# data[].attributes.headline
Native Americans 2200BC - 1600AD: Period Characteristics

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Native Americans 2200BC - 1600AD: Period Characteristics

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.
2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.
3. Deep respect for nature and animals.
4. Cyclical worldview.
5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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2200 BC, (Genesis 11:1-9)

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1607

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Native Americans spoke more than 300 languages.

source: https://www.history.com/news/native-american-tribes-facts

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Native Americans cultivated many of the world's most important crops.  it is estimated that 60 percent of the global food supply was based on crops that originated in North America.

source: https://www.history.com/news/native-american-tribes-facts

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507

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1692

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Famous Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Famous Authors and Works

# data[].attributes.body
William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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The original settlers of Jamestown were all men.

source: https://www.history.com/news/jamestown-colony-settlement-facts

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #2

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The birth of American democracy began in Jamestown.

source: https://www.history.com/news/jamestown-colony-settlement-facts

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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1607

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1775

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Famous Authors and Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Famous Authors and Works

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #1

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #1

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The Enlightenment was especially prominent in France, where its leaders were known as the philosophes. They published the multivolume Encyclopédie which eventually totaled 35 volumes by 1780.

source: https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Enlightenment-Key-Facts#:~:text=The%20Enlightenment%2C%20also%20known%20as,and%20improve%20their%20own%20condition.

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #2

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #2

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Three of the chief sources for Enlightenment thought were the ideas of the ancient Greek philosophers, the Renaissance, and the scientific revolution of the late Middle Ages.

source: https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Enlightenment-Key-Facts#:~:text=The%20Enlightenment%2C%20also%20known%20as,and%20improve%20their%20own%20condition.

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #3

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #3

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Immanuel Kant, defined enlightenment this way: “Enlightenment is the liberation of man from his self-caused state of minority. Minority is the incapacity of using one’s understanding without the direction of another. This state of minority is self-caused when its source lies not in a lack of understanding but in a lack of determination to use it without the assistance of another.”

source: https://www.allabouthistory.org/age-of-reason.htm

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #4

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Rationalism: "The Age of Reason", "The Enlightenment": Fact #4

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The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789 and emphasized the rights of common men as opposed to the exclusive rights of the elites.

source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/#:~:text=Impact,modern%2C%20rational%2C%20democratic%20societies.

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Famous Authors and Works

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Famous Authors and Works

# data[].attributes.body
Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Fact #1

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Fact #1

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Brook Farms was a short-lived utopian experiment in communal living. It was to combine the thinker and the worker, to guarantee the greatest mental freedom, and to prepare a society of liberal, cultivated persons, whose relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simpler life than could be led amid the pressure of competitive institutions.

source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brook-Farm

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Fact #2

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Transcendentalism: "The American Renaissance": Fact #2

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Abolitionism was a movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery.

source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/abolitionism-European-and-American-social-movement

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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industrialization

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The War of 1812

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California Gold Rush

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Romanticism- Industrialization: Famous Authors and Works

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Romanticism- Industrialization: Famous Authors and Works

# data[].attributes.body
Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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The French Romantic Eugène Delacroix was a leading artist of the 19th century. His bold color usage and free brushwork would become his signature style, inspiring artists of the future, including the impressionists.

source: https://www.thecollector.com/5-things-you-should-know-about-eugene-delacroix/

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The Romantic Period saw more successful women writers, a precursor to their popularity in the Victorian era. The most significant female writer during this period was Jane Austen. Some of her famous novels include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), and others. Her literary style highlights the everyday lives of average people, making a turn toward social realism.

source: https://www.easternct.edu/speichera/understanding-literary-history-all/the-romantic-period.html

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Hawthorne changed his last name in part to hide his family’s dark past. The novelist’s great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was a leading judge of the Salem witch trials, and his ancestor’s shameful past haunted Hawthorne, so he added a 'w' in part to disassociate himself.

source: https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne

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Shortly after Hawthorne completed writing Tanglewood Tales in 1853, the Senate approved his nomination by the newly inaugurated Pierce to be a United States consul in Liverpool, England, among the most lucrative of diplomatic positions.

