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a group of layers to which a mask is applied.

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allows users to alter their object or selection in a variety of ways, such as scale, rotate, distort, or flip (mirror)

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the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters.

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The vertical space between lines of type

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the process of loosening or tightening a block of text

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enables you to tighten up a picture and make it clearer by making it sharper.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image.

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darkens areas of an image.

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allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation

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The Sponge tool subtly changes the color saturation of an area.

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Windows › Brushes and search for it in the Brushes panel.

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Crops images to cut out certain things.

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Select the Move tool in the Tools panel to display alignment and distribution icons in the Options bar

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paints individual pixels, and you can alter how it behaves.

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allows you to add horizontal text to your images

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allows you to move your image around its window by dragging

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used for magnifying a selected part of the image

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Paints colors onto you image.

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Rectangular/ Eliptical Marquee tool

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Allows you to make a selection based on color.

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helps you automatically select areas that are similar in tone and color

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helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image

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allow you fix imperfections, like scratches, wrinkles, dust spots, etc., causing them to disappear into the surrounding image

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magically removes unwanted spots, marks, or small objects in your image

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copies pixels from one area and applies them to another.

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like a giant healing brush, use it to remove large blemishes from photos.

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helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work

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a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C

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full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm

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magnification factor", "focal length factor" or "focal length multiplier".

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minimizes blur caused by camera shake.

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fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image

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llow you to emphasize and bring faraway subjects closer, from people to wildlife to mountains.

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film and photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system. Confusion between these two meanings can occur without clarifying context.

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capture small subjects at close distances.

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The last hour before sunset and the first hour after sunrise

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The blue hour is the period of twilight when the Sun is at a significant depth below the horizon. During this time, the remaining sunlight takes on a mostly blue shade. This shade differs from the colour of the sky on a clear day, which is caused by Rayleigh scattering

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Red, blue, and yellow

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ow Does Double Exposure Work in Film?

1. Take your first photo. The camera shutter opens to expose the film to one image, then closes. ...

2. Rewind the film and take your second photo. ...

3. Develop both images in one photo.

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high dynamic range.

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PSD files are the native file format of Adobe Photoshop

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JPEG files (or JPG files) are a type of raster image file format that uses compression to store data, and has the file extension

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Portable Network Graphic

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contain uncompressed and unprocessed image data

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Some of the most common document file formats include PDF, DOC and DOCX, HTML and HTM, and XLS and XLSX.

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Straight Out Of Camer

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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the level of detail contained in an imag

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a proportional relationship between an image's width and height.

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to remove or adjust the outside edges of an image (typically a photo) to improve framing or composition, draw a viewer's eye to the subject, or change the size 

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen.

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This is where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop.

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The tool palette in Photoshop is located on the left-most side of Photoshop. Here's an image of the Photoshop tool palette: The tool palette of Adobe Photoshop contains different types of tools that can be used to edit and enhance the quality of the image by the user.J

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a toolbar appears at the top of a screen or window.

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displays a visual representation of your workspaces, as shown in Figure 4–3. Figure 4–3 shows the Workspace Switcher when the Java Desktop System session contains four workspaces. Your workspaces appear as buttons on the panel application.

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It can be used to help achieve accurate colors in photos, regardless of the lighting conditions.

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helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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when you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures.

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a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something

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a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown

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a brief evocative description, account, or episode.

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an outstanding part of an event or period of time.

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The Tonal Range That Lies Between The Extreme Highlights And Shadows, Lending A Sense Of Depth, Dimension, And Naturalness To A Photograph

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a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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In pincushion distortion, image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis. The visible effect is that lines that do not go through the ...

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where two separate images are placed side by side

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a group of three pictures.

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“mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.”

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the process of measuring the light in a scene.

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measures the average brightness of the entire screen.

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder

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In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes.

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a photographic technique that combines a slow shutter speed with camera motion to create a sense of speed around a moving object

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time.

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time.

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the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time

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the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images.

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A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support with one leg (the “mono”).

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ncreases realism and a sense of speed

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allows you to use shutter speeds slower than the standard maximum of 30 seconds

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes

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the photographer selects an aperture, and the camera chooses an appropriate shutter speed based on the available light.

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a shooting mode whereby the photographer sets the shutter speed, while the camera automatically sets the Aperture.

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you're in charge of adjusting aperture

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the camera still sets the exposure for you.

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It gives your camera complete control over its various settings, including the ISO, the aperture, the shutter speed, the autofocus mode, and even the flash

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the visual quality of the out-of-focus areas of a photographic image, especially as rendered by a particular lens.

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the area of acceptable sharpness in front of and behind the subject which the lens is focused.

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The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of a lens

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aperture measurements on your camera

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a space through which light passes in an optical or photographic instrument, especially the variable opening by which light enters a camera.

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the term digital noise refers to visual distortion

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the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion.

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a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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an arbitrary rating of film speed

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your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor.