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This marked the beginning of a new era in global politics, where European powers sought to expand their territories overseas. It was driven by the need for new markets, raw materials, and the desire to spread Western civilization.

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The British, taking control over India, utilized its resources and labor, significantly affecting the Indian economy and society. It laid the foundation for the country's struggle for independence.

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1830: Simón Bolívar's Independence Campaign

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1830: Simón Bolívar's Independence Campaign

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Represents the struggle for independence in one of Spain's American colonies, culminating in Spanish American Wars of Independence. It changed the political landscape in South America and inspired further revolutionary movements in Latin America.

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The Opium Wars were two military conflicts waged between the British Empire and the Qing dynasty of China. The wars and the resulting Treaty of Nanking marked the start of China's "Century of Humiliation.", underlining the imperialism's exploitative nature.

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The scramble for Africa involved the invasion, occupation, and annexation of African territory by European powers. It was a period of rapid colonization, partitioning Africa into territories without regard for indigenous cultures.

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This was a crucial moment in the United States’ expansion westward. It led to the displacement of many Native American tribes and the annexation of a vast territory that would later become several U.S. states.

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19th Century: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

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19th Century: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

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Marks the decline of the once-powerful Ottoman Empire and its gradual loss of territories to European powers. This period highlighted the vulnerabilities of non-Western powers against the backdrop of European imperialism.

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The annexation of Korea by Japan marked a significant event in Asian history, where Japan emerged as an imperial power. It dramatically altered Korea's political and social landscape, leading to a long struggle for Korean independence.

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Great Britain got control of the Suez Canal, because Egypt wasn´t able of paying for it, or its construction. While instead, Great Britain did had the money for making it. Wich gave them the "power" of te Suez Canal.

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The causes are that countries wanted more colonies and land, and also the Crimean War between France and Britain against Russia to gain the Ottoman Empire. The sezian canal was also a cause. The effects are that Persia was used to gain territory and goods, and the pact was broken between Britain and Afghanistan. (Rosario Prieto)

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As a result of Muhammad Ali's agriculture reform, crops got a greater production. Helping them to have more things to trade, wich provided them more money. But also pleasent lost a lot of land, due to all their new crops productions.

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Persian people opose their ruler's policy of selling business conssesions to europeans because what persian people did to produce for them, now they were going to continue doing it, but with no profit al all for themselves because the concessions were going to be sold to europeans. (Rosario Prieto)

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The western powers racing to control South east Asia, how was the forced labor and the exploitation of resources, they focussed on sugar, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas and pineapples. also the resistance of filipino against the US. The cartoon reflects the straggle of how europeans divided Asian for their benefit.

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Sofia Posso

What where the forms and methods of Imperialism in Africa? Explain them .

European countries took control of Africa in different ways. Some ruled directly as colonies, while others controlled local leaders in protectorates. In some places, they only influenced trade and politics, known as spheres of influence. Big companies also took over resources, using economic imperialism. They kept control using military force, making local groups fight each other, forcing people to work, and trying to change African cultures to be more like Europe.

After gaining its independece from Portugal in 1975, Angola was plagued by a civil war for 27 years. Research what role the legacy of colonialism played in Angola's conflict.

In Angola, colonial rule caused problems that led to a long civil war after independence in 1975. Portugal had not prepared Angola to govern itself, so different groups, like the MPLA and UNITA, fought for power. Other countries, like the U.S., the Soviet Union, and Cuba, got involved because of the Cold War. The war lasted longer because Angola depended on money from oil and diamonds, and it had little education or infrastructure to help rebuild.

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On South East Asia, Colonials took control over them exept for Siam. As a result of colonial contro there were some big changes.

-A new social class system was made on Indochina.

-Increase of production led to mass production of tin and rubber (wich made ports bussier) On singapore.

-Malaysia became the largest rubber exporter.

-Population increase, led to residents on a minority

-Left an unresolved conflict between Malays and Chinese

-The creation of a new teriitory (French Indochina)

-Economies grew

-Improvement of communication and transportations

-Education, health, sanitation improved

Valentina Ramirez

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What is the relationship between the cartoon "The Berlin Conference" and the topic?

Competition was so fierce that European countries feared war among themselves, to prevent conflict, 14 European Nations gathered in the “Berlin conference” in 1814. In this meeting the European Nations divided the African continent to claim a land for their own (Clearly thinking little about how African ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed) No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings, yet the conference sealed Africa’s fate. In the cartoon, it's represented Africa in the cake being divided to give a piece to each nation, which are represented in the people around waiting for the cake. Enabling Europe to use imperialism for their own good.