source: https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne

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FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was quick to equate any kind of protest with communist subversion, including the civil rights demonstrations led by Martin Luther King Jr. Hoover labeled King a communist and covertly worked to intimidate and discredit the civil rights leader.

source:
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare

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McCarthy’s reign of terror continued until his colleagues formally denounced his tactics in 1954 during the Army-McCarthy hearings, when army lawyer Joseph Welch famously asked McCarthy, “Have you no decency?”

source:
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare

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Whitman set up the Long-Islander, his own newspaper venture, when he was just nineteen years old. It is still maintained today.

source: https://interestingliterature.com/2023/04/walt-whitman-facts/#

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Whitman left formal schooling when he was eleven, in order to find work to help support his parents and siblings.

The young Whitman worked as an office boy for two lawyers and was then apprentice and ‘printer’s devil’ for the weekly Long Island newspaper, the Patriot. It was while working for the Patriot that Whitman learned about typesetting and printing: skills which would prove invaluable when he came to prepare his own unusual poetry for print years later.

source:
https://interestingliterature.com/2023/04/walt-whitman-facts/#

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Whitman’s free verse was greatly inspired by the Old Testament psalms: unrhymed, rhythmically irregular, and varying between long and short in length according to the movement and mood of the poem. It was like nothing else American readers had seen before.

To accommodate this, he designed a special size of paper with a wider page enabling his longer lines to be typeset more easily so they didn’t run onto a new line.

source:
https://interestingliterature.com/2023/04/walt-whitman-facts/#

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Anne Bradstreet was the first published poet in America – male or female.

Although it would not appear in print in America until 1678, six years after her death, Bradstreet’s poetry collection The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was published in London in 1650, making her the first poet living in the New World to have a book of poems published.

source:
https://interestingliterature.com/2023/01/facts-about-anne-bradstreet/

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Annes's husband was married to two women named Anne (Bradstreet).

After Anne died in 1672, her widower, Simon Bradstreet, married another woman, also named Anne. She was Anne Gardiner, but took her husband’s name when she married him, so she became, as it were, ‘the second Mrs. Anne Bradstreet’.

source:
https://interestingliterature.com/2023/01/facts-about-anne-bradstreet/

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Both Anne’s father and her husband were instrumental in the founding of Harvard University in 1636, and two of the poet’s sons would later be graduates, of the college: Samuel (1653) and Simon (1660). Anne lived with her husband in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the time that Harvard was founded.

source: https://interestingliterature.com/2023/01/facts-about-anne-bradstreet/

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#1

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#1

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His debut book ("And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry Street") was rejected 27 times before it finally went to the printing press. The story is about a boy named Marco who wants to tell his father an interesting story about what he saw that day on his walk home from school — but the only thing Marco has seen (other than his own feet) is a boring old horse and wagon on Mulberry Street.

source:
https://www.npr.org/2012/01/24/145471724/how-dr-seuss-got-his-start-on-mulberry-street

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#2

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#2

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Seuss is credited with inventing the word "nerd." It first appeared in "If I Ran the Zoo" in 1950.

source:
https://www.cbc.ca/books/63-facts-about-the-world-of-dr-seuss-1.4557340

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#3

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Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss): Fact#3

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Seuss was banned from The Jack-O-Lantern (Dartmouth College's humor magazine) after being caught with alcohol during Prohibition. To subvert this, he submitted cartoons under the names T. Seuss and Seuss. That's how he first came to use his famous pen name.

source:
https://www.drseussart.com/biodartmouth/

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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One-third of the soldiers who fought for the Union Army during the Civil War were immigrants, and nearly one in 10 was African American.

source: https://www.history.com/news/10-surprising-civil-war-facts

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Sixteen African Americans served in Congress during the Reconstruction era, including two U.S. Senators: Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Rhodes Revels.

source: https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reconstruction-Key-Facts

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Fact #1: Jack Finney was given the name John Finney at birth, but was legally renamed Walter Braden Finney at the age of three. (The renaming was to commemorate Finney's father, also named Walter, who died in 1914.)

