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What is climbing? Climbing is an activity that you use your hands and feet to climb up a surface (1). There is many different types of climbing such as top rope climbing, this is when you have a rope that goes from the bottom up to an anchor at the top of the route. One person will tie in to one end of the rope using a knot called a figure 8, and the other person will use a belay devise, and the role of the belayer is to control the slack and Take in the slack as the other person is climbing. There is many different types of climbing from top roping, sport climbing, trad climbing, bouldering, gym climbing, lead climbing and many more (2). But there is four main types of climbing that you will come across and these are gym climbing, witch is where you go to a place already set up with routes and this is where you will find top ropes ready for you to use (3). Another common type of climbing is lead climbing, and this is where one person is tied in using a figure eight and as they climb the belayer will give out slack as the climber is pulling the rope up with them as they climb, clipping the rope in to quickdraws that will be placed along the route for the climber to clip as they climb up (4). Another type of climbing you will find is bouldering, this is when you climb with out any ropes or harnesses, but you don't have to worry as with bouldering you don't climb that high and will be protected by a padded mat if you fall off this can be done inside at a climbing gym, or at an outdoor venue if you are bouldering outdoors you will need to get your own crash mats as at outdoor venues they are not there (5). And the final common way of climbing is trad climbing and this is done outdoors, this is where you have different bits if gear that you place into the rock face and clip into that as you climb up(6).

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Coasteering is scrambling across rocks and jumping in the water, and will involve swimming and getting wet. This is a sport that you can only participate in by the coast, and provides a fun filled and adrenalin rushing time (1). Coasteering is a relatively new sport and has only recently came up on to the stage and it was created in Pembrokeshire in the 1980s (2). There are many different benefits of coasteering from cardio vascular fitness, strength training and stress relief but there are many more, such as it improves your balance and coordination and provides a great social aspect as well as pushing your limits and overcoming your fears (3).

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There is many different provider's in the uk for coasteering and you can go coasteering in many different places around the uk here in Devon (4). There are many different providers such as Reach Outdoors in Paignton and they use Anstys cove for their coasteering adventures (5), another provider in Devon is adventure south in Salcombe and they use the coast around Salcombe for their adventures. These are companies in private sector, it is run by the owners where any money that is made from investors, shareholders and banks loans are kept for themselves and the whole idea is making a profit and goes in to the owners pockets.

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Coasteering can happen in many different locations, and coasteering can happen in pretty much any location around the coast. For example around the Jurassic coast in Dorset, or a hot spot around Torbay is Anstys cove in Torquay after winning multiple awards (6), and is an off-site activity for Reach Outdoors, but they do offer a onsite activity's like paddle boarding on Goodrington Sands it is popular place for all types of activity from coasteering to paddle sports. Anstys cove is a natural environment, which means that is completely unchanged by humans, and any equipment that has been used for example, leaving a dry bag at a certain point with group equipment, called passive equipment and can be removed and taken with the group at the end of the session. As we are taking this away with us at the end of the session we are practicing leaving "no trace", which means that we are not leaving any equipment or rubbish at the location (7). This is will help the environment and keep the area clean and attractive so others will come and appreciate the space that is there.

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There are many different outdoor centres across the uk, and all of these centres has different target audiences. For example Reach Outdoors have a range of target audiences, from schools, where they will come participate in different activities, for aims like enrichment activities, developing team building, covering part of the curriculum (what the government says schools must cover to help develop students). All the way to corporate groups and stags and hens where the aims would be different, and they might be just to have fun and celebrate. All together reach outdoors caters for all different types of groups(8), and will provide a tailored experience for that group where the group can pick what activity they take part in.

