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EDGE of Existence :: Evolutionarily Distinct & Globally Endangered

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Edge species are truly one of a kind. If they disappear there will be nothing similar left on the planet. Two-thirds are receiving little or no conservation attention. Help save these remarkable species.

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We believe that a healthy lifestyle starts with what we put into our bodies, and that's why we're dedicated to providing you with the highest quality supplements to support your wellness journey. Our extensive selection of supplements is carefully curated from trusted brands to ensure you get the best results. Browse through our product categories, educational resources, and customer reviews to find the perfect supplement for you. Let us help you achieve your health and wellness goals.

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Great Green Wall - Growing a Healthy Wonder - Great Green Wall

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We believe that a healthy lifestyle starts with what we put into our bodies, and that's why we're dedicated to providing you with the highest quality supplements to support your wellness journey. Our extensive selection of supplements is carefully curated from trusted brands to ensure you get the best results.

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Trade in wild species is one of the world's most pressing conservation and development challenges.
Global supply chains for wild plants and animals provide livelihoods for hundreds of millions of the world's poor. At the same time, illegal trade - one of the most profitable criminal activities worldwide - fuels environmental degradation and economic losses.

TRAFFIC is driving action to reduce illegal trafficking and enhance benefits to people from legal and sustainable trade of wild species. As a global trusted advisor, we generate evidence, analysis, and solutions to strengthen global and national policy frameworks, and build responsible and fair supply chains.

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TRAFFIC is a leading NGO working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

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Do your stakeholders see the benefits of forest landscape restoration and support pledging more hectares to the Bonn Challenge? Expand or update your pledge at any point in the restoration process.

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Do your stakeholders see the benefits of forest landscape restoration and support pledging more hectares to the Bonn Challenge? Expand or update your pledge at any point in the restoration process.

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Since 1987, Conservation International has worked to improve the lives of people everywhere by protecting oceans, forests and other living ecosystems.

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Saving Wildlife and Wild Places - WCS.org

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The Wildlife Conservation Society saves wildlife and wild places worldwide through science, conservation action, education, and inspiring people to value nature.

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agriculture anthropology aquaculture aquatic ecology agricultural conservation avian ecology behavior economics bioacoustics biodiversity conservation biological oceanography boreal forest carbon carbon cycling cities climate climate change climate change adaptation climate change mitigation coastal ecology coastal and marine conservation coastal habitat restoration coastal resource management coastal restoration coastal risk coastal risk and resilience community conservation community ecology community engagement community planning conservation biology conservation finance conservation for cities conservation partnerships conservation planning conservation policy conservation science conservation strategies development coral reefs coral reef ecology coral reef health decision science development by design disaster risk reduction ecological economics economics ecosystems ecosystem carbon flux ecosystem services energy energy siting and migration environmental economics environmental policy equity estuarine and watershed restoration finance fire ecology fisheries fisheries management forest ecology forest monitoring forestry forests food security freshwater and marine science freshwater conservation freshwater ecology habitat restoration human behavior human well being hydropower geographic information systems ghg emissions /removals great lakes great lakes water quality grassland songbird ecology indigenous peoples infrastructure invasive species management investing interdisciplinary ecology landscape and watershed spatial planning landscape ecology land use change land use planning lead scientists local communities marine conservation marine ecology marine policy marine protected areas marine spatial planning migratory species conservation mitigation planning monitoring natural climate solutions natural resource management nonparametric statistics ocean acidification optimal monitoring oyster reef restoration pacific islands plant phenology policy population genetics population modelling prairie butterfly ecology private lands conservation public health public land use rare species redd+ remote sensing restoration ecology return on investment rivers science synthesis and meta-analysis social monitoring socioeconomics soil soil science songbird conservation source water protection spatial ecology spatial planning spatial statistics species distribution modeling sustainable agriculture sustainable cities sustainable development sustainable forest management sustainability terrestrial ecology urban sustainability valuing nature's benefits water funds water markets water security water use welfare economics wetland restoration wildlife ecology wildlife management

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The Nature Conservancy is tackling the root causes of some of the toughest problems facing people and nature today, replicating good ideas to save many places and improve people's lives.

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The dawn chorus of birds singing, monkeys howling, frogs calling and insects buzzing. The crystal clear waterfalls that are perfect for a refreshing afternoon swim. Fireflies illuminating trees at night.
The beauty and tranquility of forests all over the world—from the tropics to the tundra—inspire all of us. We know forests are home to most of the world’s life on land. More than 3 billion people—75% of all people outside urban areas—live within 1 kilometer of a forest, too. And more than one-third of the world’s population has a close dependence on forests and forest products.
But threats to the world’s forests are growing. Expanding agriculture, due to an increased population and shifts in diet, is responsible for most of the world’s deforestation. Illegal and unsustainable logging, usually resulting from the demand for cheap wood and paper, is responsible for most of the degradation of the world’s forests—the largest threat to the world’s forests. In degraded forests, small trees, bushes and plants often are severely damaged or dead; rivers are polluted; slopes are eroded; and more.
The threats are so severe that we are losing huge swathes of forests at an alarming rate. The Amazon, the planet’s largest rain forest, lost approximately 17% of its forest cover in the last half century due to human activity—mainly clearing trees to create new or larger farms and ranches.
WWF is working to address the threats to forests: By 2030, we must conserve the world’s forests to sustain nature’s diversity, benefit our climate and support human well-being.
Most of WWF’s work is being done in tropical rain forests, which are the most biologically diverse and complex forests on Earth—forests in the Amazon, the Congo Basin, the Greater Mekong and other regions near the equator. But it also is taking place in temperate regions, such as the Russian Far East and the United States.

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Trillion Trees is the united force of BirdLife International, Wildlife Conservation Society and WWF. Together we protect and restore forests all over the world - for the benefit of people, nature and the climate.

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Trillion Trees is the united force of BirdLife International, Wildlife Conservation Society and WWF. Together we protect and restore forests all over the world - for the benefit of people, nature and the climate.

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Conservation news - Environmental science and conservation news

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Environmental science and conservation news

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Forest Monitoring, Land Use & Deforestation Trends | Global Forest Watch

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Global Forest Watch offers free, real-time data, technology and tools for monitoring the world's forests, enabling better protection against illegal deforestation and unsustainable practices.

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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IPBES | Science and policy for people and nature

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Nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history - and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating, with grave impacts on people around the world now likely, warns a landmark new report from IPBES, the summary of which was approved at the 7th session of the IPBES Plenary, meeting last week (29 April - 4 May) in Paris.

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With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.

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Forests cover 31 percent of the world's land and are fundamental to life on our planet.

Home to more than half of the world's land animal and plant species, forests are a direct source of food, income and shelter for millions of people, and provide energy for heating and cooking for 2.6 billion. Forests are key to mitigating climate change, absorbing carbon dioxide from the air, storing more than half the global carbon stock in soils and vegetation and regulating rainfall. If sustainably managed, forests are also a source of renewable raw materials, helping to build an economy which allows nature to regenerate.

Through its Forestry Programme, FAO seeks to restore forests, improve the lives of forest-dependent people, and support countries to manage their forests in a sustainable way. FAO's work is fully aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, creating more efficient, inclusive, resilient and sustainable agrifood systems, for better production, better nutrition, a better environment and a better life, leaving no one behind.

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Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Through its Forestry Programme, FAO seeks to have transformational impacts that benefit forests and forest-dependent people and help achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. FAO's approach balances economic, social and environmental objectives to enable the present generation to benefit from the Earth's forest resources while conserving those resources to meet the needs of future generations.

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UNEP is the global champion for the environment with programmes focusing on sustainable development, climate, biodiversity and more.

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Excellency, Abdulrahman Al Fadhley, Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture of the KSA Excellency Salam Al Malik, Director General of ISESCO, Excellency Hussein Brahim Taha, SG of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Excellencies, Ministers Esteemed delegates, and honored guests Ladies and gentlemen, As-Salaamu aleykum As we gather today in the beautiful city of Jeddah, I wish to express our profound appreciation to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for graciously hosting this gathering today. My appreciation extends to ICESCO, the linchpin behind our convening today. Now more than ever before, as we witness the catastrophic effects of environmental changes, redefining our relationships with nature is of critical importance. Allow me to bring to your attention the Centrality of sustainable land management to green transformation. Land is not merely the terrain beneath our feet. Land has always been the cradle of our civilizations. Land provides us with the essential food we eat. Land clothes us; land provides us with the water we drink and the clean air we breathe. It nurtures our ecosystems, supports our economies, and sustains our cultures. The health of our lands is therefore the cornerstone upon food security. Land degradation and drought amplify competition over access to land and water. Conflicts between farmers and pastoralists are exploding all over. Consider this: any land degradation anywhere in the world, is a depreciation of our global economy and an erosion of human wellbeing. Any efforts to " green the economy " are therefore doomed to fail, unless we prioritize investments in this crucial natural capital. We know this well: nature provides 30% of the solutions to climate change. Sadly, nature-based solutions only receive 3% of the climate funding. Sadly, investments on land restoration and drought mitigation are shockingly insufficient. This should change, and this group of countries has to power to bring positive change. Arguably, countries of the Islamic World have more power to bring positive change to the Planet than any other similar group. The Islamic World, perhaps more than other groups, needs to control its narrative on climate and environmental change. Unleashing that power can be truly transformative and bring positive change to the world. Coming back specifically to land loss, the challenge is huge. According to the UNCCD's Global Land Outlook report, up to 40 % of the global land has been degraded. If the current trend continues, by 2050, we will further degrade an area the size of South America. The good news is the solution is literally in our hands: it's called Land Restoration. By restoring degraded land, we improve food security and, even more importantly, food sovereignty. Whether in Arid Lands, in grasslands or in more humid ecosystems, we have one billion hectares of land that can be put back to health by 2030. Healing one billion hectares of ailing land and putting it back to the global economy is a smart and wise investment. One good example of such powerful change is the critical role played by Saudi Arabia during its G20 Presidency, when it led G20 Leaders to adopt the Global Land Restoration Initiative. The ambitious G20 Global Land Initiative, housed within the UNCCD, has set an audacious goal: halve land degradation in the world by 2040. This initiative is global in scope and is committed to working with all countries, including those of the Islamic World and with the ICESCO. We are also very pleased with the Middle East Green Initiative, which has received substantive financial support from Saudi Arabia and aims at restoring 200 million hectares of degraded land. We are confident that building on Islamic Civilization and its great principles of solidarity, more countries will support large-scale land restoration as well Drought Mitigation in the world. Indeed, islamic civilizations were visionaries in fields like sustainable agriculture, water conservation, and harmonious land practices. It's a heritage-a treasure of knowledge- that can be drawn upon. Yet, as we honor our past, we must confront silent killers that are chocking our economies, namely land degradation and drought. As we build our futures, we must ensure that our progress is in harmony with nature. To achieve this, we need to combine ancestral wisdom with contemporary innovation. Weaving together Islamic principles of stewardship and reverence for nature with cutting-edge land management techniques, we can chart a course towards a green transformation. Allow me, before I conclude, to say a word about the Road to UNCCD COP16. Saudi Arabia's role as the host of the upcoming UNCCD COP 16 is a testament of commitments to addressing these global challenges. Climate COP 27 in Sharm Es-Sheikh and COP28 in Dubai, while Morocco just hosted the WB/IMF annual assemblies ...there is no mistake. There is a clear indication of Islamic Countries strong commitment to multilateralism. UNCCD COP16 in December 2024, in Riyadh, presents a unique platform for countries of this group to demonstrate their leadership in combating desertification, land degradation, and drought. We can make the next UNCCD 16th COP the moon-shoot moment for land restoration and drought resilience, for people, for the planet and for prosperity. Shukran!

