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Memory is the ability to store and recall information (Harvard Health, n.d.).

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1. Long-term memory

2. Short-term memory

3. Sensory memory

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Stores information for a long time. It can range from hours to a lifetime. Examples include: events, skills, habits and routines, and automatic responses.

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Holds a small amount of information for a short period of time of just seconds. We use it for tasks like reading, listening, and quick decision-making.

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Sensory memory is the first stage of memory, briefly holding sensory information from the environment for a very short time, allowing the brain to decide whether it should be processed further.

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 (Free of Charge Creative Commons Retention Image - Clipboard 01, 2024)

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Trauma changes the way the brain handles memories. It can lead to things like missing pieces of memory, intense flashbacks, or unwanted thoughts. This happens because trauma affects parts of the brain that help with memory and thinking, making it harder to remember things clearly or learn new information (Does Trauma Cause Memory Loss?, n.d.).

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1. Create a safe learning environment--Use calming colors, more subdued lighting, and sensory tools. Use predictable and consistent classroom routines. Be flexible (Today, 2020).

2. Break learning into chunks--Chunking is presented to students in segments or smaller related chunks, rather than as a continuous block. Chunking is particularly useful in the early stages of learning, where new material and information are encoded (Jones, 2025). It is also beneficial for students with trauma because their brains block and forget information due to situations that have occurred in their lives.

3. Use Multi-Sensory and Repetitive Learning —combine music/singing, hands-on activities, and visuals to help students retain information. Teachers sometimes have to reach students who have dealt with trauma in many different ways before the student can grasp the topic.

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Does Trauma Cause Memory Loss? (n.d.). Choosing Therapy. https://www.choosingtherapy.com/does-trauma-cause-memory-loss/

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Free of Charge Creative Commons retention Image - Clipboard 01. (2024). Pix4free.org. https://pix4free.org/photo/37664/retention.html

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Harvard Health. (n.d.). Www.health.harvard.edu. https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/memory#memory0

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Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Brain anatomy and how the brain works. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain

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Jones, K. (2025). Chunking in the classroom. Evidence Based Education. https://evidencebased.education/chunking-in-the-classroom/

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Queensland Brain Institute. (2016). How are memories formed? Uq.edu.au. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/memory/how-are-memories-formed

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References - Free of Charge Creative Commons Hand held card image. (2025). Thebluediamondgallery.com. https://thebluediamondgallery.com/hand-held-card/r/references.html

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). Corwin Press.

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Today, N. E. A. (2020). How to support students who have experienced trauma: A guide for aspiring educators | NEA. Www.nea.org. https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/how-support-students-who-have-experienced-trauma-guide-aspiring-educators

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‌The University of Queensland. (2018). What is synaptic plasticity? Uq.edu.au. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/what-synaptic-plasticity

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