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Stand up paddle boarding, has become a popular leisure activity. There are many people that claim to have invented stand up paddle boarding, but the first stand up paddle board was said to have been created by fishermen in Peru, who lived over 2,000 years ago. Peruvian fishermen created boats called "Caballito de Totora" these boats, where created from tightly bound reeds (1). Stand up paddle boarding has come a long way, since they were created 2,000 years ago. Today we can get all types of stand up paddle board, from different shapes and sizes, to different materials they are made from, to inflatable boards to hard boards there are so many different types of stand up paddle boards to chose from (2). Stand up paddle boarding has become very popular over the past 20 years, and there are some thing that you will need to know before you get SUPING, there are some main things that you will need and those are

paddle board (what you stand on)

paddle (what you use to move you)

leash (keeps the board close to you if you swim)

buoyancy aid (a lifesaving device that will keep you afloat if you fall in)

a way of calling for help (mobile phone in a water proof case will be fine!)

There is a few main paddle stroke that you will need to know and that is a forward paddle stroke and this keeps you moving forward. another type of stroke you will need is a backward stroke, which is a reverse of a forward stroke, so you start at the back of the board and bring you paddle all the way up to the front of the board (3).

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The next sector is the public sector and this is a sector that is funded by the government using tax money to improve community's. An example of a public sector outdoor education centre is haven banks and they are a centre as well as running a college course in outdoor education and further education with degree options as well, at the same time they accept bookings and take groups out stand up paddle boarding at various different spots (4).

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At the Plas y Brenin National Outdoor Centre in North Wales, immerse yourself in a one-day paddleboard course. You'll explore some of the most captivating waterways amidst the stunning landscapes of North Wales.

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Paddleboard Guided Tours | Plas y Brenin

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At the Plas y Brenin National Outdoor Centre in North Wales, immerse yourself in a one-day paddleboard course. You'll explore some of the most captivating waterways amidst the stunning landscapes of North Wales.

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There is many different locations to go standup paddle boarding, and there are so many beautiful locations around the uk to paddle in. We are lucky enough to live in an area of outstanding natural beauty (5). an area that Haven Banks outdoor centre uses often is Exeter Canal, Haven Banks outdoor centre use Exeter Canal as it is an area that is perfect, for beginners to practise on (6). Another benefit Is that their outdoor centre is based right on the bank of the canal so they don't have to walk or drive to a location. As it is a canal its a semi natural venue, this means that it has had slight human interference but there is still natural elements still there. and this is an on-site activity.

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Haven banks is an outdoor centre, that offers a wide range of activities, and they have a wide target audience. They offer a further education course, called Sport (outdoor adventure) and this is a collage course (7). but they also offer a wide range of National governing body courses, like Paddle uk (British Canoeing) courses and first aid training (8). They also offer group activity's like coasteering and guided stand up paddle board tours (9). Some of the people that might come for activity's like these are stag and hen do's, family groups, work groups, school groups and other events and groups (10). But also trainee instructors that are looking to get qualifications through Haven Banks qualification scheme.

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Another sector is the voluntary sector also known as the third sector, and this where the centre is run by trustees and all of the money they bring in, is invested back into the charity. An example of a voluntary outdoor centre is Grenville house in Brixham and they will deal with school groups and private groups, and they will use locations that are local to the centre with all of the safety kit provided (7). Another example of a voluntary organisation is blue mountain activities based in the Peak District and they offer a wide range of activities from rock climbing and abseiling to raft building (8). Any charity will have a charity number that is given by the government and they have to display that on their website so if a company dose not have a charity number they are not a charity.

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Grenville house in Brixham and offer a wide range of land and water based activities, one of the activities they offer is indoor climbing, there indoor climbing wall is base onsite in the main building (9). As this is man made structure and the climbing wall is not natural, this means that it is a artificial structure as it is man made and is not natural (10)and is an on-site activity so this means that participants don't need to leave the outdoor centre. An example of another activity they offer is abseiling and this at a semi natural area, as Grenville house has put in a wooden platform that their participants start from. Another thing to add is that this site is offsite so this means that the group have to travel away from the premise's to an outside location. There are also other areas that are close to Grenville house which are based in a natural setting, this means that humans have had no effect on them. and these areas are crags that are on Dartmoor such as Haytor rocks, a popular location for climbing and is "symbol of Dartmoor" (11). Another area which is popular for climbing is climbing centres like the Quay climbing centre based in Exeter, and is an artificial wall and this is an example of an external facility.