Mr. Chairman, Bureau members, distinguished delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, Permítame trasladar mis sinceras felicitaciones a su Excelencia el Embajador Carlos Amorin, Representante Permanente de Uruguay ante las Naciones Unidas y Presidente de la Segunda Comisión de la Asamblea General. I also congratulate your fellow Bureau members. We will spare no efforts to support your work. Let me also salute the delegations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mongolia and Uzbekistan. Saudi Arabia will host UNCCD COP 16 in Riyadh in December 2024, Mongolia COP 17 in 2026. Uzbekistan is hosting next month the 21st session of the Committee for the Review of the implementation of the Convention in Samarkand. I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to these countries which are playing a leadership role in the UNCCD processes and implementation. Excellencies, Three weeks ago, the UN Secretary-General drew the world leaders' attention to the fact that only 15 per cent of the SDG targets are on track and many are, on the contrary, going in reverse. The Secretary-General sounded alarm bells warning that instead of leaving no one behind, we risked leaving the SDGs behind. And this is the case for land and its SDG 15.3, in the 2023 report[1], the findings are worrisome: "Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land every year, affecting food and water security globally. " Worldwide, poverty, hunger, environmental degradation, and conflicts are indeed increasing. And we can see a correlation where globally the poorest and the hungriest are found in areas affected by land degradation, desertification, and drought, and the Sahel and the Dry Corridor in Central America, to name few, are clear examples of this reality. These intertwined crises of nature-climate-land degradation and conflicts require the implementation of solutions that generate multiple benefits and the mobilization of technical and economic resources at an unprecedented scale. Investing in land restoration and drought resilience are win-win and cost- effective solutions with multiple benefits for a safe and sustainable future. Land restoration and drought resilience are critical to guarantee water and food security, livelihoods, to reduce irregular migration of people and conflicts over resource scarcity. These solutions also constitute building blocks to achieve climate and biodiversity goals. Excellencies, Within this framework let me now proceed to the introduction of the Report of the Secretary-General contained in document A/78/209, section II. The report suggests some recommendations that we hope would feature the UNCCD resolution that you will negotiate in these coming days. Since this report has been before you for quite some time, I will not go into its details. Regarding the outcome of COP 15, the Secretariat is working with the country Parties to support the implementation of the COP decisions adopted in Abidjan. In the context of achieving land degradation neutrality, we noted some important political signals. For instance, in 2020 in Riyadh, the G20 Group declared their ambition to reduce 50 per cent of the world's degraded land by 2040. This declaration and the launch of the G20 Global Land Initiative are contributing to consolidating a land restoration movement. Over the past two years, the presidencies of G20 have included land restoration as an important political priority within their communique, and have promoted the restoration of peatlands and mangroves, as well as land affected by mining and forest fires. LDN is becoming an important vehicle to achieve the SDGs: 130 countries are currently involved in the process for setting land degradation neutrality targets, and a number of flagship initiatives on land restoration are being promoted globally: such as Great Green Wall in the Sahel and in the SADC region, the Dry Corridor, the Middle East Green Initiative. We need to continue enhancing collaboration and cooperation to accelerate action on the ground. In terms of outreach activities, the highlight has been the observance of the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought on June 17, celebrated in the General Assembly Hall. That day a global campaign under the theme "Her Land. Her Rights" was launched to advocate for women and girls' access to land. Several global leaders, UN agencies and partners participated in the event and are part of this global campaign that recognizes that land restoration, conservation and sustainable management can be accelerated if we address land tenure and gender issues in an integrated manner. On the drought front, we are moving forward. We see an appetite from the international community to operate a paradigm shift in drought management - from reactive to proactive action that better prepares countries and communities for future droughts, but more information sharing, resources, and political will is needed. It is in this context that the International Drought Resilience Alliance (IDRA) was established to generate more political momentum for this agenda and to accelerate action. I invite the General Assembly to encourage its members to join this coalition. Regarding the implementation of the COP 15 decision, the Intergovernmental Working Group on Drought has been analyzing how to strengthen drought management system within the convention. Its members are currently discussing policy options to be considered by COP 16. The next COP which will be held in December 2024 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aspires to be a moonshot moment for the land and drought resilience agenda. We hope to see you there. Before I close my presentation, allow me to pay a short tribute to my colleague, Mr. Melchiade Bukuru, Director of our Office in New York who is about to retire after over a quarter of a century with you, for his long dedication and commitment to UNCCD processes. [1] https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/SDG%20Progress%20Report%20Special%20Edition.pdf

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Publication

The policy brief demonstrates that enhancing resilience is one of the most cost-effective actions countries can take, and is typically far less expensive than interventions...

Publication

Drought is a complex phenomenon: its causes are varied, and it has both direct and indirect impacts on food security, human well-being and ecosystem health. Episodes of drought...

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Excellency, Abdulrahman Al Fadhley, Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture of the KSA Excellency Salam Al Malik, Director General of ISESCO, Excellency Hussein Brahim Taha, SG of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Excellencies, Ministers Esteemed delegates, and honored guests Ladies and gentlemen, As-Salaamu aleykum As we gather today in the beautiful city of Jeddah, I wish to express our profound appreciation to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for graciously hosting this gathering today.

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Home | Convention on Biological Diversity

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The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the first global agreement to cover all aspects of biological diversity: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

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Schmidt Ocean Institute works to advance the frontiers of global marine research by providing state of the art operational, technological, and informational support to the pioneering ocean science and technology development projects at sea.

Schmidt Ocean Institute is closely monitoring developments related to "COVID-19" (Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2). The safety of our staff, research vessel Falkor crew, ROV SuBastian team, visiting scientists, artists, students, and extended community is of the highest importance. We will continue to monitor the situation and follow the lead of the World Health Organization and national government and public health officials. During this time, we are still operating our science program and research expeditions and will continue to make available all science and data to the public, including the oceanographic expeditions off the coast of Australia through Schmidt Ocean Institute's online resources.

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Schmidt Ocean Institute works to advance the frontiers of global marine research by providing state of the art operational, technological, and informational support to the pioneering ocean science and technology development projects at sea. Schmidt Ocean Institute is closely monitoring developments related to "COVID-19" (Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2).

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Deep Sea Mining, Fishing & Bottom Trawling - DSCC Response

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The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC) drives action to protect the ocean depths from bottom trawling, fishing, geoengineering, mining.

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Spain is the latest country to accede to IMO's treaty for safe and environmentally-sound ship recycling - the Hong Kong Convention. The Convention covers the design, construction, operation and maintenance of ships, and preparation for ship recycling in order to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships.

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International Maritime Orgnization Home Page

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Spain is the latest country to accede to IMO's treaty for safe and environmentally-sound ship recycling - the Hong Kong Convention. The Convention covers the design, construction, operation and maintenance of ships, and preparation for ship recycling in order to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships.

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Millions of people and species of wildlife depend on coral reefs. While climate change threatens their future, science shows that corals can adapt and survive if we keep them healthy.

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society - Protecting Marine Wildlife Worldwide

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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society's sole mission is to protect and conserve the world's oceans and marine wildlife.

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Ocean Conservancy is working with you to protect the ocean from today's greatest challenges. We create science-based solutions for a healthy ocean.

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CELEBRATE PLASTIC FREE JULY

Join Oceana in the fight against plastic pollution! Donate $35 or more and receive a reusable water bottle

ACT NOW AGAINST PLASTIC POLLUTION

Call on world leaders to protect our oceans and marine wildlife by tackling plastic pollution, together

CELEBRATE PLASTIC FREE JULY

Join Oceana in the fight against plastic pollution! Donate $35 or more and receive a reusable water bottle

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Oceana - We are Protecting the World's Oceans.

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Working to protect and restore our oceans, Oceana is the largest international advocacy organization dedicated solely to ocean conservation. Learn more and get involved.

