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Cognitive factors in language acquisition refer to the mental processes involved in learning a new language. Several factors contribute to this, including memory, self-awareness (metacognition), age, and existing knowledge or mental frameworks (schemas), and many more.

Understanding these factors helps identify both the strengths and challenges that different learners face in acquiring a second language.

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Implications of Culture on Language | Amirpooya Dardashti | TEDxTAMU

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Linguistic factors focus on the features of a language and how they connect with the learner's own language. Here are a few factors -

Language Similarity: The more similar the languages, the easier it is to learn.

Language Complexity: More complex languages are harder to learn.

Transfer from First Language: Using knowledge from first language to help with second language.

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Political factors play a critical role in language acquisition because they decide the languages that are prioritized for education, the rights of minority language speakers, and the spread of languages tied to economic or political power.

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Physical factors are key to language acquisition because they affect how learners perceive, understand, and speak the language. Physical conditions such as disorders, health, and sleep and rest can certainly impact a persons ability to acquire a new language. One key physical factor to take into consideration is the environment that the student is learning in. It is helpful to have immersive activities for students so they can practice listening and speaking.

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These factors are connected to the social and cultural setting in which language learning takes place. Language is closely linked to social rules, cultural traditions, and a person's identity.

Access to resources like classes and media helps learners practice and improve. Being part of a community where the language is spoken also helps learners use the language regularly. Understanding the culture behind a language helps learners use it properly. Learners are also more motivated when they feel connected to the culture or see the language as part of who they are.