially in smaller urban settlements, there is a pressing need for international agencies to address the growing disparities in living conditions and recognize the importance of sustainable development, particularly in Africa, and we can link this to our topic as we would have to recognize the broader context of urbanization which can provide valuable insights into the complexities of poverty alleviation efforts. It also allows us to better contextualize the challenges faced by individuals teetering on the brink of poverty in Singapore and assess the effectiveness of government support strategies in addressing these issues.

Needs:

1. Advice on how to gather data

2. Sourcing for target audiences.

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Representation of death and afterlife in Literature and Film (Isaac and twarita)

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Representation of death and afterlife in Literature and Film (Isaac and twarita)

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We find the concept of death and afterlife intriguing. Seeing as it is an incredibly old concept, contrasting its portrayal in literature and film of the medieval times vs. modern times and examining how it has evolved over time to fit changing world views was something we found interesting.

https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/17970

This is an interdisciplinary study of Attic conceptions of the deceased in the afterlife. It thereby aims to identify and explain how the deceased were represented in a specifically selected corpus of textual and iconographic material originating from the Archaic and Classical periods. It includes descriptions of the deceased in the afterlife in Homeric epic poetry and 5th century Athenian drama, as well as representations of the deceased in Attic vase-paintings from the 6th and 5th centuries BC.

2.https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/3488/

The corpus of texts surviving from medieval Scandinavia which contain, or purport to contain, pre-Christian myths, vestiges of a pagan belief-system, is quite large. As in all religions, the fate of the ‘soul’ after death is shown to be of primary concern to pagan Scandinavians. This paper is concerned with the way in which the afterlife, in its various forms, is presented in extant literary texts: not as an exercise in religious history, but in an attempt to find out what literary use was made by authors of different periods and genres of the two main Scandinavian realms of the dead, Valhll and Hel.

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004294141/B9789004294141-s006.xml

This essay explores the wisdom literature of the Hebrew Bible, including Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, and the Wisdom of Solomon, focusing on the concepts of death and afterlife. Death is presumed to be physical unless otherwise indicated, with afterlife referred to as ìafterdeath.î The discussion centers on ìnon-lifeî as represented by sheol, a condition or place often paired with death and personified as a dynamic power. Emphasizing the broader meaning of ìlifeî in wisdom literature as encompassing quality, dignity, and proper relationships, the essay contrasts this with the absence of such characteristics in sheol, categorizing it as fundamentally ìnon-life.

METHODOLOGIES AND NEEDS:

1. Read pieces of literature → “An Ember In The Ashes” series by Sabaa Tahir, which features The Forest of Dusk that is kind of a waiting place for lost souls before they move on into the afterlife; The Giver and its portrayal of life after death

2. Watch movies → Soul by Disney; The Book of Life by Pixar; Coco; Kung Fu Panda 3

3. Survey about what people think about death and afterlife and how it is shown through literature and film and whether they think it is impactful and carries a relevant message.

4. Compare how these representations/interpretations possibly relate to the different types of afterlives that different religions/communities believe in + how the author/scriptwriter/director has been influenced by upbringing

Different types of afterlife theories: https://youtu.be/sKlRhQCuctQ?si=V9bd4rQApaSluYfX

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1. econs/sociology

2. We are going to study economic and social factors affecting people living around/below the poverty line - how things like inflation and social stigma affects them, how they cope with it, how it affects their future generations, possible ways the government is trying to help them

3. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=lien_research#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20official%20poverty,poverty%20is%20defined%20and%20measured., https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/89281235/11202_Amar_2020_E_R-libre.pdf?1659674963=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DExploring_the_Link_between_Income_Inequa.pdf&Expires=1708920429&Signature=BfCoN9Y475VGjb46BUMjE9hsPFZRb-bnVWYf9G4iyS3~CQZgdWm4bibXXo5ajjq3bgRDpB9GHjJVV4dD0x8ZWelJ~aukNRO3a1fCd42tNhg426Qt6oSOkLxVt6CnYMZurxxwSLN14fEcawbKN0ThhsKEK7u4rryMw0cUsYbj9sIOiYiXFJwa4BZnD26Ilp~j-kRycfXJK4E8CUhoJkOWcLK8RfxrpToqkKqNkj84Ez05LQfORaDcVwaZuJn-FGixm3X8jM2JlXYYzRFVG9N~Qy5m1GlrqlEZAZc63e7pk55xh2qebAOuKVAw0lOPo9f8duo9Ko2D9X3uC1w-TkjJNw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA , https://www.msf.gov.sg/what-we-do/odgsw/social-insights/2015-Understanding-policy-issues-on-poverty , https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01184.x , https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/abs/stigma-shame-and-the-experience-of-poverty-in-japan-and-the-united-kingdom/54989C34DCA7FC2BB745A61F67B2A8A4

4. advice in conducting some research, maybe finding some people who are along the poverty line to interview and get their perspective on things, hopefully can let us know whether our topic is too broad and whether we should narrow it down to just econs or sociology

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24 Pages Posted: 25 Apr 2009 Last revised: 22 May 2009

Date Written: April 21, 2009

Abstract

There is a healthy debate about how to achieve poverty reduction in developing countries, but not enough discussion of what we mean by "poverty reduction." "Poverty reduction" is often used as a short-hand for promoting economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line. But there are many different objectives that are consistent with "poverty reduction," and we have to make choices between them. There are trade-offs between tackling current and future poverty, between helping as many poor people as possible and focusing on those in chronic poverty, and between measures that tackle the causes of poverty and those which deal with the symptoms.

