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Will our Child have Sickle-Cell Anemia?

Husband's mother tt (has sickle cell disease)

Husband Tt (does not have sickle cell disease)

Wife TT or Tt(does not have sickle cell disease)

Sickle cell disease is a condition that is caused by a singular change in the DNA mutation and by this blood cells are misshaped making it difficult to flow in blood vessels. People who have this disease are called homozygous recessive meaning they have 2 lowercase letters. Those who don't have Sickle cell disease have two or one big Uppercase letter. Since the uppercase letter is the dominant it can over power the lowercase letter yet no sickle cell disease. To find out if the child will have sickle cell disease we will use Punnet squares using the possible genotypes (letter codes) of the parents. But first I'll be using a pedigree. A pedigree is a diagram of how this sickle cell disease appears in families. In this diagram I'm representing males as a square and females as a circle. To know who has the disease the square or the circle would be shaded in. I was unsure if the the grandpa was TT or Tt even so he could be any and still doesn't have sickled cells. For the grandma I knew 100% that she did had the disease which can only make her be tt and her circle will be shaded in. As for the Dad he does not have the sickle cell disease which makes him Tt since he carries the lowercase "t" from the grandma. For the mom she does not have the disease that would make her TT or Tt. Second part of this experiment to find out if the child will have the disease I'll be using the Punnet squares and I'll be making two squares of the possible letter codes of the parents that can lead us to know if the child will have the disease. For the first Punnet square I decided that the Dad will have the Tt letter code and the Mom will have TT letter code. For the box I add the dad's letter codes at the side of the box and for the mom her letter codes would be on top of the box. Since the "T" is the dominate I will bring it down in the 4 squares. For the dad's letter codes I will also be putting them beside the uppercase T. Now we bring down the rest of the Mom's letter codes. As you can see from the picture this means that there's 50% chance of TT and 50% chance Tt. As I said the "T" is dominating the recesive "t' making this experiment conclude saying the baby would not have Sickled Cell Anemia. For the second Punnet square The Dad would be Tt and the mother will be Tt and yet not have the sickled cell disease. Like I did for the first Punnet square I will input the mom's letter codes on top of the square and the dad's on the side. Now we can bring down the mom's letter codes into the squares and then add the dad's. Now on this Punnet square I can see that there's the same amount of both dominate and recesive. There's 25% of TT, 50% Tt and 25% tt. In this experiment there's more "t". Calculating the recesive, there's 75% the baby will have Sickled Cell Anemia.

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 Why does sickle cell anemia occur?

Normal HBB DNA Sequence: TAC-CAC-GTG-GAC-TGA-GGA-CTC-CTC-TTC-AGA-CGG-CAA-TGA

RNA: AUG-GUG-CAC-CUG-ACU-CCU-GAG-GAG-AAG-UCU-GCC-GUU-ACU

Amino acids: MET-VAL-HIS-LEU-THR-PRO-GLU-GLO-LYS-SER-ALA-VAL-THR

Sickled Cell HBB DNA Sequence: TAC-CAC-GTG-GAC-TGA-GGA-CAC-CTC-TTC-AGA-CGG-CAA-TGA

RNA:AUG-GUG-CAC-CUG-ACU-CCU-GUG-GAG-AAG-UCU-GCC-GUU-ACU

Amino acids: MET-VAL-HIS-LEU-THR-PRO-VAL-GLU-LYS-SER-ALA-VAL-THR

In our 23 chromosomes we have DNA and RNA sequences. DNA is double stranded while the RNA is only single stranded. In these strands they form hemoglobin that can help the blood cells build their round shape making it easy to flow through blood vessels. The hemoglobin is a protein that is found in blood cells, these hemoglobin are responsible for oxygen in tissues. People with Sickled Cell disease have a mutation (change) in the HBB gene. The HBB gene (DNA) is what forms the Hemoglobin. Now the DNA sequence have adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, these are nitrogen bases. These can also be called "A, G,T,C," for short. Also these are grouped in three. They can be called nucleotides or codons. For these codons to form "A" pairs with "T" and "C" with "G".They are what takes up the DNA, they are the sequence code. For the RNA sequence they also have adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine. I know that a single change in the mutation can lead to Sickled Cell Anemia. For this experiment I will transcribe and translate both normal and sickle cell DNA sequences. But to find out changes or differences between the sequences I will need to turn the DNA into RNA then to Amino acids. Amino acids are molecules that combines with other Amino acids and make proteins. For my experiment I will be using the Codon chart to identify the amino acids. As you can see on the picture I used 13 codons for both normal and Sickled Cell sequences. For example the first codon of the normal sequence is "TAC" the opposite for that will be "AUG" since in RNA "T" goes with "A", "A' with "U", lastly "U" with "C". In all my my 13 DNA codons I will transform them into RNA bases. Same goes for the sickled DNA sequence. Now that I got both of my RNA sequences, For this I will be using the Codon chart. The Codon chart shows me the amino acids that stands with that nucleotide. Now that I found the amino acids for both Normal and Sickled I can see they have the same Amino acids but one Codon is different. I looked again at the DNA sequence for both and I see that my #7 codom is different , for the normal one I see that it's "CTC" and for the sickled I see "CAC". Now that I see this I can guess that single mutation in the HBB gene can change the whole letter code while being transform into RNA after when it gets turn to Amino acids. The sickled cell sequence will have a change into the gene completely changing it from the normal HBB gene sequence. On the Normal one the #7 amino is turned into Glu while the sickled #7 is turned into Val. These amino acids are totally different from eachother. This can be a problem because these amino acids can't be put together to make protein disrupting the pattern in the gene.

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Curing Sickle-Cell Anemia with CRISPR

CRISPR is a treatment that is being used to cure sickle disease. This treatment is a technology that is allowing scientists to edit a cell's DNA sequence. That means that scientists can use CRISPR to take out that gene or edit it to solve disease Mutation. CRISPR can use the guidance of RNA molecules to locate the change in mutation and would try to remove or edit it. Removing the Sickle cells from the their DNA can completely change someone mutations in their gene sequences and this can cure them from having Sickle-Cell Anemia.