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(1) What Is Coasteering? | coasteering.co.uk

(2)https://www.muchbetteradventures.com/magazine/coasteering-beginners-guide/

(3)Coasteering Kit & Equipment (celticquestcoasteering.com)

(4)https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/wellness-center/health-benefits-coasteering

(4)Coasteering UK | Discover The Best UK Providers In 2024

(5)https://reach-outdoors.com/products/devon-coasteering

(6)https://youtu.be/sav4hjdVTL4

(7)https://youtu.be/cH0SQPj9VNo

(8)https://reach-outdoors.com

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Beginning on site, you will be issued with wetsuits, buoyancy aids, and helmets before taking a short walk along the seafront to our coasteering site. We use a couple of different sites depending on the conditions and the ability of the group. After a safety briefing, we will begin by entering the water slowly in order to acclimatise.

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description

mountain walking consists of using a range of gear to help you hike up a range of mountains. when going mountain walking you need o take a range of gear with you to help you and assist you with your accent for example you might need to use a group sheltie which is a big tarp to help keep you warm and y might need to use it if someone gets injured or falls ill, you also need to take a fist aid kit to assist you if you or someone else hurts themselves, its really important that you do. you also need the basics like the following

(1) appropriate walking boots that fit you and are comfortable for long walks and hikes. make sure that they have ankle support.

FAK (first aid kit)

group shelter

food and water to keep you going and to ensure that you wont fall short on energy later on the hike

when mountain walking you also have to make sure that you have checked big factors that could possibly put you in harm like the weather and how stable to trail is that your going to walk on

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ibex outdoors are a private sector and they take groups out mountaineering all around in places such as mount Snowdon and they also take you around places in Dartmoor for long mountain walks. as I stated at the start they are a private sector so the people that are taking part have to pay a sum of money to come out on these trips and that money goes toward certain people like the owners and the money comes from share holders and investors.

ibex are also heavily relied on people investing time and money into there business so they can keep it up

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when it comes to where you can walk and where you will be taken there are many aspects that will affect this for example weather and time of day but ibex will normally take you anywhere between dartmoor all they way to (3) snowden for you to really experience the out doors, there are also many other places like north wales which does include snowden and other big mountains ranging from many different skill levels and abilities. the locations you tend to embark on with ibex are usually long trips and locations that take a long time to get to for example dartmour, you could be walking on dartmoor for 2 days before you get to your location or you could be climbing up mountains such as snowden and be climbing for 7 to 8 hours depending on where and which line you take.

dartmour is also classed as a semi natural locations because there have been man made modifications like built in bridges and steps to assist you get to your locations, (4) but dartmour is also very natural so when it does come to it either being natural or not it sits in the middle because there are parts that are natural and man made. another thing to look at is weather its on site, off site or external facility,

when it comes to walking on dartmour that is classed as off site because your going away from the place your work at or away from the place you started. for example if you where taking a group mountain walking you would take them off site to somewhere like dartmour or snowden for a day out.

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(5) when it comes to who does and doesn't like walking there is a vast range, for example there are children that are aged 10 to 11 that love walking but when it comes to mountain walking the audience is usual people over the ages of thirty, I know this because ibex take people out mountain walking and from what I can see there main target audience are people that are usually over the age of 18. I know this because on there websites I have looked at past trips and where they have been and all the people in the photos have been over 18.

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(1) Top tips for mountain and hill walking - Ramblers

(2) Ibex Mountain and Hill Walking Club | Walking Weekends in UK (ibexhillwalkingclub.org.uk)

(3)Guide to walking routes up Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon) | Visit Wales

(4)Semi-natural habitats definition | Biodiversity A-Z

(5) Ibex Mountain and Hill Walking Club | Walking Weekends in UK (ibexhillwalkingclub.org.uk)

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Ibex Mountain and Hill Walking Club | Walking Weekends in UK

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Ibex is a friendly and inclusive hiking club. Our members are hill walkers and mountaineers of all ages, social backgrounds and experience. We welcome new members to join us on our affordable walking weekends in the UK.