Fact #2: Despite the multiple names, Finney was known as Jack from birth, and continued to be called Jack by all who knew him throughout his life.

Fact #3: Mr. Finney specialized in thrillers and works of science fiction. Two of his novels, "The Body Snatchers" and "Good Neighbor Sam" became the basis of popular films, but it was "Time and Again" (1970) that won him a devoted following.

sources:
https://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/finney-obit.html

https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0278277/bio/

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Fact #1: As a child Susan had a natural affinity for animals, often rescuing strays. Her grandmother regaled her with real-life pioneer adventure stories that sparked her imagination.

Fact #2: Always eager to flex her intellectual muscles, at age twenty-one, Glaspell entered Drake University. It was the 1890s and this was both unusual and controversial, as societal belief held that college education made a woman unfit for marriage.

Fact #3: Glaspell and her husband George Cram Cook founded the Provincetown Players, considered the first modern American theater company.

source: https://www.literaryladiesguide.com/author-biography/susan-glaspell/

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.

2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.

3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Along with humans, many animals had joined the first war as well.

Horses, donkeys, mules, and camels carried food, water, ammunition, and medical supplies to men at the front, and dogs and pigeons carried messages. Cats and dogs were trained to hunt rats in the trenches.

Many animals were kept as pets and mascots to raise morale and provide comfort amidst the hardships of war.

source:
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/15-animals-that-went-to-war#:~:text=Horses%2C%20donkeys%2C%20mules%20and%20camels,hunt%20rats%20in%20the%20trenches.

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The fact that a board game called Monopoly originated and became popular during the Great Depression is ironic in itself. The game was a huge success among Great Depression families because it was a relatively cheap form of entertainment that they could use over and over.

source: https://www.history.com/news/great-depression-entertainment-monopoly-movies-radio

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For the average American family, and even for racial minorities, aggressive economic growth after World War I meant that previous luxuries were now more affordable, redefining the American Dream into consumerism and materialism.

source:
https://ciceroinstitute.org/the-evolution-of-the-american-dream/

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Vacations were another new trend, making cruises and ocean liners very popular. These ships began to incorporate all types of entertainment for the American family on vacation, including onboard swimming pools and movie theaters.

source:
https://ciceroinstitute.org/the-evolution-of-the-american-dream/

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The American Dream of the 1930s had been focused on working hard, men providing for their families, and hope to rise above the Depression. By the 1940s, post-WWII, consumerism, and first-wave feminism started to play a role in the American Dream.

source: https://www.ultraswank.net/kitsch/american-dream-1940s-1950s/

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The American Dream in the 1940s was about establishing stability after a tough couple of decades, which generally included a house in the suburbs, a steady job and a solid family unit. It was the decade in which standard of living rose dramatically and the culture of consumption began to gain traction.

source: https://www.lovemoney.com/galleries/84477/what-the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born#:~:text=The%20American%20Dream%20in%20the,consumption%20began%20to%20gain%20traction.

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The American Dream during the 1950s included the comforts of home ownership and the opportunity to start a family. Although the housing boom began shortly after World War II, it wasn’t until 16 million veterans actually returned from the war that America went on a full-fledged housing spree. The baby boom was well on its way. By 1954, more than four million babies were being born each year, peaking at 4.3 million in 1957.

source: https://www.achrnews.com/articles/87033-the-1950s-pursuing-the-american-dream

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One of the suburbs built by William Levitt.

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The post-war economy boomed, kicking off a golden age of American Capitalism that saw the doubling of America’s gross national product from 1946 to 1960, flooding a burgeoning middle class with consumer goods and revolutionary home appliances like never before. Fueled by low-cost mortgages backed by the G.I. Bill, young couples flocked to new tract suburbs built by developers such as William Levitt, collectively earning the nicknames “Fertility Valley” and the “Rabbit Hutch” in light of the ongoing Baby Boom.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx_Rk2v_JGw

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Harlem Renaissance 1920–1940 "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s": Period Characteristics

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Harlem Renaissance 1920–1940 "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s": Period Characteristics

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1. Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York

2. Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos

3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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1919-1925

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1920-1933

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Harlem Renaissance: Famous Authors and Works