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News

OBIS Executive committee

The OBIS Executive Committee met in Ostend to assess the OBIS 2023 work plan, formulate budgets for upcoming years, and initiate a review of the management structure aligned with new IODE Rules and Procedures, with a proposal to be presented at the upcoming OBIS steering group meeting in March 2024.

Ms Audrey Azoulay, the UNESCO Director General, announced a joint collaboration between NOAA, USGS, NPS and OBIS to support activities such as the management of Marine Protected Areas.

OBIS Biodiversity data

The Horizon Europe DTO-BioFlow project has launched an Open Call of up to 60,000€ to international networks, citizen science networks, research institutes, universities, NGOs, and other eligible entities that manage marine biodiversity data.

Recently published datasets

Use cases

Understanding the diversity and distribution of fish egg and larvae in the ocean provides invaluable information on ecosystem health, capacity to recover from disturbances and helps guide management and conservation efforts. This study shows that metabarcoding is a promising tool that allows for rapid and accurate species identification. OBIS was used to validate and confirm the distribution range, habitat and occurrence of the species detected by metabarcoding.

This study looks at the current state of research on the reproduction of deep-sea corals. Occurrence records were extracted from OBIS to find available information for species living at depths below 100m. Less than 7% of known deep-sea coral species were found to have any aspect of their reproduction reported in the literature highlighting significant gaps and priorities for future research.

Echinoidea biodiversity paleoclimate biogeography Miocene salinity crisis late Cenozoic

Echinoids are an important component of the Cenozoic marine benthic communities. In this publication, we review their diversity in the Mediterranean area within the Late Miocene to recent, a period of remarkable paleogeographic and paleoclimate changes.

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OBIS, the Ocean Biodiversity Information System, is a global open-access data and information clearing-house on marine biodiversity for science, conservation and sustainable development.

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Just a decade ago, building an accurate picture of commercial fishing across the globe would have been impossible. Today, thanks to advances in satellite technology, cloud computing and machine learning, Global Fishing Watch is making it a reality.

We're revolutionizing the ability to monitor commercial fishing, offering near real-time tracking of fishing activity via our public map. Anyone can use it, for free, to track fishing boats and download data about their activities. Our platform is helping enable scientific research, advocate for better policies to support marine protection, tackle overfishing and improve the way fishing is managed.

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Global Fishing Watch is promoting ocean sustainability through greater transparency. We use cutting-edge technology to visualise, track and share data about global fishing activity in near real-time and for free. EXPLORE OUR MAP Discover the oceans through big data Just

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We develop and scale technologies to rid the oceans of plastic

Our cleaning technologies are deployed around the world as we conduct the largest cleanup in history. For over ten years, The Ocean Cleanup has been researching, extracting, and monitoring plastic pollution in oceans and rivers globally - with millions of kilograms removed to date.

A planet-sized problem

Trillions of pieces of plastic pollute our oceans today, and the problem is worsening. This plastic has a devastating impact on marine wildlife and ecosystems. Plastics can persist for many decades, continuously degrading into microplastics. These can be ingested by wildlife and later enter the human food chain. Plastic pollution is a global crisis requiring urgent action.

We aim to clean up 90% of floating ocean plastic pollution

The Ocean Cleanup is a non-profit organization developing and scaling technologies to rid the oceans of plastic. To achieve this objective, we use a dual strategy: intercepting plastic in rivers to cut the inflow of pollution, and cleaning up what has already accumulated in the ocean and won't go away by itself. When the oceans are clean, we can put ourselves out of business.

The Ocean Cleanup is cleaning up floating plastics caught swirling in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a plastic accumulation zone with over 100,000,000 kilograms of plastic.

Learn more

To clean the oceans, we also need to stop new trash from flowing into them. By tackling 1000 rivers around the world, we can halt 80% of riverine pollution reaching our oceans.

Learn more

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The Ocean Cleanup is a non-profit organization developing advanced technologies to rid the oceans of plastic. We aim to remove 90% of the floating plastic with the help of ocean cleanup systems and river interception technologies.

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While there is only one global ocean, the vast body of water that covers 71% of Earth is geographically divided into distinct regions. The United States recognizes five named ocean basins: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern.

The ocean and large inland lakes play an integral role in many of the Earth's systems, including climate and weather. More than 50% of all species on Earth are found under the ocean and the ocean helps sustain human life above the water by providing 20% of the animal protein and 5% of the total protein in the human diet. In the United States alone, there are over 95,000 miles of shoreline. More than half of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of the coast in the narrow area of land known as the "coastal zone."

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While there is only one global ocean, the vast body of water that covers 71% of Earth is geographically divided into distinct regions. The United States recognizes five named ocean basins: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern.

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Second UN Ocean Conference (2022, Lisbon)

The ocean covers 70 percent of the Earth's surface, is the planet's largest biosphere, and is home to up to 80 percent of all life in the world. It generates 50 percent of the oxygen we need, absorbs 25 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions and captures 90 percent of the additional heat generated from those emissions. It is not just 'the lungs of the planet' but also its largest carbon sink - a vital buffer against the impacts of climate change.

It nurtures unimaginable biodiversity and produces food, jobs, mineral and energy resources needed for life on the planet to survive and thrive. There is a great deal we still do not know about the ocean but there are many reasons why we need to manage it sustainably- as set out in the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life Below Water.

The science is clear - the ocean is facing unprecedented threats as a result of human activities. Its health and ability to sustain life will only get worse as the world population grows and human activities increase. If we want to address some of the most defining issues of our time such as climate change, food insecurity, diseases and pandemics, diminishing biodiversity, economic inequality and even conflicts and strife, we must act now to protect the state of our ocean.
Read more here.
First UN Ocean Conference (2017, New York)

Our oceans, our future: partnering for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14

The high-level United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (informally, The Ocean Conference) was convened at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 5 to 9 June 2017, coinciding with World Oceans Day, to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. The Governments of Fiji and Sweden held the co-hosting responsibilities of the Conference.
Read more here.

Background

At the high-level United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14) - The Ocean Conference - held in June 2017 at UN headquarters in New York, close to 1,400 voluntary commitments for concrete action to advance implementation of SDG 14 were made by governments, the United Nations system, civil society organizations, academia, the scientific community, and the private sector. These commitments, together with the Conference outcome document Our Ocean, Our Future: Call for Action, mark a global breakthrough on the path to sustainable management and conservation of our oceans, seas and marine resources.

Each of the Ocean Conference voluntary commitments addresses one or several of the SDG 14 targets, often with associated positive impacts on other SDGs, including for example SDG 3 on good health and well-being and SDG 13 on climate action, among others.

To follow up on the implementation of these voluntary commitments; to catalyze and generate new voluntary commitments; and to facilitate collaboration and networking amongst different actors in support of SDG 14, the United Nations has launched nine thematic multi-stakeholder Communities of Ocean Action.

Each community is coordinated by designated focal points who work together with United Nations Secretary-General's Special Envoy for the Ocean, Ambassador Peter Thomson, and the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs in carrying out the activities.

For more information, visit: https://sdgs.un.org/topics/oceans-and-seas/coas

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Oceans, seas and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earth's ecosystem and are critical to sustainable development. They cover more than two-thirds of the earth's surface and contain 97% of the planet's water. Oceans contribute to poverty eradication by creating sustainable livelihoods and decent work.

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UNEP is the global champion for the environment with programmes focusing on sustainable development, climate, biodiversity and more.

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The Ocean We Need for the Future We Want

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Effects of Climate Change | Threats | WWF

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Sea levels are rising and oceans are becoming warmer. Longer, more intense droughts threaten crops, wildlife and freshwater supplies. From polar bears in the Arctic to marine turtles off the coast of Africa, our planet’s diversity of life is at risk from the changing climate.
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350.org: A global campaign to confront the climate crisis

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WRI helps policymakers, businesses and civil society at the local, national and international levels advance the systems change necessary for climate action.

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You can download our complete Our World in Data CO ₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions database.

CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Country Profiles

How are emissions changing in each country? Is your country making progress on reducing emissions? We built 207 country profiles which allow you to explore the statistics for every country in the world.

Each profile includes interactive visualizations, explanations of the presented metrics, and the details on the sources of the data.

See emissions in your country and how it compares to others:

Our 12 most visited country profiles

Every profile includes five sections

Why do greenhouse gas emissions matter?

Global average temperatures have increased by more than 1℃ since pre-industrial times

Human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases - are a primary driver of climate change - and present one of the world's most pressing challenges.¹ This link between global temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations - especially CO ₂ - has been true throughout Earth's history.²

To set the scene, let's look at how the planet has warmed. In the chart, we see the global average temperature relative to the average of the period between 1961 and 1990.

The red line represents the average annual temperature trend through time, with upper and lower confidence intervals shown in light grey.

We see that over the last few decades, global temperatures have risen sharply - to approximately 0.7℃ higher than our 1961-1990 baseline. When extended back to 1850, we see that temperatures then were a further 0.4℃ colder than they were in our baseline. Overall, this would amount to an average temperature rise of 1.1℃.

Because there are small year-to-year fluctuations in temperature, the specific temperature increase depends on what year we assume to be 'pre-industrial' and the end year we're measuring from. But overall, this temperature rise is in the range of 1 to 1.2℃.³

Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are the main driver of this warming

How much of the warming since 1850 can be attributed to human emissions? Almost all of it. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states clearly in its AR5 assessment report⁴:

"Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by economic and population growth, and are now higher than ever. This has led to atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. "

Aerosols have played a slight cooling role in global climate, and natural variability has played a very minor role. This article from the Carbon Brief, with interactive graphics showing the relative contributions of different forcings on the climate, explains this very well.