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(1) skiing consists of using a range of equipment to decent from a snowy mountain you will need skis which are long, flat and skinny boards which are placed beneath your feet which allow you to glid on the snow. you will also need a helmet to protect you from any head related injury's and finally you will need ski polers which are long and skinny poles normally made out of carbon fiber and other light metals, poles are usually used for ski racing and for people that need with balance and stability

not to mention that skiing can also happen where there is no snow and in place which never have snow, so if you do want to go skiing and you live in England you will have to go to a dry slope which is an artificial snowy mountain,(2) when it comes to artificial this comes under lots of things for example artificial places are places that are man made and places that have been created by humans and have not ben formed by the nature around us.

(3)an example of a fake and man made dry slope is Torquay alpine ski club.

skiing is also classed as an on site activity because when you go skiing in a resort or on a slope, the place on which you start at is where the slope is, meaning the activity is on the site. another example of this could be going indoor climbing. this is a great example of and on site activity.

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when it comes to who and where you can get providers for skiing here are many places and many different types but the most common one for skiing are voluntary providers.

voluntary providers mostly (4) rely on donations and money from the government they also get money off of fundraising and delivering public services.

the main provider that gives out opportunities for people to experience and take part in sport are (5) reach volunteering. reach volunteering (Snowsport England) are a group that help people take part in Snowsports and help you promote skiing to motivate other people to do it, reach volunteering help you and support the funding for you to go out and complete this activity, they do this by contacting other organizations and asking them to help by promoting places to ski at.

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when it comes to locations there are so many possible places you can ski at that are dry slope and man made for example there are a few in Devon and a few across London

- Torquay alpine ski club.

- (6)Plymouth snow sports center.

-(7) Exeter ski club.

there are also thousands of other locations world wide but they wouldn't fit in with the artificial s8ide of things but for a reference I have listed a few of the most popular places you can do it in the world

10 Best Ski Resorts in the World (youtube.com)

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skiing is like all of the other outdoor activities when it comes to a target audience because its so ranged and and there are so many different age groups that take part there is a mix between adults wanting to take part because they want to do it as a hobby and for fun and then you have children that can do it for enrichment and for self development, for example skiing can teach children so many skills like social skills eg finding friends that ski. it also teachers them about dangers and what not to do o there are so many benefits for a child when it come to picking a sport but in skiing and like every other sport there isn't really a target audience theres just a range of ages.

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(2) when it comes ton kayaking there are many things that make it such a beautiful sport for example its calming and you can meet so many friends doing it but some people don't know what kayaking is so for the people, that don't know what kayaking is is a sport that involves a plastic boat that is normally 8 feet long and to do it you need a paddle with two faces that allow you to go forwards backwards and to turn. to go kayaking you need gear liker a helmet, life jacket, shoes, and clothes to keep you warm, on the winter. kayaking is also a very natural sport and is done on water which hasn't been tampered with and is safe for the environment. there are negatives for a natural environment for example there are more hazards like fallen trees compared to if it was an artificial course it would have less hazards.

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(1) the British activity providers are a public provider that gain money from the government and its funded by tax money to help improve the community. they also help provide good kayaking activities for people and they also let you book in for private and public sessions and are usually book by schools are colleges we know this by looking at there website they6 say they take out people for residentials and outings.

they also have a code of practice that states all the measures they go through and all the things they do to keep people safe on the water. here are some for reference

• Accommodation
• Activity Equipment
• Activity guidelines
• Customer Care
• Environmental responsibility
• Fire Precautions
• First Aid
• Health and Safety
• Insurance
• Learning Support

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British Activity Providers Association - Assuring quality & safety in the activity industry

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when going out kayaking there are endless places you can go for example you can go to the river dart for white water kayaking or you can go somewhere very different and head off to an external facility in Hertfordshire called (3) lee valley.

an external facility is a facility you have to travel to and its also owned by someone else.

you can also kayak in the sea and you can kayak pretty much anywhere that has water, and anywhere that is safe and that matches with your ability.

you can also go kayaking with (4) intotheoutside, they will take you kayaking and take you out to places depending on where you go.