What was the Berlin conference?

It was a meeting that happened in 1884, because of the fear of war of Europeans, in which they negotiated and formalized their claims to territory in Africa. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa, by notifying other nations of their claims and showing it could control the area.

(Camila Llano)

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IRENE RODRIGUEZ When groups are combined or split without regard for their differences, it can lead to significant problems. People come from diverse backgrounds, with varying opinions, beliefs, and thoughts. If these differences are not considered, it can create misunderstandings, tension, and even conflict. This can lead to a "cultural clash" where groups with opposing views or values struggle to work together or coexist peacefully. In extreme cases, these tensions can escalate into more serious issues, such as violence or discrimination

Why did europeans decide to colonize Africa?

The main reason was because they believe that they were better than everyone else. europeans thought that one race was superior than other and they don’t matter passing up up of others to get what they like or want

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After the control of colonies on South East Asia, the mayority of territorys were taken over by them, exept Siam. The Siamese king promoted Siam (Thailand) as a neutral zone, they had guidance of king Mongkut and started schools, refomed legal system and reorganized the goverment. They were able to escape racism,hate and economic explotation because of the king strategies.

Valentina Ramirez

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María José Correa

The indians didn't unite against the Sepoy Mutiny because, first of all, they had a weak leadership and because they had some serious splits between the Hindus and the Muslims. The Hindus didn't want the Muslim Mughal Empire to be restored, and they actually preferred the British rule over the Muslim rule.

The British thought separating the Muslims and Hindus would be good because the nationalists were further inflamed be the partition of Bengal, and the province was too large for administrative purposes.

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1. Why did Britain consider India the "Jewel of the crown"?

-Because British treasured India more for its potential rather than its actual profit (at first). After the Industrial Rev, Britain turned the world's workshop and India a mayor supplier of raw materials for Britain to make goods. India's 300 million people were also a large potential for British. This made India the most valuable of all Britain's colonies.

2. What is the relationship between the cartoon of the Indian rebellion of 1857 "Justice" and the topic?

-This cartoon represents the rebelion against Britain rule in India. It is related to the topic because after this rebellion, British introduced direct rule in India and British disolved the East India company.

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AMALIA POSADA

List the forces and events surrounding imperialism in Africa

1. Economic, political, and social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe. The Industrial Revolution helped Europe by industrializing and by searching for new markets and raw materials to improve the economy

2. Europeans had great national pride and viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness. As the race for colonies developed, the purpose was to make as many countries as possible their own. Europeans practiced racism.

3. Economic: their technological superiority and weapons advancements, also the war for and with the colonies.

4. Political: The superiority and the means to control their empire, also trade helped to transport (before they had not the opportunity because of the Ottoman Empire).

5. Social: Railroads, cables, and steamships allowed communication between the colony and the controlling nation, also, Europeans were confined to the coast.

6. The division of Africa: The French began to expand from the west African coast towards western Sudan. The discovery of Africa being a rich source of Diamonds and gold lured Europeans to invest and colonize the continent.

7. Berlind conference: they realized Africans weren´t buying European goods, but Europe still needed Africa for new materials, business eventually developed cash-crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa and rubber

What can you infer about the Europeans' attitude toward Africans from the Berlin Conference?

1. As we also know in the Colombian and South American independence, Europeans started to " spread the ideas of Christianity" when in real life they were making people follow their religion. We can evidence the same in this situation due to the racism Africans faced. Africans were used as dolls by the Europeans to steal their richness, taking advantage of their innocence and their lack of knowledge.

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New Delhi, Delhi, India: Maria Antonia Restrepo

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New Delhi, Delhi, India: Maria Antonia Restrepo

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Question: What form did British rule take under the Raj?

British rule in India transformed into the Raj. It was a system of direct control by the British government. The one who declared policies was a cabinet minister in London and the one who implemented them in India was a governor-general. They promised things that they wouldn't achieve like respecting treaties, and independence in some Idian states. They became more racist and solidifide the dominance over India.

Second Question: How did imperialism contribute to unity and to the growth of nationalism in India?

British rule ended up bringing Indians together by giving them a shared opponent and connecting different areas. However, unfair treatment and all of the different situationships leading to ideas of freedom made Indians want to rule themselves. This desire for independence grew stronger, and eventually the British lost control.