A changing climate has a range of potential ecological, physical, and health impacts, including extreme weather events (such as floods, droughts, storms, and heatwaves); sea-level rise; altered crop growth; and disrupted water systems. The most extensive source of analysis on the potential impacts of climatic change can be found in the 5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.⁵

In some regions, warming has - and will continue to be - much greater than the global average

Local temperatures in 2019 relative to the average temperature in 1951-1980.⁶

When we think about the problem of global warming, a temperature rise of 1℃ can seem small and insignificant.

Not only is it true that 1℃ of rapid warming itself can have significant impacts on climate and natural systems, but also that this 1℃ figure masks the large variations in warming across the world.

In the map shown - taken from the Berkeley Earth global temperature report - we see the global distribution of temperature changes in 2019 relative to the period 1951 - 1980.⁷ This period from 1951 to 1980 is similar to the period global average time series shown in the section above.

There are a couple of key points that stand out.

Firstly, the global average temperature rise is usually given as the combined temperature change across both land and the sea surface. But it's important to note that land areas change temperature, both warming and cooling much more than oceanic areas.⁸ Overall, global average temperatures over land have increased around twice as much as the ocean. Compared to the 1951 - 1980 average, temperatures over land increased by 1.32 ± 0.04 °C. Whereas, the ocean surface temperature (excluding areas of sea ice) increased by only 0.59 ± 0.06 °C.

Since the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass, this also means that the change in average temperature north of the equator has been higher than in the south.

Secondly, from the map shown, we see that in some regions the temperature change has been much more extreme. At very high latitudes - especially near the Poles - warming has been upwards of 3°C, and in some cases exceeding 5°C. These are, unfortunately, often the regions that could experience the largest impacts such as sea ice, permafrost, and glacial melt.

Monitoring the average global temperature change is important, but we should also be aware of how differently this warming is distributed across the world. In some regions, warming is much more extreme.

How are greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations changing?

Atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ continue to rise

To slow down - with the eventual aim of halting - rising global temperatures, we need to stabilize concentrations of CO ₂ and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.⁹ This link between global temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations - especially CO ₂ - has been true throughout Earth's history.¹⁰ It's important to note that there is a 'lag' between atmospheric concentrations and final temperature rise - this means that when we do finally manage to stabilize atmospheric concentrations, temperatures will continue to slowly rise for years to decades.¹¹,¹²

But, far from stabilizing concentrations, greenhouse gases continue to accumulate.

In the chart here we see global average concentrations of CO ₂ in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years. Over this period we see consistent fluctuations in CO ₂ concentrations; these periods of rising and falling CO ₂ coincide with the onset of ice ages (low CO ₂) and interglacials (high CO ₂).¹³ These periodic fluctuations are caused by changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun - called Milankovitch cycles.

Over this long period, atmospheric concentrations of CO ₂ did not exceed 300 parts per million (ppm). This changed with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of human emissions of CO ₂ from burning fossil fuels. We see a rapid rise in global CO ₂ concentrations over the past few centuries, and in recent decades in particular. For the first time in over 800,000 years, concentrations did not only rise above 300ppm but are now well over 400ppm.

It's not only the level of change CO ₂ in the atmosphere that matters, but also the rate that this has changed. Historical changes in CO2 concentrations tended to occur over centuries or even thousands of years. It took us a matter of decades to achieve even larger changes. This gives species, planetary systems, and ecosystems much less time to adapt.

Global emissions have not yet peaked

To stabilize (or even reduce) concentrations of CO ₂ in the atmosphere, the world needs to reach net-zero emissions. This requires large and fast reductions in emissions.

Are we making progress towards this? How far are we from this target?

At a time when global emissions need to be falling, they are in fact still rising, as the chart here shows. The world has not yet peaked.

Current climate policies will reduce emissions, but not quickly enough to reach international targets

Related charts

Current policies to reduce, or at least slow down growth, in CO ₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions will have some impact on reducing future warming.

As we see in the chart shown here, current implemented climate and energy policies would reduce warming relative to a world with no climate policies in place. This chart maps out future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios under a range of assumptions: if no climate policies were implemented; if current policies continued; if all countries achieved their current future pledges for emissions reductions; and necessary pathways which are compatible with limiting warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C of warming this century.¹⁴

If countries achieved their current 'Pledges' (also shown on the chart), this would be an even further improvement. In this regard, the world is making some progress.

But if our aim is to limit warming to "well below 2°C" - as is laid out in the Paris Agreement - we are clearly far off track.

Robbie Andrew, a senior researcher at the Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), mapped out the global emissions reduction scenarios necessary to limit global average warming to 1.5°C and 2°C. Based on the IPCC's Special Report on 1.5°C and Michael Raupach's work, published in Nature Climate Change, these mitigation curves show that urgent and rapid reductions in emissions would be needed to achieve either target.¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁷ And the longer we delay a peak in emissions, the more drastic these reductions would need to be.

We may be making slow progress relative to a world without any climate policies, but we are still far from the rates of progress we'd need to achieve international targets.

Which countries have set net-zero emissions targets?

Whilst current climate policies fall well short of what's needed to keep temperatures below 1.5 °C or 2 °C, countries have set more ambitious targets to reach net-zero emissions.

These interactive maps show the status of net-zero emissions targets across the world. This is based on the latest data from the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit's Net Zero Scorecard.¹⁸

The target year to reach net zero varies by country - you can see the target year for each country by hovering over it on the map.

Note that the inclusion criteria may vary from country to country. For example, some countries may include international aviation and shipping in their net-zero commitment, while others do not. Or, some may allow for carbon offsets while others will not accept them. You can dig deeper into the specifics of each country's criteria here.

Can we make progress in reducing emissions?

Some countries reduced emissions whilst increasing GDP - even when we take into account outsourced production

There is a strong link between CO ₂ emissions, prosperity, and standards of living - we look at this in much more detail, with the data, on our page on Emissions Drivers.

Therefore, if we're to ask the question: "Have any countries demonstrated that we can make progress in reducing emissions?", they would have to achieve both:

1. High standards of living;

2. Low levels of emissions, or at least large reductions in emissions to maintain that standard of living.

There are many countries that meet one criterion: rich countries that have high standards of living, but also high levels of emissions; and poor countries that have low levels of emissions but poor standards of living.

But, some countries have shown signs of progress. A number of countries have shown in recent years that it is possible to increase GDP whilst also reducing emissions. We see this in the chart which shows the change in GDP and annual CO ₂ emissions. Both production- and consumption-based CO ₂ emissions are shown - consumption-based emissions are corrected for traded goods and services, so we can see whether emissions reductions were only achieved by "offshoring" production to other countries.

A number of countries - such as the USA, UK, France, Spain, Italy, and many others - have managed to reduce emissions (even when we correct for trade) whilst increasing GDP.

The more important question is "Can we make progress fast enough?"

So we can see numerous examples of countries, with high standards of living, which have been successful in reducing emissions. This is a clear signal that it is possible to make progress.

But the key question here is probably less: "can we make progress?", but rather "can we make progress fast enough?".

As we explored earlier in this article, the world is currently far off-track from our 2 ° C target. If this is our definition of "fast enough" then we have little historical evidence to suggest that most, or even some, countries can reduce emissions (whilst maintaining high living standards) at the speed needed to achieve this.

We can make progress, but it's currently too slow. We need a large-scale acceleration of these efforts across the world.

How do we make progress in reducing emissions?

To make progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, there are two fundamental areas we need to focus on: energy (this encapsulates electricity, heat, transport, and industrial activities) and food and agriculture (which includes agriculture and land use change, since agriculture dominates global land use).

Below we've listed some of the key actions we need to make progress in each area. At a very basic level they can be summarised by two core concepts: improving efficiency (using less energy to produce a given output; and using less land, fertilizer, and other inputs for food production, and reducing food waste); and transitioning to low-carbon alternatives (in energy, this means shifting to renewables and nuclear; for food, this means substituting carbon-intensive products for those with a lower carbon footprint).

How can we decarbonize our energy systems?

1. Shift towards low-carbon electricity (reduce carbon intensity - carbon per unit energy)
- Renewables
- Nuclear energy
- Shift from coal to gas (which emits less CO₂ per unit of energy) as an interim step
→ Explore our work on energy.
→ Explore our data on CO2 emissions by fuel type.

2. Shift sectors such as transport, towards electricity. Some energy sectors are harder to decarbonize - for example, transport. We, therefore, need to shift these forms towards electricity where we have viable low-carbon technologies.
→ Explore our data on greenhouse gas emissions by sector.

3. Develop low-cost low-carbon energy and battery technologies. To do this quickly, and allow lower-income countries to avoid high-carbon development pathways, low-carbon energy needs to be cost-effective and the default choice.

4. Improve energy efficiency - energy per unit GDP.
→ Explore our data on energy intensity.

How can we reduce emissions from food production and agriculture?

1. Reduce meat and dairy consumption, especially in higher-income countries. Shift dietary patterns towards lower-carbon food products. This includes eating less meat and dairy generally but also substituting high-impact meats (e.g. beef and lamb) for chicken, fish, or eggs. Innovation in meat substitutes could also play a large role here.
→ Read our article on the carbon footprint of meat and dairy versus alternative foods.
→ Explore our work on meat and dairy production.

2. Promote lower-carbon meat and dairy production. We are not going to cut out meat and dairy products completely any time soon (and doing so is unnecessary - large reductions would be sufficient). This makes the promotion of lower-carbon production methods essential.
→ Read our article on the large differences in carbon footprint for specific meat and dairy products.

3. Improve crop yields. Sustainable intensification of agriculture allows us to grow more food on less land. This could help to prevent deforestation from agricultural expansion, and frees up land for replanting, or giving back to natural ecosystems.
→ Explore our work on crop yields.

4. Reduce food waste. Around one-third of food emissions come from food that is lost in supply chains or wasted by consumers. Improving harvesting techniques, refrigeration, transport, and packaging in supply chains; and reducing consumer waste can reduce emissions significantly.
→ Read our article on GHG emissions from food waste.