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when it comes to kayaking it varies so much and so many different people that take part and so many people with so many different ability's, for example you could have group of residential kids taking part and you could have a group of adults take p[art so when it c9omes to people taking part it really differs in ages, that why in most sports there isn't really a specific age group that takes part because sport in general is very diverse, and is very diverse when it comes to kayaking.

I know and understand that all ages take part because on BAPAs website we see that they off kayaking to residentials and adults it also states it takes up to all ages and groups.

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(1) British Activity Providers Association – Assuring quality & safety in the activity industry (thebapa.org.uk)

(2)What Is Kayaking? (rookieroad.com)

(3)Kayaking | Lee Valley White Water Centre | Better

(4)White Water Kayaking | INTO THE OUTSIDE

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(1)What Is Skiing? (rookieroad.com)

(2)ARTIFICIAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

(3)Skiing | Snowboarding | Torbay | Lessons | Snowsports | (skitorquay.co.uk)

(4)https://reachvolunteering.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Guide_Intro_to_the_voluntary_sector.pdf

(5)Volunteer with Snowsport England | Reach Volunteering

(6)Exeter Ski Club - Clifton Hill, Exeter, Devon EX1 2DJ - Welcome

(7)VPlymouth Snowsports Centre | John Nike Leisuresport (jnlplymouth.co.uk)

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Plymouth Snowsports Centre | John Nike Leisuresport

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Plymouth Snowsports Centre offer skiers and snowboarders of all levels the facilities to learn or practice ski and snowboard with qualified instructors.

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(1)https://hawaiianpaddlesports.com/news/history-of-stand-up-paddling/

(2)https://www.kingofwatersports.com/buying-guides/stand-up-paddle-boarding-buying-guide

(3)https://youtu.be/ly6N5LLPbSQ

(4)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/qualifications/full-time-courses/

(5)https://www.visitsouthdevon.co.uk/things-to-do/south-devon-area-of-outstanding-natural-beauty-p1540533#:~:text=of%20the%20countryside.-,The%20South%20Devon%20Area%20of%20Outstanding%20Natural%20Beauty%20was%20designated,countryside%20between%20Plymouth%20and%20Torbay.

(6)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/portfolio/stand-up-paddle-boarding/

(7)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/qualifications/full-time-courses/

(8)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/qualifications/bc-performance-awards/

(9)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/portfolio/stand-up-paddle-boarding/

(10)https://www.haven-banks.co.uk/groups-families/

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Grenville House, is a outdoor centre that mainly focuses on school groups, as set by the government's requirements in year 5 and 6, the aims set by the government are aims like experiencing a residential, team building, teamwork and experiencing outdoor adventure. to achieve these requirements it tends to be an outdoor centre that can cater for these requirements (12). Grenville House also run sessions for families, and will host for private groups as well, but these are only available on request through the centre (13).

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(1)https://lakelandclimbingcentres.co.uk/what-is-climbing/

(2)https://youtu.be/DxZbc6PJjHE

(3) the indoor climbing manual. published 05/12/2013

(4)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_qWZy58LU4

(5)https://www.durhamclimbingcentre.co.uk/what-is-bouldering#:~:text=Bouldering%20is%20a%20style%20of,Bouldering%20is%20an%20Olympic%20Sport!

(6)https://www.thebmc.co.uk/getting-started-trad-climbing

(7)https://www.grenvillehouse.co.uk/about-grenville-house/

(8)https://www.grenvillehouse.co.uk/activities/

(9)https://www.grenvillehouse.co.uk/indoor-climbing/

(10)https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/rock-climbing-and-wall-climbing#:~:text=Wall%20climbing%20is%20a%20sport,built%20either%20indoors%20or%20outdoors.

(11) Clapham,j. DARTMOOR 1st edition

(12)https://www.grenvillehouse.co.uk/residential-groups/

(13)https://www.grenvillehouse.co.uk/adventure/

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Outdoor Educational Centre based in Brixham