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Harlem Renaissance: Famous Authors and Works

# data[].attributes.body
James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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The music that percolated in and then boomed out of Harlem in the 1920s was jazz, often played at speakeasies offering illegal liquor. Jazz became a great draw for not only Harlem residents but outside white audiences also.

source: https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/harlem-renaissance

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With the groundbreaking new music came vibrant nightlife. The Savoy opened in 1927, an integrated ballroom with two bandstands that featured continuous jazz and dancing well past midnight, sometimes in the form of battling bands helmed by Fletcher Henderson, Jimmie Lunceford and King Oliver.

source: https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/harlem-renaissance

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Between 1950 and 1970, the American cultural narrative had become increasingly woven with the capitalist freedoms enjoyed by the upper crust of society and the notion that financial success was only possible because of the value of a protected democracy. In other words, the general anti-Soviet attitude resulted in the hardening of a new definition of the American Dream: freedom from communist rule. The variation of “a freedom from” (as opposed to “a freedom to”) had been brewing for years, as evidenced by the wars in Korea and Vietnam. Thus, the American Dream was now encoded with freedom from communism, freedom from fascism, and freedom from a lack of upward mobility.

source: https://www.thecollector.com/american-dream-evolution/

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Martin Luther King Jr., the beloved civil rights activist, delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963. Struggles for social justice, inscribed in the Declaration of Independence but painfully withheld in practice, came into full focus as protests and marches spread across the nation. Political cynicism contributed to the cultural change, with struggles increasing over civil rights and environmentalism.

source: https://www.thecollector.com/american-dream-evolution/

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"Greed is good" was a popular saying in the 80s

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The 1980's were a hard time for many Americans because the economy was in a recession. Farmers were especially unfortunate because crop prices declined, as did exports. So, during this time Americans dreamed of being carefree, having fun, and make money.

source: https://theamericandream5.weebly.com/1980s.html

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For many people, the embodiment of the 80s was the young, urban professional, or “yuppie,” a baby boomer with a college education, a good-paying job and expensive taste. Many people derided yuppies for being self-centered and materialistic, and surveys of young urban professionals across the country showed that they were, indeed, more concerned with making money and buying consumer goods than their parents and grandparents had been.

source: https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/1980s

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Extending itself further from the American Dream of a virtuous society, the 1990s began to recognize the contributions of women and minorities in the civic arena. The last decade of the century also saw a shift in presidential trends, straying from the historically veteran-based profile defining their main appeal to voters.

source: https://www.thecollector.com/american-dream-evolution/

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Technology started to influence all parts of life in the United States, introducing a new rush for accessories and opening a floodgate of new status–boosting products. Having a home was no longer enough: cell phones, televisions, video games, and personal computers were addictively enticing purchase options.

source: https://www.thecollector.com/american-dream-evolution/

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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1950-1953

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1954-1975

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Contemporary "Postmodernism": Famous Authors and Works

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Contemporary "Postmodernism": Famous Authors and Works

# data[].attributes.body
Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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Today, postmodernism envelops pop art, “conceptual art, neo-expressionism, feminist art, and the Young British Artists of the 1990s,” among others. It’s important to note, though, that not all contemporary art falls under postmodernism, but all postmodern art is generally considered “contemporary.”

source: https://www.artpublikamag.com/post/is-this-real-life-is-this-just-fantasy-three-little-known-facts-about-postmodernism

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Jacques Lacan (1901–1981), was a prominent French psychoanalyst and theorist. His ideas had a huge impact on critical theory in the twentieth century and were particularly influential on post-structuralist philosophy and the development of postmodernism.

source: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/postmodernism

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To The Test Of Time: 'Borne' Jeff Vandermeer (2017)

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To The Test Of Time: 'Borne' Jeff Vandermeer (2017)

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In this dystopian sci-fi, a young woman named Rachel survives as a scavenger in a ruined city half destroyed by drought and conflict. The city is dangerous, littered with discarded experiments from the Company—a biotech firm now derelict—and punished by the unpredictable predations of a giant bear. The novel explores themes of nature vs. technology and identity.

source: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374115241/borne