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Heisenberg added onto Bohr's theory that for the atom, electrons absorb and emit radiation that are fixed wavelengths jumping between fixed orbits around a nucleus. Heisenberg put together a type of quantum mechanic based on the matrices. He also discovered the uncertainty principle. This principle meant that you can't locate the exact position of an electron at any given time because they are too fast and too small. This work led to the discovery of the strong force that the nucleus has which holds the protons and neutrons together.

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Bohr proposed that electrons don't radiate energy as they orbit the nucleus instead they exist in constant states of energy which he called stationary states meaning they orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus. He focused on explaining the inner workings of the hydrogen atom. Bohr explained that electrons can be moved into different orbits with the addition of energy but without it they return to their original ground state emitting a corresponding amount of energy which later became known as the quantum theory. In summary, Bohr was actually correct about intertwining quantum theory intot his model and that the electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the small positively charged nucleus but he was wrong about many parts of his theory.

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Thomson's atomic model was the earliest theoretical description of the inside of an atom. Known as the plum pudding model, his theory was that the atoms are uniformed and sphere shaped of positively charged matter with set electrons. He described it as "negatively charged electrons embedded within a positively charged soup". In the end, he correctly discovered the electron by experimenting with a Crooke tube.

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Rutherford concluded that the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is from the center of it that he named the nucleus. His theory also suggested that all of the negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus. He also believed that the electrons that surround the nucleus move in a circular motion with very high speeds and these circles were named orbits. He also thought that they are all held together by a strong force of attraction. He did have many limitations when figuring out his theory, however, in the end he was the first to discover the nucleus and he bombarded the a-particles with a gold sheet which made him encounter the existence of positively charged stuff inside of the atom.

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Dalton described his theory in 1804 and said the atom is a solid with hard, massy, impenetrable, movable particles and they made up everything. In the end, he concluded that all matter is made up of atoms, atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed, atoms are identical in size, mass, and other properties. He also concluded that atoms that are different elements can be combined when in whole number ratios to form chemical compounds and in chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged, combined, or seperated.