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Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?

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NASA is a global leader in studying Earth’s changing climate.

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Latest news and information from the World Bank and its development work on Climate Change. Access facts, statistics, project information, development research from experts and latest news about Climate Change.

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The world is in a climate emergency. Unless greenhouse gas emissions fall dramatically, warming could pass 2.9°C this century

Unless greenhouse gas emissions fall dramatically, warming could pass 2.9°C this century, which would have catastrophic consequences for life on this planet. UNEP takes a four-pronged approach to addressing the climate crisis and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. The organisation;

→ provides cutting-edge research to support science-based decision-making on climate change

→ works across sectors to support the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient future

→ ensures a just transition to a carbon-neutral world by empowering communities to adapt to changing climatic conditions; and

→ develops sustainable mechanisms to unlock financing to help countries both mitigate and adapt to climate change.

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unep - un environment programme climate action

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UNEP provides evidence-based data to inform policy decisions, collaborates with sectors for low-carbon transitions, provides climate finance mechanisms and aids countries in adaptation and mitigation efforts.

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IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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The global stocktake is a critical turning point when it comes to efforts to address climate change - it's a moment to take a long, hard look at the state of our planet and chart a better course for the future.

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If we want to build a better society, it is essential we take action. The Equality Trust is working with others to build a social movement for change. We analyse and disseminate the latest research, promote robust evidence-based arguments and support a dynamic network of campaign groups across the country.
Find out more about The Equality Trust

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If we want to build a better society, it is essential we take action. The Equality Trust is working with others to build a social movement for change. We analyse and disseminate the latest research, promote robust evidence-based arguments and support a dynamic network of campaign groups across the country.

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Your online portal to data, analysis, and commentary on income and wealth inequality.

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To understand whether policies are improving lives we need to look “beyond GDP” and consider a broader range of economic, social and environmental outcomes for people. This also allows to understand what matters to people and what drives their behaviours, providing another channel of action to policies. The OECD is leading efforts to develop indicators that measure the well-being of individuals, families, society, future generations and the planet at a time of deep changes and transformations.

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For more information on WID.world and its history, click here.

For more information on the network of researchers, click here.

For more information on methodology, click here.
How to read WID.world graphs?
Click here for help on how to navigate through WID.world menus and graphs.
I encounter technical problems on WID.world, what should I do?
First, accept our apologies. Second, you should delete the cache memory of your browser (generally under "settings/history/clear cache"), then close it, and try again. If this does not solve the problem, you may want to try with a different browser. And, finally, send us an email with the description of the issue, and the details of your operative system and browsers versions. Our contact mail is in the website footer, under the CONTACT US section.
What distinguishes WID.world's inequality data from the OECD, the World Bank, or other inequality data providers?
Only few institutions provide inequality estimates and those who do so (e.g. the the OECD or the World Bank data portals) rely for the most part on household surveys. One key problem with surveys, however, is that they are based upon self-reporting and are well known to underestimate top incomes and top wealth shares. In addition, surveys only cover a limited time span and make it impossible to offer a long-term perspective on inequality trends.

In contrast, WID.world combines national accounts and survey data with fiscal data sources. This allows us to release inequality estimates that are more reliable - from the bottom to the top of the distribution of income and wealth - and also that span over much longer periods.

The data series provided in WID.world should however not be seen as perfect and definitive: existing series are continuously updated and improved by WID.world fellows, following new raw data releases or conceptual and methodological improvements. All the methodological followed to construct our series can be found in country-specific papers in our methodology library or in the DINA guidelines.

Should you have further questions on the data, do not hesitate to contact us.
What distinguishes WID.world's national accounts data from the UN, the IMF, the World Bank, or other national accounts data providers?
Estimates for national accounts (such as national income and national wealth) found on WID.world and on international statistical institutions databases are generally consistent, buy can vary for several reasons.

First, we release detailed series for national wealth accounts, which usually cannot be found on other portals. Next, we include corrections for offshore wealth and offshore capital income, so that our series on foreign capital income inflows and outflows are consistent at the global level (e.g. they sum to zero), which is typically not the case in existing databases.

Finally, reliable series for the consumption of fixed capital (capital depreciation) estimates are not readily available for a large number of countries, so we combine various sources and develop new methods to derive consistent global series.

As a consequence, we are able to offer consistent global series on national income - i.e. GDP minus consumption of fixed capital, plus net foreign income - which do not exist elsewhere.

WID.world uses 2011 Purchasing Power Parity round for international comparisons. It should also be noted that default monetary values for Eurozone countries are displayed in PPP Euros and are thus different from Market exchange rate Euros. A Eurozone country with high relative prices will have a lower PPP Euro average income values. Market exchange rates values can be obtained in our custom menus.

All these methodological choices can explain slightly different values between WID.world and other data portals. They are described in the Metadata associated to each variable and in the associated methodological documents. See in particular the " World National Accounts Series Methodology " ( here) and the " Distributional National Accounts Guidelines " ( there).

In addition, it should be noted that there are specific countries such as China where there is substantial controversy about price deflators and aggregate real growth. In such cases we review all existing series and attempt to combine them in the most sensible manner. This is fully explained in the country-specific papers.

Should you have further questions on the data, do not hesitate to contact us.
There are already many on line economic data portals, why using WID.world?
Over the past decades, the increase in economic inequalities was largely driven by a rise in income and wealth accruing to the top of the distribution. However, household surveys, the data sources traditionally used to observe these dynamics, do not capture these evolution very well. They provide useful information and cover a lot of countries but do not inform adequately on income and wealth levels of the richest individuals.

WID.world overcomes this limitation by combining different data sources: national accounts, survey data, fiscal data, and wealth rankings. By doing so, it becomes possible to track very precisely the evolution of all income or wealth levels, from the bottom to the top. The key novelty of the WID.world project is to use such data in a systematic manner, allowing comparisons between countries and over long time periods.

For more information on what you will find (and will not find) on WID.world, click here.
What is the meaning of the economic concepts used on WID.world?
We try our best to use economic concepts which are consistent with national accounting (i.e. the system used for measuring the economic activity of a nation) and that can also make sense for the general public. On each graph, users can click on the "?" icon and will find the definition of the concepts at stake.

Users can also use our quick-search glossary to find the definition they want.
How is WID.world funded?
WID.world is entirely funded by public, non-profit actors and personal donations.

For more information on our funders, click here.

If you wish to support us, please click on the DONATE button at the bottom of the funding page.

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For more information on WID.world and its history, click here. For more information on the network of researchers, click here. For more information on methodology, click here. How to read WID.world graphs? Click here for help on how to navigate through WID.world menus and graphs. I encounter technical problems on WID.world, what should I do?

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How are incomes and wealth distributed between people? Both within countries and across the world as a whole?

On this page, you can find all our data, visualizations, and writing relating to economic inequality.

This evidence shows us that inequality in many countries is very high and, in many cases, has been on the rise. Global economic inequality is vast and compounded by overlapping inequalities in health, education, and many other dimensions.

But economic inequality is not rising everywhere. Within many countries, it has fallen or remained stable. And global inequality - after two centuries of increase - is now falling too.

The large differences we see across countries and over time are crucial. They show us that high and rising inequality is not inevitable, and that the extent of inequality today is something that we can change.

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See all our data, visualizations, and writing on economic inequality.

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The Clean Cooking Alliance works with a global network of partners to make clean cooking accessible to the 3 billion people who live each day without it.

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Dr Hannah Ritchie‍Deputy Editor, Our World in Data

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Ember is a global energy think tank that aims to accelerate the clean energy transition with data and policy.

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The page below links to all of our content - articles and charts - on the topic of Energy.
We previously had all of this content in a different format; you can still find this .

The Overview

Key Resources

Key Articles on Energy

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Access to Electricity

Energy Mix

Electricity Mix

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Measurement

We built 207 country profiles which allow you to explore energy statistics for every country in the world.

See energy consumption and sources of energy in your country and how it compares to others:

Citation

Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This page - and all of our linked articles and resources on this topic - should be cited as:

How to cite

Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2021) - Energy. Published in Our World in Data. Online at: ourworldindata.org/energy

Cite this work

Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This entry can be cited as:

Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2020) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owidenergy, author = {Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser and Pablo Rosado}, title = {Energy}, journal = {Our World in Data}, year = {2020}, note = {https://ourworldindata.org/energy} }

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The page below links to all of our content - articles and charts - on the topic of Energy. We previously had all of this content in a different format; you can still find this .

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Energy is at the heart of development. Energy makes possible the investments, innovations, and new industries that are the engines of jobs, inclusive growth, and shared prosperity for entire economies.

Yet nearly 675 million people still live without electricity worldwide. About 2.3 billion people cook or heat their homes with polluting fuels that harm their health and the environment.

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Latest news and information from the World Bank and its development work on Energy. Access facts, statistics, project information, development research from experts and latest news about Energy

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Developing countries are committed to improving access to energy while contributing to the global fight against climate change. Energy Transition and Investment Plans detail the actions and investments needed to reach their goals, helping countries attract support.

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Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) is an international organization that works in partnership with the United Nations and leaders in government, the private sector, financial institutions, civil society and philanthropies to drive faster action towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7).

SDG7 calls for "affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all" by 2030. Together, we need to provide energy access to billions of people without electricity or clean cooking, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency and substantially increase the share of renewables in the energy mix.

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Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) works in partnership with the UN and world leaders to drive faster action towards Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) in line with the Paris Agreement.

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Featured video

Governments are facing a difficult task of bringing the health emergency under control while introducing major stimulus and recovery measures. The crisis has exposed deeply embedded vulnerabilities ...

Francesco La Camera,
IRENA Director-General

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IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency

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The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation supporting countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future.

