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The start of the Restoration Era (1660-1685)

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The start of the Restoration Era (1660-1685)

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Charles II was crowned king of Scotland after his father, Charles I, was beheaded in 1649. Wanting to take back the English crown, he plans an attack on Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector). He failed and was forced to flee the country. After Oliver passed away in 1658, his son Richard took over as Lord Protector. Only nine months after his father's death, Richard resigned, unable to gain respect from the British people. Charles II returned to London on May 29 1660, being restored to the throne. He was crowned king of England on 23 April 1661.

The link is a video of how the Restoration of the Stuart Monarchy might have happened.

The Last King (2004).

https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/timeline-restoration-monarchy-charles-ii-key-moments/

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After being closed for 18 years during the Puritans era, the theatres reopened in 1660 under Charles II's reign. Women started performing in theatre during this era.

https://www.rsc.org.uk/restoration-play

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We regularly stage Restoration dramas and comedies, which were written from around 1660 to 1710.

The Restoration period refers to the time following the restoration of the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies under King Charles II in 1660. While the exact dates differ depending on context, for Restoration drama it is often seen as continuing through until 1710, during the reign of Queen Anne.

It was an important time for drama, as the theatres were reopened in 1660 after being closed under the Puritans for 18 years. This also marked the start of women performing on the English stage. The Restoration plays that followed often rebelled against the puritanical standards, featuring lavish design and risqué humour.

Famous comedies from the era include William Wycherley's The Country Wife (1675), Aphra Behn's The Rover (1677) and George Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer (1706). Well-known Restoration tragedies include Roger Boyle's The Black Prince (1667) and Thomas Otway's Venice Preserv'd (1682).

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Restoration plays | Royal Shakespeare Company

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Learn about the Restoration period and its key plays and authors.

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Oliver Cromwell, Robert Blake and Henry Ireton, who all played major roles in the execution of Charles I, were dug up from their graves to then be hung and beheaded again in 1661.

https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/timeline-restoration-monarchy-charles-ii-key-moments/

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During Charles II his reign, London was hit with the biggest plague outbreak since 1348. London and all towns within a 10-mile radius around London were affected. Upperclass people in London could flee from the plague. With them were Charles II and most of his court. Around 100,000 people passed away from the plague in London.

https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/london-stories/the-great-plague-of-1665/

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The second Anglo-Dutch war started in March 1665, when England declared war on the Dutch. The war stemmed from issues between England and the Dutch Republic, mainly related to trade and commerce.

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/4403

https://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/proclamations-on-trade-and-com/intro/the_second_anglo-dutch_war

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Charles II goes behind the public's back to sign a secret treaty with Louis XIV, King of France. The treaty of Dover, signed on 22 May 1670 stated that in return for French subsidies, Charles II would Join Louis XIV in waging war on the Dutch.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639064

https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/timeline-restoration-monarchy-charles-ii-key-moments/

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The Four Days Battle was fought during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. It was fought in the North-Sea, from 1-4 June 1666. Eventually, the Dutch left victorious. The battle is one of the longest battles fought at sea.

https://collections.artsmia.org/art/3280/the-four-days-battle-abraham-storck

https://snr.org.uk/maritime-art/an-action-of-the-four-days-battle-1-4-june-1666-after-1666/

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With the great Plague of London not fully over, the Londoners were hit with another catastrophe during Charles II's reign. The Great Fire of London started from a baker's shop off pudding Lane on 2 September 1666 and lasted three days. Around 13,200 houses went up in flames, along with St Paul's Cathedral. The costs of the fire have been estimated to have been around 10 million pounds.

-lecture slides

https://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/proclamations-on-trade-and-com/intro/the_second_anglo-dutch_war

https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/8938/- image

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The Popish Plot was a time during the Restoration Era when there was a significant amount of tension, especially politically. The Popish Plot was a made-up conspiracy started by Catholics to kill King Charles II and have his younger brother ascend to the throne. It led to several executions and trials against Catholic people. The Catholic party was also excluded from Parliament for 150 years due to the Popish Plot.

https://monumentoffame.org/2020/07/31/the-popish-plot/

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In an era of fake news and questionable political advisers, the Popish plot is a reminder that the political intrigues and scandals of the past could be equally as strange as those of today and tha…

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John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal (1675)

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John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal (1675)

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In 1675 John Flamsteed was appointed Charles II's "Astronomical Observator." He was to map the position of all the fixed stars. However, he failed to complete his catalogue, and was later nicknamed "Flamsteed the perfectionist."

The Restoration Era is now known for its theatre revival, literature and arts, and how far science came during that period.

https://ornc.org/news/sir-john-flamsteeds-375th-birthday/

http://emlo-portal.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/collections/?catalogue=john-flamsteed

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The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 refers to a person's rights. It states that a person has a right not to be imprisoned unless charged with a crime. The accused can challenge their arrest or detention through a judge.

The term Habeas Corpus is a Latin phrase which means "produce the body". Meaning to hand over a prisoner, so they can prove their innocense.

http://www4.policiamilitar.sp.gov.br/unidades/dpcdh/Normas_Direitos_Humanos/HABEAS%20CORPUS%20ACT%20-%201679%20-%20INGLÊS.pdf

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After 25 years of reign (Charles II was King of Scotland for 10 years before he also became King of England), Charles II passed away after supposedly suffering from a stroke. In his last days/hours, he converted to Roman Catholicism after being a Protestant. His younger brother King James II of England, and King James VII of Scotland became his successor.

https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/timeline-restoration-monarchy-charles-ii-key-moments/