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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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Launched centuries of European exploration and colonization of the American continent.

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Destroyed the Aztec empire, and the Spanish began to consolidate control over what became the colony of New Spain

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The first English attempt at a permanent and stable English settlement in North America. It failed.

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War that pitted Native Americans against English settlers and their Indian allies. Paved the way for additional English settlements

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The first popular uprising in the American colonies. It was long viewed as an early revolt against English tyranny

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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A colonist who supported British rule

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada.

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A group of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor in protest of the British Parliament's Tea Act of 1773

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives from each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss their response to the British "Intolerable Acts."

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A resolution created by the Continental Congress, which broke all ties between colonists and the British, creating the idea in America that the colonies were now "states"

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An uprising of rural, indebted farmers in western Massachusetts, against Boston creditors. It began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

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A Philadelphia meeting that brought together representatives form each of the colonies, except Georgia, to discuss the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

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Printed in newspapers, this was largely a warning against political parties and permanent foreign alliances

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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Campaign to end slavery

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

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Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

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Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to production of goods for sale

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A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars

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Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri

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General Robert Ross, a British force occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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The campaign to allow female voters

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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Tax on imports

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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War over the European control of Cuba, American won and gained: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and an alliance with Cuba

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A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat during WWI. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

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The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in 1929 and approximately ending with the start of the next war.

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A U.S. battleship exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; 260 Americans died. Although it was later concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, the sinking provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain.

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The first, modern global war, started by the shooting of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The war is remembered for its violence and destruction, costing over 20 million lives and billions of dollars.

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President FDR's precursor of the modern welfare state. His programs were meant to combat economic depression and it enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy.

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An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including Americans. It paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.

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One of the most significant decades in US History because of the great changes that came about in American society, including the rise of consumerism, technology, and social and creative expression.

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The second, modern global war, starting less than 2 decades after the last. A significant portion of the world was involved, divided into Axis and Allied powers.

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The death and destruction of six million jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist its neighbors would also become communist.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons other countries will use them as well effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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a 14-year-old African American, was brutally murdered in 1955 in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman, an event that played a significant role in the civil rights movement in the United States.

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a series of nonviolent protests initiated by African American college students in 1960 at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, challenging racial segregation and inspiring similar actions across the Southern United States during the civil rights movement.

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over 200,000 participants, including Martin Luther King Jr., gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., advocating for equal rights and economic opportunities for African Americans.