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Books:

"Stagecraft Fundamentals: A Guide and Reference for Theatrical Production" by Rita Kogler Carver - This comprehensive book covers all aspects of technical theatre, from stage design to lighting and sound.

"The Backstage Handbook: An Illustrated Almanac of Technical Information" by Paul Carter - A must-have reference for anyone working behind the scenes in theater, this book is packed with practical information and illustrations.

"Technical Theatre for Non-Technical People" by Drew Campbell - A beginner-friendly guide that introduces technical theater concepts to those with little or no prior experience.

"The Lighting Art: The Aesthetics of Stage Lighting Design" by Richard H. Palmer - Focuses on the art and aesthetics of lighting design, helping you create visually stunning productions.

"Sound and Music for the Theatre: The Art & Technique of Design" by Deena Kaye and James LeBrecht - An in-depth guide to sound design in theater, covering everything from equipment to artistic concepts.

"Scene Design and Stage Lighting" by W. Oren Parker, R. Craig Wolf, and Dick Block - A classic textbook that explores the principles of scenic design and stage lighting.

"The Costume Technician's Handbook: A Complete Guide for Amateur and Professional Costume Technicians" by Rosemary Ingham and Liz Covey - Focuses on costume construction and design techniques.

Websites:

USITT (United States Institute for Theatre Technology) - The USITT website offers a wealth of resources, articles, and information related to technical theatre and stagecraft. (Website: usitt.org)

BackstageJobs.com - This website is a valuable resource for finding job listings and career opportunities in the technical theatre industry. (Website: backstagejobs.com) Theatre Crafts - Theatre Crafts is an online publication that covers various aspects of technical theatre, including articles, interviews, and industry news. (Website: theatrecrafts.com)

Theatrecrafts.com - This website provides a wide range of technical information related to theater, including lighting, sound, rigging, and more. (Website: theatrecrafts.com) StageMilk - StageMilk offers a collection of articles, resources, and scripts for actors, directors, and technicians. (Website: stagemilk.com)

ControlBooth - A community forum and resource hub for lighting, sound, and stage technicians, with a wealth of information and discussions. (Website: controlbooth.com) Theatre Design & Technology Magazine - This magazine covers various aspects of technical theatre, and their website includes articles and resources. (Website: tdt.org)

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Neil's Toolbox :: A Collection of Useful Tools and Resources | Neil's Toolbox (neilstoolbox.com)

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Citation Evaluation | HARVARD | Website | Cite This For Me

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Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA.

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Induction session

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Wednesday 20th April

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Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you've used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list.

In-text citation

Referencing is an essential academic skill (Pears and Shields, 2019).

Reference list entry

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th edn. London: MacMillan.

To automatically generate accurate Harvard references, you can use Scribbr's free reference generator:
Harvard Reference Generator
NoteSome universities publish their own guidelines for Harvard referencing - always check if there are specific rules you're expected to follow. This quick guide presents the most common rules.

Harvard in-text citation

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

The novel begins with the grim image of the train passengers' faces, which are described as 'pale yellow, the colour of the fog' (Dostoyevsky, 2004, p. 5).

Note that 'p.' is used for a single page, 'pp.' for multiple pages (e.g. 'pp. 1-5').

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it's clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Woolf introduces the essay's topic as 'women and fiction' (2000, p. 5), going on to discuss the various connotations of the phrase.

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ':

Number of authors

In-text citation example

1 author

(Davis, 2019)

2 authors

(Davis and Barrett, 2019)

3 authors

(Davis, Barrett and McLachlan, 2019)

4+ authors

(Davis et al., 2019)

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites, often don't have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text - for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase - you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Several in-depth studies have investigated this phenomenon during the last decade (Singh, 2011; Davidson, 2015; Harding, 2018).

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it's important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an 'a' after the year in the first one you reference, a 'b' in the second, and so on:

The results of the first study (Woodhouse, 2018a) were inconclusive, but a follow up study (Woodhouse, 2018b) achieved a clearer outcome.

Creating a Harvard reference list

A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author's last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author's last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Harvard reference list example

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ' et al. ':

Number of authors

Reference example

1 author

Davis, V. (2019) ...

2 authors

Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) ...

3 authors

Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) ...

4+ authors

Davis, V. et al. (2019) ...

Harvard referencing examples

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

Sometimes you won't have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn't have a clear publication date - for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can't be accurately dated - you can replace it with the words 'no date':

In-text citation

(Scribbr, no date)

Reference list entry

Scribbr (no date) How to structure a dissertation. Available at: https://www.scribbr.co.uk/category/thesis-dissertation/ (Accessed: 14 February 2020).