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The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Country Results

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Tracking SDG 7 | Progress Towards Sustainable Energy

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The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Country Results

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The Water Project - A Charity Providing Access to Clean Water in Africa

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The Water Project is a charity that provides access to clean, safe and reliable water and sanitation solutions across sub-Saharan Africa, one village at a time.

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charity: water | Help Bring Clean and Safe Water and Sanitation to Communities

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charity: water is a global nonprofit organization on a mission to end the water crisis by bringing clean and safe water and sanitation programs to communities in need.

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The changing climate is making it harder to find safe water, forcing people into poverty, as they must spend time sourcing water, instead of working.

We can't stop flooding or drought, but we can limit the effect it has on people and their access to water.

We have a plan to bring clean water, sanitation and hygiene to the people of Bhetkhali in Bangladesh. But we need your support to reach them and other vulnerable communities around the world.

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Clean water charity. Donate now to clean water projects, founded 1981. | WaterAid America

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Clean water saves lives. Our mission is to equip people with sustainable clean water (and decent toilets and hygiene education). We were founded in 1981 and have reached 28.1 million people with clean water, 28.8 million people with decent toilets and 26 million people with hygiene education so far.

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Latest news and information from the World Bank and its development work on Water. Access facts, statistics, project information, development research from experts, and latest news about Water.

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In an ongoing effort to understand the connections between water resources, water systems, and international security and conflict, the Pacific Institute initiated a project in the late 1980s to track and categorize events related to water and conflict, which has been continuously updated since. The database, updated in October 2019, presents the information as a chronology and map. Use the links below to explore the chronological list of events or the interactive events map.

View the Water Conflict Chronology

A table listing conflicts over water that can be filtered by region, conflict type, and date range.

An interactive map showing the geographic location where conflicts over water have occurred and information about each conflict.

Basis for Including an Event

Items are included when there is violence (injuries or deaths) or threats of violence (including verbal threats, military maneuvers, and shows of force). We do not include instances of unintentional or incidental adverse impacts on populations or communities that occur associated with water management decisions, such as populations displaced by dam construction or impacts of extreme events such as flooding or droughts. (Based on this new definition, some previous entries were removed in May 2018.)

Form of Conflict

Events are categorized based on the use, impact, or effect that water had within the conflict.

Trigger: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence.

Weapon: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict.

Casualty: Water resources or water systems as a casualty of conflict, where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence.
Additional definitions, methods, and sources of the Water Conflict Chronology can be found here.
To Contribute or Access Older Versions of the Chronology

Notice: JavaScript is required for this content.

Citation: Pacific Institute (2019) Water Conflict Chronology. Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA. https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/. Accessed: (access date).
Download the Chronology Click here for the Water Conflict Chronology credits.

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In an ongoing effort to understand the connections between water resources, water systems, and international security and conflict, the Pacific Institute initiated a project in the late 1980s to track and categorize events related to water and conflict, which has been continuously updated since.

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WRI helps companies, communities and governments understand water risks and invest in solutions for a water-secure future.

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This article previously covered aspects of clean water and sanitation access; you can now find this material in our topic pages on Clean Water and Sanitation.

Other research and writing on water use and stress on Our World in Data:

Global freshwater use

A growing global population and economic shift towards more resource-intensive consumption patterns means that global freshwater use has increased approximately six-fold since 1900. Freshwater use includes freshwater withdrawals for agriculture, industry, and municipal uses. This is shown in the chart. Rates of global freshwater use increased sharply from the 1950s onwards but since 2000 appear to be plateauing, or at least slowing.

Freshwater withdrawals by country

This breakdown of total freshwater withdrawals is shown by country in the chart. In recent years, India, China, and the United States are the three countries with the largest freshwater withdrawals.

Water withdrawals per capita

Levels of water use vary significantly across the world. The visualization shows the average level of water withdrawal per person per year. As described in detail in our Data Quality & Definitions section, water withdrawal is defined as the quantity of freshwater taken from groundwater or surface water sources (such as lakes or rivers) for use in agricultural, industrial, or domestic purposes.

As shown, there is a large variance in levels of water withdrawal rates across the world - this can depend on a range of factors, including climate and the importance of a country's agricultural or industrial sector, as explored in the sections below.

Renewable freshwater resources per capita

To maintain sustainable levels of water resources, rates of water withdrawals must be below rates of freshwater replenishment. 'Renewable internal freshwater flows' refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in a country.

Renewable internal flows are, therefore, an important indicator of water security or scarcity. If rates of freshwater withdrawal begin to exceed the renewable flows, resources begin to decline. The chart shows the level of renewable internal freshwater resources per capita.

Per capita renewable resources depend on two factors: the total quantity of renewable flows and the size of the population. If renewable resources decline - as can happen frequently in countries with large annual variability in rainfall, such as monsoon seasons - then per capita renewable withdrawals will also fall. Similarly, if total renewable sources remain constant, per capita levels can fall if a country's population grows.

As we see, per capita renewable resources are declining in many countries, mainly as a result of population increases.

Per capita renewable water resources by region

The chart shows the average per capita renewable freshwater resources across geographical regions, measured in cubic meters per person per year.

Quantity of renewable freshwater resources by region

The chart shows the total internal renewable freshwater resources by region.

Freshwater use in agriculture

Water is an essential input to global agriculture, whether in the form of rainfed sources or pumped irrigation. The visualization shows the total quantity of freshwater withdrawals that are used in agriculture, whether in the form of food crops, livestock, biofuels, or other non-food crop production.

India's agricultural water consumption has been growing rapidly - almost doubling between 1975 and 2010 - as its population and total food demand continue to increase.

Share of freshwater withdrawals used in agriculture

How do agricultural freshwater withdrawals compare to industrial and domestic sources? Globally, we use approximately 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals for agriculture.

However, this share varies significantly by country - as shown in the chart, which measures the percentage of total freshwater withdrawals used for agriculture. Here, we see large variations geographically and by income level. The average agricultural water use for low-income countries is much higher than it is for high-income countries.

There are a number of countries across South Asia, Africa, and Latin America that use more than 80 percent of water withdrawals for agriculture. Many countries in Europe tend to use a much lower share of water for agriculture; Germany and the Netherlands use less than one percent.

Irrigation

What share of agricultural land is irrigated?

Irrigation - the deliberate supply of agricultural land with water - has been an important input factor in the observed increase of crop yields across many countries in recent decades. It has also been a strong driver in the quantity of water used for agriculture.

The share of the total agricultural area (the combination of arable and grazing land) that is irrigated is shown in the chart. As we can see, irrigation is particularly prevalent across South Asia and the Middle East, with many countries irrigating more than a fifth of their agricultural area.

Slower progress in increasing crop yields in recent decades in Sub-Saharan Africa has been partly attributed (among other factors including fertilizer application rates and crop varieties) to lower uptake of irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Water use in industry

Water is used for a range of industrial applications, including dilution, steam generation, washing, and cooling of manufacturing equipment. Industrial water is also used as cooling water for energy generation in fossil fuel and nuclear power plants (hydropower generation is not included in this category) or as wastewater from certain industrial processes.

The visualization shows the total annual water withdrawals which are used for industrial purposes. The United States and China are two countries that withdraw the most water for industrial uses.

Many countries across the Americas, Europe, and East Asia & Pacific regions use more than one billion m³ for industrial uses per year. Freshwater withdrawal for industrial uses is typically much lower across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Share of freshwater withdrawals used in industry

The visualization provides an overview of industrial water withdrawals measured as the share of total water withdrawals (which is the sum of agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses).

In contrast to the global distribution of agricultural water withdrawals, industrial water usage tends to dominate in high-income countries and is small in low-income countries.

The regions with the greatest share are Central and Eastern Europe. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, these industrial water withdrawals contribute to a very small share of total withdrawals.

Freshwater use for households and public services

Municipal water is defined as the water we use for domestic, household purposes, or public services. This is typically the most 'visible' form of water: the water we use for drinking, cleaning, washing, and cooking.

Municipal water withdrawals are shown in the chart. China, India, and the United States have the highest domestic water demands. This is partly down to the large populations of these countries and higher per capita water demands in the United States.

Share of freshwater withdrawals used in households

Despite being the most visible use of freshwater, domestic demands for most countries are small relative to agricultural and industrial applications. Globally, around 10 percent of withdrawals are used for municipal purposes.

Municipal uses as a share of total water withdrawals across the world are shown in the chart. The majority of countries use less than 30 percent of withdrawals for domestic purposes.

The share of municipal water in some countries across Sub-Saharan Africa can be high as a result of very low demands for agricultural and industrial withdrawals. Domestic uses of water withdrawals can also dominate in some countries across Europe with high rainfall, such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, where agricultural production is often largely rainfed and industrial output is low.

As the global population grows (increasing agricultural, industrial, and domestic demands for water) and water demand increases, water stress and the risk of water scarcity are now a common concern. This is even more applicable for particular regions with lower water resources and/or larger population pressures.

Water stress is defined based on the ratio of freshwater withdrawals to renewable freshwater resources. Water stress does not insinuate that a country has water shortages, but it does give an indication of how close it may be to exceeding a water basin's renewable resources. If water withdrawals exceed available resources (i.e., greater than 100 percent), then a country is either extracting beyond the rate at which aquifers can be replenished or has very high levels of desalinization water generation (the conversion of seawater to freshwater using osmosis processes).

What share of freshwater resources do we use?

The visualization provides a measure of levels of water stress across the world. This is measured based on freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal (renewable) resources. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations categorizes water stress in the following ways: if withdrawals are less than 25 percent of resources, then a country has no water stress; 25-50 percent is low stress; 50-75 percent is medium; 75-100 percent high stress; and greater than 100 percent is critical stress.

Several countries across the Middle East & North Africa have extremely high levels of water stress. Many have withdrawal rates well in excess of 100 percent - this means they are either extracting unsustainably from existing aquifer sources or producing a large share of water from desalinization.