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How did the colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture?:

The colonial rule was for British to take over Africa, which caused many people to fight against British colonies because they wanted to take control of them. They also thought African cultures were inferior.

Africans resisted Europeans attempts to colonize their lands, regardless of the Europeans' superior arms, but unfortunately, Africans lost control of their land and independence, causing the death of thousands due to their resistance against Europeans.

Differences and Similarities between Africa's map after Berlin's Conference and nowadays:

Differences:

In the Berlin's conference, Europeans divided Africa into colonies far away from each other, while nowadays, Africa has a lot of countries together.

Some colonies were very small compared to what they are today.

Similarities:

Some of the borders in the map are still visible today.

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Sara echeverri

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Dutch (Netherlands): they controlled the entire Indonesian archipelago

Dutch East Indies: Indonesia

Malaca: Meleka

Bali, Sumatra, Bornea: the same

Nowadays all the regions are part of Indonesia.

British: The British controlled Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, and Singapore. They wanted to establish a trading base in Singapore, colonize Malaysia, and work in the tin and rubber industries.

French: Controlled Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia forming French Indochina. They expanded, focusing on rice production and military control.

The Spanish: Controlled the Philippines. Filipino nationalities ruled by Emilio Aguinaldo, resisted the U.S rule but were defeated.

The Portuguese: Controlled Timor (East Timor)

Independent state: Siam remained interdependent.

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Luciana Velásquez R

What is the role of the Ottoman Empire in what happened? The Ottoman Empire was part of a war called Crimean War. Britain and France were fighting Russia to see who could take territory from the Ottoman Empire. These countries wanted territory because the Ottoman Empire had a really good route to trade.

Examine the actions that enable European imperialist to gain control of various territories.

Crimean war: France and Britain fought against Russia to gain territory from the Ottoman Empire.

Suez Canal: Muhammad Ali continued to modernize Egypt so he decided to build a canal that connected the Red Sea to the mediterranean. However, Egypt couldn't afford maintaining the canal so Britain took that territory.

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why would the French and Russians sell arms to Ethiopia?

Ethiopia was the only African nation that successfully played Italians, French , and British against each other, Meneliek II the emperor at the time built up a large arsenal of weapons purchased from France and Russia

how was the policy of paternalism like social darwinism?

they were similar as both justified European domination over colonized peoples. Paternalism viewed non europeans as "children" and in need of guidance from Europe, while social darwinism gave the idea of "survival of the fittest" to societies, they thought European were superior and ready to rule, both ideologies helped legitimize imperial control and exploitation REBECA MARTINEZ

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Sara Arango

What is the legacy of the colonial rule?

The most harmful political legacy was the division of the African continent, also some negative legacies that it led are Africans lost control of their land and independence. Also they lost though sands of their people in resisting their Europeans. And some positive legacies it led are colonialism reduce local ware fare, improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools. And it literacy race improves, and African products came to be valued on the international market.

What is the relationship between the cartoon in the rubber coils and the topic?

The connection between the cartoon and the topic is the exploration and the colonial control, imperialism impact, also in resources and imperialism impact. To conclude the relationship could be some economic development issues, meaning they had some problems or afford problems as a country, which connect them with the cartoon in the rubber coils.

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How was africa before the arrival?

African people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. Most continued to follow tradition or beliefs, while others converted to islam or christianity. These groups spoke more than 1,000 different lenguages, and politically, they ranged large empires that united many groups to independent villages.

The effects

Social inequalities: It was very evident the racism between Europe and Africa

Social Darwinsm: A social theory in were Charles Darwin's ideas were introduced to society. Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and sucess.

Political Divisions: Different opinions in politics between Africans

Economic inestability: Because they prevented Africa expand by itself

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How did the colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture?:

The colonial rule was for British to take over Africa, which caused many people to fight against British colonies because they wanted to take control of them. They also thought African cultures were inferior. Africans resisted Europeans attempts to colonize their lands, regardless of the Europeans' superior arms, but unfortunately, Africans lost control of their land and independence, causing the death of thousands due to their resistance against Europeans.

Differences and Similarities between Africa's map after Berlin's Conference and nowadays:

Differences: In the Berlin's conference, Europeans divided Africa into colonies far away from each other, while nowadays, Africa has a lot of countries together.

Some colonies were very small compared to what they are today.

Similarities: Some of the borders in the map are still visible today.