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

No author

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there's often an appropriate corporate source - the organisation responsible for the source - whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that's not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

In-text citation

('Divest', no date)

Reference list entry

'Divest' (no date) Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divest (Accessed: 27 January 2020).

Frequently asked questions about Harvard referencing

What's the difference between Harvard and Vancouver referencing styles?

Harvard referencing uses an author-date system. Sources are cited by the author's last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

Harvard style

Vancouver style

In-text citation

Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019).

Each referencing style has different rules (1).

Reference list

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th edn. London: MacMillan.

1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019.

When do I need to use a Harvard in-text citation?

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you're quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

How do I cite a source with multiple authors in Harvard style?

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ' et al. '

In-text citation

Reference list

1 author

(Smith, 2014)

Smith, T. (2014) ...

2 authors

(Smith and Jones, 2014)

Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) ...

3 authors

(Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014)

Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) ...

4+ authors

(Smith et al., 2014)

Smith, T. et al. (2014) ...

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the 'Cite this Scribbr article' button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 13 November 2023, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

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Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you've used and how to find them. Harvard is the most common

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17 academic words and phrases to use in your essay | Oxbridge Essays

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How it detects?

Details are below on how detector detects the plagiarism.

Plagiarism Detector is the free and an intelligent and essay checker software. It doesn't matter if you are a student or a professional, everyone can have benefit from this likewise.

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Beware! It is a double-edged sword.

It is very simple!

and many other important factors. Your given text is mapped into our internal network, and then it is compared against different databases and the entire internet. We have designed our algorithm to especially ignore statistically common phrases to provide a better and more valuable search for potential plagiarism in the text. Once the plagiarism test completes, the results will appear below along with the match percentage that our best plagiarism tool has found.

The article you have entered is carefully scanned, and so is the entire internet. If complete plagiarized sentences are found, the plagiarism detector will identify the original source of that content and show to you. All you have to do is copy and paste the content in the text box and then click on "Check Plagiarism" button.

It is as simple as it sounds. (How to check plagiarism)

This plagiarism checker free online for teachers, students, and writers will run your text through its database of millions of sites to show you the best plagiarism free report with the detailed results. Alternatively, you can either enter the URL of the website for which you want to conduct a plagiarism check or you can upload the files. Whether it is an article, essay or blog, a thorough sentence check will be conducted for your text in order to give you the most reliable and accurate results.

Understanding the Results

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Phrases or sentences shown in the results below are the ones that our plagiarism detector has identified as plagiarized and already exist online, along with the matched percentage. These are the links and by clicking on the "Match Text" you will be redirected to the original source where you can see yourself the plagiarized text. When the plagiarism test is finished, you'll also be given an exact percentage of uniqueness and plagiarism of your text. However, if your content is completely unique then you will get a congratulations message:

Identify Copied Material with Anti Plagiarism Software

Plagiarism can appear in different forms, but the end outcome is always the same: the plagiarist stole something from another person. Plagiarism refers to using some other person's ideas and information without acknowledging that specific person as the source. Similar to all other forms of theft, plagiarism also has many disadvantages associated with it.

It can take place in both intentional, when you try to pass someone's content as your own, or unintentional when you forget to mention the source for your work correctly. In spite of the kind, piracy always has consequences when it is discovered. Mostly, the punishment of accidental copying is temporary. Because ascertaining unintentional plagiarism requires knowledge of intent, the overall prestige of the plagiarist becomes the deciding factor.

Plagiarism can occur in any shape either textual or pictorial. So we not only scan the document for the copyrights but also check the duplication for images. You can also perform Reverse Image Search to look for the best matching photos. By using advance image recognition algorithms, it will bring out the matching results from all over the internet and search engines.

Before jumping to direct consequences, here's a brief detail of how can you make sure your work is not matching with any source. Loads of information, millions of text documents, is attainable on the internet now. So, if you think you can check manually, then you are wrong. No matter, how many articles you read or how many hours you spend, you can never be sure. Hence, the alternative best way you can take help from is a free plagiarism detector. There are many such tools readily available on the internet, providing best services to users. Majority of them, search your material against billions of contents and underlines each sentence which resembles with another posted article.

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Plagiarism Checker Free | Accurate with Percentage

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Plagiarism checker free and accurately detects copyright content from assignments or Documents with 0$ cost and ONE-click essay checker.