Water stress in Northern Europe, Canada, much of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania is typically low or low to medium.

Water use of food products

Globally, 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture. However, water requirements vary significantly depending on food type. The charts show the global average freshwater withdrawals in liters per kilogram of food product, per 1000 kilocalories, and 100 grams of protein.

Freshwater withdrawals per kilogram of food product

Freshwater withdrawals per 1000 kilocalories

Freshwater withdrawals per 100 grams of protein

Water withdrawals

Water withdrawal: Water withdrawals (also sometimes known as 'water abstractions') are defined as freshwater taken from ground or surface water sources (such as rivers or lakes), either permanently or temporarily, and used for agricultural, industrial, or municipal (domestic) uses.

The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) AQUASTAT Database defines total water withdrawal as: "Annual quantity of water withdrawn for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes. It can include water from primary renewable and secondary freshwater resources, as well as water from over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or withdrawal from fossil groundwater, direct use of agricultural drainage water, direct use of (treated) wastewater, and desalinated water. It does not include in-stream uses, which are characterized by a very low net consumption rate, such as recreation, navigation, hydropower, inland capture fisheries, etc."

Total withdrawal is equal to: [withdrawals for agriculture] + [withdrawals for industry] + [withdrawals for municipal/domestic uses].

The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) AQUASTAT Database gives the following definitions for agricultural, industrial, and municipal withdrawals:

Agricultural water withdrawal: "Annual quantity of self-supplied water withdrawn for irrigation, livestock and aquaculture purposes. It can include water from primary renewable and secondary freshwater resources, as well as water from over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or withdrawal from fossil groundwater, direct use of agricultural drainage water, direct use of (treated) wastewater, and desalinated water. Water for the dairy and meat industries and industrial processing of harvested agricultural products is included under industrial water withdrawal."

Industrial water withdrawal: "Annual quantity of self-supplied water withdrawn for industrial uses. It can include water from primary renewable and secondary freshwater resources, as well as water from over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or withdrawal from fossil groundwater, direct use of agricultural drainage water, direct use of (treated) wastewater, and desalinated water. This sector refers to self-supplied industries not connected to the public distribution network. The ratio between net consumption and withdrawal is estimated at less than 5%. It includes water for the cooling of thermoelectric and nuclear power plants, but it does not include hydropower. Water withdrawn by industries that are connected to the public supply network is generally included in municipal water withdrawal."

Municipal water withdrawal: "Annual quantity of water withdrawn primarily for the direct use by the population. It can include water from primary renewable and secondary freshwater resources, as well as water from over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or withdrawal from fossil groundwater, direct use of agricultural drainage water, direct use of (treated) wastewater, and desalinated water. It is usually computed as the total water withdrawn by the public distribution network. It can include part of the industries and urban agriculture, which is connected to the municipal network. The ratio between the net consumption and the water withdrawn can vary from 5 to 15% in urban areas and 10 to 50% in rural areas."

Water stress levels

Renewable internal freshwater resources refer to the quantity of internal freshwater from inflowing river basins and recharging groundwater aquifers. Data on renewable resources should be treated with caution; since this data is gathered intermittently, it fails to capture seasonal and annual variance in water resources, which can be significant in some nations. Data at a national level also fails to capture variability at more local levels, which can be important when analyzing the sustainability of particular groundwater aquifers or surface water basins.

Water stress is defined in its simplest terms as occurring when total freshwater withdrawal substantiates a large share of available renewable freshwater resources.

UN-Water defines water stress categories based on this percentage (% of withdrawals to renewable resources) as follows:

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How much water do we use? How did it change over time?

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Safe water and good hygiene keep children alive

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Understanding the state, use and management of the world’s freshwater resources and designing better water policies

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The JMP 2022 progress update presents country, regional and global estimates for the period 2000 to 2021 and has a special focus on the linkages between WASH and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC)

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The JMP 2022 progress update presents country, regional and global estimates for the period 2000 to 2021 and has a special focus on the linkages between WASH and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC)

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SDG 6 seeks to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation for all, focusing on the sustainable management of water resources, wastewater and ecosystems, and acknowledging the importance of an enabling environment. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries have committed to engage in systematic follow-up and review of progress towards the Goals and targets, using a set of global indicators.

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SDG 6 seeks to ensure safe drinking water and sanitation for all, focusing on the sustainable management of water resources, wastewater and ecosystems, and acknowledging the importance of an enabling environment. In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries have committed to engage in systematic follow-up and review of progress towards the Goals and targets, using a set of global indicators.

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Equal Measures 2030 believes that data-driven advocacy can expose gender inequality and injustice, motivate change and drive accountability.

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Despite progress in recent years, more work needs to be done across all OECD countries to secure gender equality, with women and girls still facing inappropriate disadvantages and barriers in most spheres of social and economic life. Gender equality must remain a priority, as a matter of basic human rights and long-term economic wellbeing and prosperity.

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Girls and boys see gender inequality in their homes and communities every day - in textbooks, in the media and among the adults who care for them.

Parents may assume unequal responsibility for household work, with mothers bearing the brunt of caregiving and chores. The majority of low-skilled and underpaid community health workers who attend to children are also women, with limited opportunity for professional growth.

And in schools, many girls receive less support than boys to pursue the studies they choose. This happens for a variety of reasons: The safety, hygiene and sanitation needs of girls may be neglected, barring them from regularly attending class. Discriminatory teaching practices and education materials also produce gender gaps in learning and skills development. As a result, nearly 1 in 4 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are neither employed nor in education or training - compared to 1 in 10 boys.

Worldwide, nearly 1 in 4 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are neither employed nor in education or training - compared to 1 in 10 boys.

Yet, in early childhood, gender disparities start out small. Girls have higher survival rates at birth, are more likely to be developmentally on track, and are just as likely to participate in preschool. Among those who reach secondary school, girls tend to outperform boys in reading across every country where data are available.

But the onset of adolescence can bring significant barriers to girls' well-being. Gender norms and discrimination heighten their risk of unwanted pregnancy, HIV and AIDS, and malnutrition. Especially in emergency settings and in places where menstruation remains taboo, girls are cut off from the information and supplies they need to stay healthy and safe.

In its most insidious form, gender inequality turns violent. Some 1 in 20 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 - around 13 million - have experienced forced sex. In times of both peace and conflict, adolescent girls face the highest risk of gender-based violence. Hundreds of millions of girls worldwide are still subjected to child marriage and female genital mutilation - even though both have been internationally recognized as human rights violations. And violence can occur at birth, like in places where female infanticide is known to persist.

Some 1 in 20 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 - around 13 million globally - have experienced forced sex in their lifetimes.

Harmful gender norms are perpetuated at the highest levels. In some countries, they become entrenched in laws and policies that fail to uphold - or that even violate - girls' rights, like laws that restrict women from inheriting property. Boys also suffer from gender norms: Social conceptions of masculinity can fuel child labour, gang violence, disengagement from school, and recruitment into armed groups.

Despite major hurdles that still deny them equal rights, girls refuse to limit their ambitions. Since the signing of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in 1995 - the most comprehensive policy agenda for gender equality - the world has seen uneven progress.

More and more girls are attending and completing school, and fewer are getting married or becoming mothers while still children themselves. But discrimination and limiting stereotypes remain rife. Technological change and humanitarian emergencies are also confronting girls with new challenges, while old ones - violence, institutionalized biases, poor learning and life opportunities - persist.

That's why girls from all walks of life are boldly raising their voices against inequality. Girl-led movements are stopping child marriage and female genital mutilation, demanding action on climate change, and trail-blazing in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) - asserting their power as global change-makers.

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Equal rights and opportunities for girls and boys help all children fulfil their potential.

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Gender equality is a human right.

Women are entitled to live with dignity and freedom from fear. Gender equality is also a precondition for advancing development and reducing poverty: Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of entire families and communities, improving prospects for the next generation. Still, despite solid evidence demonstrating the centrality of women's empowerment to realizing human rights, reducing poverty, promoting development and addressing the world's most urgent challenges, gender equality remains an unfulfilled promise.

For decades UNFPA has advocated for women and girls, promoting legal and policy reforms and gender-responsive data collection, as well as supporting initiatives that improve the health of women and girls and expand their choices in life.

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The UNITE to End Violence against Women initiative is a multiyear effort to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls around the world.

The initiative, launched in 2008 under the leadership of the UN Secretary-General, was created to support the civil society led 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence campaign around the world.

Managed by UN Women, UNITE calls on governments, civil society, women's organizations, young people, the private sector, media, and the UN system to join forces to address the global pandemic of violence against women and girls.

The global theme of this year's 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence, which runs from 25 November to 10 December 2023, is " UNITE! Invest to prevent violence against women and girls ".

Read the concept note, available in Arabic, English, French, Spanish.

Join the global movement with the #NoExcuse campaign calling for urgent investments to prevent violence against women and girls.

Check out the campaign social media package and join the initiative!

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UNITE to End Violence against Women Campaign

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The UNITE to End Violence against Women initiative is a multiyear effort to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls around the world.

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The Women Count Data Hub is made possible by the partners of the Women Count programme, which include the Governments of Australia, Ireland, France, Mexico, Sweden, the United States and the United Kingdom and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Alibaba Foundation and Elizabeth Arden.

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UN Women has been supporting Palestinian women since 1997 to achieve their social, economic, and political rights. We remain present on the ground to provide support and assistance and will do so for as long as it takes.

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UN Women is the global champion for gender equality, working to develop and uphold standards and create an environment in which every woman and girl can exercise her human rights and live up to her full potential. We are trusted partners for advocates and decision-makers from all walks of life, and a leader in the effort to achieve gender equality.

