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Creswell, J., & Poth, C. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Creswell, J., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–264.

Fernandez, A. V. (2020). Embodiment and Objectification in Illness and Health Care: Taking Phenomenology from Theory to Practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21-22), 4403–4412.

Køster, A., & Fernandez, A. V. (2023). Investigating modes of being in the world: An introduction to phenomenologically grounded qualitative research. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 22(1), 149–169.

Stilwell, P., & Harman, K. (2021). Phenomenological Research Needs to be Renewed: Time to Integrate Enactivism as a Flexible Resource. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1-15.

van Manen, M. (2017). Phenomenology in Its Original Sense. Qualitative Health Research, 27(6), 810–825.

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Tips for Conducting Phenomenological Research

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Tips for Conducting Phenomenological Research

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1. Establish Rapport:

Build trust and rapport with participants to encourage open and honest sharing of their experiences. Explain the research purpose and process clearly.

Create a comfortable and non-threatening environment for interviews or observations.

2. Transcription Quality:

Ensure accurate and detailed transcription of interviews or field notes, as errors can affect the quality of data analysis.

3. Maintain a Reflective Journal:

Keep a research journal to document your thoughts, reflections, and decisions as you progress through the study. This helps maintain transparency in the research process.

4. Member Checking:

Consider member checking to validate your findings with participants. Share your interpretations with participants and ask for their feedback to ensure accuracy.

5. Triangulation:

Use multiple data sources and methods (e.g., interviews and participant observation) to enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of your findings.

6. Peer Review and Validation:

Engage in peer review or seek feedback from experts in phenomenology or qualitative research to ensure the rigor of your methodology and analysis.

7. Ethical Considerations:

Adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants. Protect their privacy and anonymity as needed.

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Fernandez's (2020) objective was to illustrate an applied phenomenological approach through the conceptual framework of embodiment. Traditionally, qualitative researchers and healthcare professionals have focused on phenomenological methods like epoché, reduction, or bracketing to avoid biases and approach phenomena with openness. However, this article argues that they can benefit from other well-defined theoretical framework of phenomenology, which includes essential concepts such as selfhood, empathy, temporality, spatiality, affectivity, and embodiment.

Fernandez, A. V. (2020). Embodiment and Objectification in Illness and Health Care: Taking Phenomenology from Theory to Practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21-22), 4403–4412.

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Steps in Conducting Phenomenological Research

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Steps in Conducting Phenomenological Research

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1. Selecting the Research Question: Begin by identifying a research question or topic that is well-suited to phenomenological inquiry. The question should focus on understanding the lived experiences of individuals or groups in a particular context.

2. Participant Selection: Choose participants who have direct and relevant experience with the phenomenon under investigation.

3. Data Collection:

In-Depth Interviews: Conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the selected participants.

Participant Observation:Researchers may engage in participant observation to immerse themselves in the participants' context. This method involves observing and recording the activities, behaviors, and interactions of participants.

4. Transcription: Transcribe the interview recordings or field notes to ensure an accurate record of the data.

5. Data Analysis:

Thematic Analysis: The most common approach to data analysis. Researchers review the transcriptions or field notes, identifying recurring themes, patterns, and significant statements related to the participants' experiences.

Coding: Researchers code the data by categorizing text segments into themes or codes that capture key aspects of the experiences. This process may involve both inductive coding (allowing themes to emerge from the data) and deductive coding (applying predefined codes based on the research question).

Constant Comparison: Researchers continually compare data segments to refine codes and themes and ensure consistency in interpretation.

6. Bracketing: Throughout the analysis process, researchers engage in bracketing or epoche, as mentioned earlier. This involves setting aside their own preconceived beliefs and biases to maintain an open and non-judgmental perspective.

7. Theme Development: Researchers refine and organize the identified themes to represent the essential aspects of the phenomenon under investigation. Themes should capture the essence of the experiences described by participants.

8. Writing a Phenomenological Description: Create a detailed and rich phenomenological description that portrays the phenomenon as experienced by participants. This should include vivid accounts and quotations from participants to illustrate the themes and essential aspects of the experience.

9. Interpretation: Interpret the findings by reflecting on the meanings, implications, and significance of the identified themes. Consider how the experiences relate to the broader context and existing literature.

10. Reporting Findings: Write up the research findings in a coherent and structured manner, adhering to the conventions of phenomenological research.

11. Member Checking: Depending on the methodology and research context, researchers may conduct member checking, where participants review and validate the findings to ensure they accurately represent their experiences.

12. Reflexivity: Throughout the research process and in the final report, researchers should engage in reflexivity by acknowledging their own biases, assumptions, and potential impact on the study.

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Bracketing: Researchers aim to temporarily suspend their preconceived beliefs, assumptions, and biases to approach the phenomenon with an open and non-judgmental mindset. This process is called "bracketing" or "epoche."

Descriptive and Interpretive: Researchers seek to provide a detailed and rich description of the phenomenon as it is experienced by participants, while also exploring the deeper meanings and interpretations associated with those experiences.

Participant-Centered: Phenomenological studies often involve in-depth interviews, open-ended questioning, and other methods that allow participants to describe their experiences in their own words and from their own perspectives.

Reduction and Analysis: Researchers engage in a process of phenomenological reduction or eidetic reduction, which involves systematically reducing the data to its essential components, identifying patterns and themes, and organizing these into a coherent understanding of the phenomenon.

Essence and Meaning: Phenomenology seeks to uncover the essence or core structure of the phenomenon, which represents the fundamental characteristics and meanings that define it for participants. This essence is often expressed in the form of themes or categories.

Contextualization: Phenomenological research acknowledges the importance of the context in which experiences occur. Researchers consider how cultural, social, historical, and situational factors influence the phenomenon under investigation.

Reflexivity: Researchers reflect on their own experiences, biases, and assumptions throughout the research process and acknowledge the potential impact of their own subjectivity on the interpretation of data.

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1. Narrative Research
2. Phenomenology
3. Grounded Theory
4. Ethnography
5. Case Study

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Phenomenology is an approach and philosophical perspective that focuses on understanding and exploring the lived experiences of individuals or groups. It seeks to uncover the essence or nature of these experiences and gain insights into how people make sense of their subjective reality. Phenomenology places a strong emphasis on the subjective perspective and the unique way in which individuals perceive, interpret, and give meaning to their experiences.