Because donors focus on just one dimension of poverty reduction (growth) they marginalise other legitimate objectives such as reducing chronic poverty or providing social services in countries that cannot otherwise afford them. Because donor agencies do not recognize these different objectives explicitly, there are important negative consequences for the choice and management of individual aid programmes, and for donors' ability to make transparent and evidence-based decisions about the composition of their portfolio. Aid could be more effective if there were greater recognition of the different dimensions of poverty reduction and if this was recognized in the objectives for and incentives in aid agencies.

There is an ethical case for a global system of social justice that provides long-term, redistributional transfers of resources to the world's poor, to enable them to lead better lives while their country is developing, even if there is no expectation that these transfers will accelerate economic development. Reasonable people can disagree about whether this is desirable but the existing hegemonic definition of poverty reduction does not sufficiently acknowledge this as a legitimate goal or permit a meaningful discourse about how it might be achieved.

Keywords: Poverty, Poverty Reduction, redistributional transfer of resources

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There is a healthy debate about how to achieve poverty reduction in developing countries, but not enough discussion of what we mean by "poverty reduction.&

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People with mobility disabilities are a group of people that we don't commonly encounter in our daily lives, yet this group will grow with time, due to Singapore's rapidly aging population and the many health problems that come with it. Another interest we have is mental health, which is a relatively new field, but it is just as, if not more important than the field of physical health, what with healthcare being so developed yet our research and medical treatments of mental health comparatively lacking. With the growing prominence of mental health awareness around the world, we have decided that mental health will be our focus as well. Therefore, our group decided to focus upon people with mobility disabilities (PWMDs) as our marginalized group, specifically, examining the effects of societal attitudes upon the mental health of PWMDs.

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Our report delves into the impact of being raised in a single-parent household on a child's development, focusing on the impacts this has on the child, particularly in Singapore. As traditional family dynamics evolve, the challenges faced by single parents and their children, ranging from managing behavioral issues to inability to fit in socially, have become more pronounced. Through a combination of case studies, interviews with professionals from family violence centers and child protective services, and analysis of local sources, our group aims to shed light on these challenges. We also explore how societal perceptions and government policies affect these families/ the children, highlighting the need for stronger, more tailored support systems. Ultimately, our research advocates for policy reforms and greater societal empathy to help reduce the stigma around single-parent families, in order to ensure that children in these households receive the support they need for healthy development.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/10cc2mY4ptE7QiWgJJaaz3nc3GBQk-wIjeAYo9oJE4bQ/edit

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Our first product will entail a research paper report on navigating poverty, specifically examining the experiences of single parents who do not meet the minimum income requirement in Singapore. We will be evaluating the various strengths of both the government support and the social support for these individuals, and our inquiry question is on, which form of support is more effective. Our project focuses on understanding how to best support single parents facing financial struggles, specifically those who do not meet the minimum income requirement, thus it will help us to better understand how we can help the people who are "at the margins", in Singapore. We will be covering the key definitions, our objectives, some background on the issue, our approach and methodology, the struggles single parents face and the support they are currently receiving (both government and social support), and hence evaluating and coming to our final conclusion and thesis statement. We will also be including various secondary case study research that we referred to as well as citations.

We found that single parents struggle primarily with financial security and stability, which negatively impacts both material and non-material standard of living. Our main conclusions were that [meiyu's evaluation], and that actually, the biggest positive impact comes when government and non-government support work hand in hand.

Our second product will be a slides presentation on the same topic, with a condensed summary of our findings and conclusion.

Both government support and social support is undeniably extremely important when it comes to tackling the challenges faced by low-income single parents. These organisations already work in tandem to improve the financial situation of low-income single parents.

However, we have concluded that government support is more effective in supporting single parents who do not meet the minimum income requirement in Singapore primarily due to its extremely large scale of impact.

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Our group changed our methodology to a new approach so the discussion portion is still a work in progress. We had also changed our focus to the efficacy of initiatives rather than the perception of caregivers.

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Title: Investigating the Ethics of the Capital Punishment for drug trafficking in Singapore.

My research is centred mainly around 3 aspects: collecting the perspectives of people living in Singapore, state justifications for its use, and theories that justify or criticise the death penalty with respect to drug trafficking. First, I will analyse the justifications given by the government for retaining the capital punishment with respect to its ethics. Next, I will find and analyse theories that support and go against this practice. Last, I will conduct a range of rigorous interviews and discussions with scholars and the citizens will be conducted to figure out their stances on these justifications and these theories. For simplification, the theoretical applications will be gauged using scenarios created by past researchers, or similar scenarios to past contentious cases. Currently, I have 2 professors contributing to the primary data of this research. I am hoping to find 30 people of various demographics to interview for this, and a few lawyers practicing in Singapore. After this, I will analyse the data we have collected, compare it to the theories found and relevant literature on it, potentially analyse specific case studies and write my concluding remarks.

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 TAHU RP Transcript of Interview with Professor Lockhart

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Sorry! Still a work in progress.

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Blue and White Minimalist Group Project Presentation

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1b0pnJZb-JEyo_9aKcn5h0suELVSuIuHJBAbfpy3a5UU/edit

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Copy of Immigrants and Cultural Diversity Infographics by Slidesgo

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