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"One step backwards, two forwards"
In @TheEconomist, how #COVID19 presents a historic opportunity to address the "learning crisis" in Africa with #TaRL, the evidence-backed remedial teaching approach.
S/o to @TaRL_Africa @VVOBvzw @Young1ove @Pratham_India!
https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/04/08/covid-19-creates-a-window-for-school-reform-in-africa

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Pratham - Every Child In School and Learning Well

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"One step backwards, two forwards" In @TheEconomist, how #COVID19 presents a historic opportunity to address the "learning crisis" in Africa with #TaRL, the evidence-backed remedial teaching approach. S/o to @TaRL_Africa @VVOBvzw @Young1ove @Pratham_India! https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/04/08/covid-19-creates-a-window-for-school-reform-in-africa

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Achieving Breakthroughs in Education for Children

A good quality education helps children reach their full potential; however, for millions of children and youth, it is beyond reach and many are not learning basic skills like reading and math if they do attend school.

The Global Education team works across five major areas, finding the best solutions to help children learn and thrive. Our teams are:

Early Child Care and Development: These programs are focused on children aged 0-6, a period of tremendous growth in all areas of a child's development. Our ECCD interventions range from work with 0-6 year olds as well as efforts to enable parents or caregivers to promote brain development, health and well-being as children prepare for school.

Basic Education: Our Basic Education programs help school-age children develop vital skills to ensure their success both in school and out. Using proven approaches such as Literacy Boost and Numeracy Boost, Save the Children is ensuring children acquire foundational literacy, math and socio-emotional skills, which will prepare them for a lifetime of learning.

School Health and Nutrition: School Health and Nutrition programs help school age children be healthy to learn and learn to be healthy. We use comprehensive approaches to overcome the effects of chronic malnutrition, illnesses, like malaria and zika, as well as working to improve oral and vision health, access to water and sanitation including menstrual hygiene and road safety.

Education Research: Save the Children's dedicated researchers, build the capacity of the organization to better understand what works for supporting all children's learning and development.

Education in Emergencies: Save the Children's education in emergency programs ensure children return to learning as quickly as possible after the onset of a humanitarian crisis. Children experiencing natural disasters or conflict benefit from our Learning and Well-being in Emergencies approach which provides them with essential academic and socio-emotional skills to start to recover and resume some normalcy in their lives.

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Achieving Breakthroughs in Education for Children A good quality education helps children reach their full potential; however, for millions of children and youth, it is beyond reach and many are not learning basic skills like reading and math if they do attend school.

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Room to Read is creating a world free from illiteracy and gender inequality through education. Learn more, donate, and get involved.

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Drawing hijabi characters - with style: A Q&A with artist Areeba Siddique

The unexpected star of my college lectures - my mom

Breaking chains and building dreams: Nicol Duran-Peña's journey through exalt

A conversation with junior Olympic athlete and student organizer Nora Wang on celebrating diversity & student voices

A week in the life of a 17-year-old assisting human rights research at Stanford University

From bias to bonds: challenging my bias, empowering girls and building community through science

When women excel, society follows: advocating for Guyanese girls' education

Kalyla's 4-step guide to dealing with academic burnout

A week in the life of a 15-year-old girls' rights advocate in Pakistan

10 girl-powered moments to celebrate on Day of the Girl

"Young and Restless" author Mattie Kahn shares how girls shaped American history

Strokes of protest: the Afghan artist painting a brighter future

What's your favourite extracurricular activity and why?

My body, my sanctuary: how body shaming affects girls beyond self-esteem

How mental health affects girls' education

For the love of the game: the Afghan Youth National Team reflects on life after leaving home, making a documentary and the Youth World Cup

Two years on, the world has failed us

Meet the Afghan women leading alternative learning initiatives

Echoes of separation: letter to a lost homeland

How a salon in the Dominican Republic helped me embrace my curly hair

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Malala Fund | Working for a world where all girls can learn and lead

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Founded by student and Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai, Malala Fund invests in girls' education programmes to help girls go to school and reach their full potential.

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CGD’s work in education focuses on the role education can play in building more equal and prosperous societies.

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The World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE) brings together data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), other national household surveys and learning assessments from over 160 countries.

Explore over 170 countries

Explore 26 different indicators on Education

Explore over 170 countries

It allows you to compare education outcomes on 3 levels: between countries, between groups within countries, and between overlapping disparities, according to factors that are associated with inequality, including gender, location, wealth, and ethnicity.

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The World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE) highlights the powerful influence of circumstances, such as wealth, gender, ethnicity and location, over which people have little control but which play an important role in shaping their opportunities for education and life.

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Access to education is now seen as a fundamental right - in many cases, it's the government's duty to provide it.

But formal education is a very recent phenomenon. In the chart, we see the share of the adult population - those older than 15 - that has received some basic education and those who haven't.

In the early 1800s, fewer than 1 in 5 adults had some basic education. Education was a luxury; in all places, it was only available to a small elite.

But you can see that this share has grown dramatically, such that this ratio is now reversed. Less than 1 in 5 adults has not received any formal education.

This is reflected in literacy data, too: 200 years ago, very few could read and write. Now most adults have basic literacy skills.

International statistics often focus on attendance as the marker of educational progress.

However, being in school does not guarantee that a child receives high-quality education. In fact, in many countries, the data shows that children learn very little.

Just half - 48% - of the world's children can read with comprehension by the end of primary school. It's based on data collected over a 9-year period, with 2016 as the average year of collection.

This is shown in the chart, where we plot averages across countries with different income levels.¹

The situation in low-income countries is incredibly worrying, with 90% of children unable to read by that age.

This can be improved - even among high-income countries. The best-performing countries have rates as low as 2%. That's more than four times lower than the average across high-income countries.

Making sure that every child gets to go to school is essential. But the world also needs to focus on what children learn once they're in the classroom.
Read more:

There are still significant inequalities in the amount of education children get across the world.

This can be measured as the total number of years that children spend in school. However, researchers can also adjust for the quality of education to estimate how many years of quality learning they receive. This is done using an indicator called "learning-adjusted years of schooling".

On the map, you see vast differences across the world.

In many of the world's poorest countries, children receive less than three years of learning-adjusted schooling. In most rich countries, this is more than 10 years.

Across most countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa - where the largest share of children live - the average years of quality schooling are less than 7.

Globally, until recently, boys were more likely to attend school than girls. The world has focused on closing this gap to ensure every child gets the opportunity to go to school.

Today, these gender gaps have largely disappeared. In the chart, we see the difference in the global enrollment rates for primary, secondary, and tertiary (post-secondary) education. The share of children who complete primary school is also shown.

We see these lines converging over time, and recently they met: rates between boys and girls are the same.

For tertiary education, young women are now more likely than young men to be enrolled.

While the differences are small globally, there are some countries where the differences are still large: girls in Afghanistan, for example, are much less likely to go to school than boys.

Hannah Ritchie, Veronika Samborska, Natasha Ahuja, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser (2023) - "Global Education" Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/global-education' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owid-global-education, author = {Hannah Ritchie and Veronika Samborska and Natasha Ahuja and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser}, title = {Global Education}, journal = {Our World in Data}, year = {2023}, note = {https://ourworldindata.org/global-education} }

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See all our data, visualizations, and writing on global education.

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Education and skills increase human capital and job prospects. Smart financing and policy for schools, teachers, foundational learning, early childhood, universities, 21st century skills, and vocational training support poverty reduction and economic growth.

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THE CHALLENGE

75 million school-aged children and youth are in desperate need of educational support, either in danger of, or already missing out on their education. Communities highlight the importance of education during times of crises, yet education appeals receive less than 2% of humanitarian funding. The right to education is most at risk during emergencies but it is also the exact time when it is needed the most.

Learn more about the situation

OUR RESPONSE

Education Cannot Wait is a new global fund to transform the delivery of education in emergencies - one that joins up governments, humanitarian actors and development efforts to deliver a more collaborative and rapid response to the educational needs of children and youth affected by crises. The fund aims to reach all crisis-affected children and youth with safe, free and quality education by 2030.

How the fund works

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Education Cannot Wait is the global fund to transform the delivery of education in emergencies - one that joins up governments, humanitarian actors and development efforts to deliver a more collaborative and rapid response to the educational needs of children and youth affected by crises.

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In a world facing a learning crisis, digital learning should be an essential service. UNICEF aims to have every child and young person - some 3.5 billion by 2030 - connected to world-class digital solutions that offer personalized learning.

A TIME Best Invention of 2021, this platform enables high-quality, flexible learning for children anywhere, to close the learning poverty gap.

If the largest generation of young people in history is prepared for the transition to work, the potential for global progress is unlimited. We enable young people to become productive and engaged members of society.

The Giga Initiative was launched to connect every school to the internet and every young person to information, opportunity and choice.
Education Cannot Wait
Education Cannot Wait is the United Nations global fund for education in emergencies and protracted crises. We support and protect holistic learning outcomes so no one is left behind.

EdTech Hub is a global research partnership that empowers people by giving them the evidence they need to make decisions about technology in education.
Global Partnership for Education
GPE is the world's only partnership and fund focused on providing quality education to children in lower-income countries.
Global Education Cluster
The Global Education Cluster works towards a predictable, equitable and well-coordinated response addressing education concerns of crisis-affected populations.
United Nations Girls' Education Initiative
Through evidence building, coordinated advocacy and collective action, the UNGEI partnership works to close the gender gap in education.

In collaboration with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, this initiative provides governments with actionable data to identify barriers that lead to exclusion and develop policies and programmes that put more children on track to complete their education.

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In every corner of the globe, UNICEF works to provide quality learning opportunities that prepare children with the knowledge and skill

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Technology in education | Global Education Monitoring Report

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Education is at the heart of UNESCO's mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development. It is a human right for all throughout life.

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World Vision works in developing communities to bring health and a full life. Learn how we improve the health of children, families, and communities.