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A 2024 research study article on how ocean acidification has cross our planetary boundaries entitled: Ocean Acidification: Another planetary boundary crossed

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A 2024 research study article on how ocean acidification has cross our planetary boundaries entitled: Ocean Acidification: Another planetary boundary crossed

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Global Change Biology - 2025 - Findlay - Ocean Acidification  Another Planetary Boundary Crossed

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A 2024 research study on how ocean acidification effect moon jelly entitled: Adaptation Strategy of the Planula Strobilation in Moon Jelly, Aurelia coerulea to Acidic Environments in Terms of Statolith Formation.

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A 2024 research study on how ocean acidification effect moon jelly entitled: Adaptation Strategy of the Planula Strobilation in Moon Jelly, Aurelia coerulea to Acidic Environments in Terms of Statolith Formation.

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A 2013 Research study on how ocean acidification effects marine organisms entitled: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

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A 2013 Research study on how ocean acidification effects marine organisms entitled: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

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A 2006 Journal article from Scientific American entitled: The Dangers of Ocean Acidification

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A 2006 Journal article from Scientific American entitled: The Dangers of Ocean Acidification

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A 2012 Journal article from the review entitled: The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification

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A 2012 Journal article from the review entitled: The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification

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A 2007 Journal article from the review entitled: Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

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A 2007 Journal article from the review entitled: Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

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A 2020 research article on how the effects of ocean acidification effect marine ecosystems and humans entitled: The impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and reliant human communities

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A 2020 research article on how the effects of ocean acidification effect marine ecosystems and humans entitled: The impacts of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and reliant human communities

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A 2012 research aritcle that speaks about the future of ocean acidification that the impacts that it will have entitled: Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic policy implications 

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A 2012 research aritcle that speaks about the future of ocean acidification that the impacts that it will have entitled: Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic policy implications 

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A 2008 research article on how ocean acidification effects marine fauna entitled: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes

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A 2008 research article on how ocean acidification effects marine fauna entitled: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes

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A 2019 NBC news article speaking on how ocean acidification is effecting the California coast entitled: The worlds ocean are acidifying - but its happening twice as fast off California 

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A 2019 NBC news article speaking on how ocean acidification is effecting the California coast entitled: The worlds ocean are acidifying - but its happening twice as fast off California 

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The waters off California are acidifying twice as rapidly as elsewhere on Earth, according to a study published Monday, which suggests that climate change is likely hastening and worsening chemical changes in the ocean that could threaten seafood and fisheries.

Oceans play an important role in the planet's delicate carbon cycle, acting as a crucial reservoir that absorbs and stores carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But the new research finds that although oceans can withstand some natural variations in climate, global warming may be adding to the stress on those ecosystems and overwhelming their ability to cope.

"The system is adapted to experience and be able to thrive in a variable environment, but when you add extra stress, these changes become more extreme," said Emily Osborne, a researcher at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the lead author of the study, which was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Osborne and her colleagues analyzed almost 2,000 fossil shells of a tiny organism known as planktonic foraminifera to create a 100-year history of ocean acidification along the California coast. The organisms, which live for only about a month, use calcium carbonate to build their shells, which means they leave behind clues about their environment.

"We can see how they've grown and how they're influenced by the ambient carbon chemistry of the seawater around them," Osborne said. "They capture the chemistry in their shell that is the chemistry of the ocean, too."

It's estimated that oceans around the world have absorbed up to 31 percent of carbon dioxide emissions from 1994 to 2007 - equivalent to 34 billion metric tons of carbon - according to a NOAA study published in the journal Science in March. When carbon dioxide mixes with ocean water, it triggers chemical reactions that make the water more acidic.

As oceans become more acidic, sea creatures struggle to build up hardier shells, Osborne said, which allowed her and her colleagues to study the thickness of foraminifera shells and trace levels of ocean acidity back through time. They found that the organisms' shells were thinning as oceans became more acidic.

"We saw a clear, long-term declining trend with shell thickness that aligns with the signature of carbon that comes from the atmosphere," she said.

By zeroing in on specific signatures of carbon, the researchers were able to separate out natural climate variations that also cause chemical fluctuations along the West Coast, such as El Niño and La Niña cycles.

"That variability has its own chemical signature associated with it, so while they do overlap, we were able to disentangle natural variations that way," Osborne said.

Previous studies have shown that oceans have experienced a decline of 0.1 in pH since the Industrial Revolution in 1750. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, and lower values are more acidic, while higher values are more basic.

Similar data for California's coastal waters for that entire period don't exist, but Osborne and her colleagues found that in just the past century, California's coastal waters have experienced a 0.21 decline in pH - twice the global average over more than 2½ centuries.

Although more research is needed, Osborne said, the chemical changes could have negative consequences for the vibrant fisheries off California and elsewhere around the world.

"There are different stressors like warmer temperatures, decreased oxygen concentration and multiple other things happening in concert to affect these species," she said. "There's a vast amount of research that has happened and continues to happen to get at what the responses will be and what it means broadly in terms of how ecosystems will respond."

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The world's oceans are acidifying - but it's happening twice as fast off California

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The waters off California are acidifying twice as rapidly as elsewhere on Earth, according to a study published Monday, which suggests that climate change is likely hastening and worsening chemical changes in the ocean that could threaten seafood and fisheries.

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A 2022 Scientific Journal that keeps on the modification and heat resistance of newly modified corals entitled: Genetically engineered heat resistant coral

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A 2022 Scientific Journal that keeps on the modification and heat resistance of newly modified corals entitled: Genetically engineered heat resistant coral

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A 2023 News article that speaks on the framework of the Paris agreement and how affective and costly it is entitled: The Paris Agreement 

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A 2023 News article that speaks on the framework of the Paris agreement and how affective and costly it is entitled: The Paris Agreement 

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What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016.

Its overarching goal is to hold "the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels" and pursue efforts "to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels."

However, in recent years, world leaders have stressed the need to limit global warming to 1.5°C by the end of this century.

That's because the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates that crossing the 1.5°C threshold risks unleashing far more severe climate change impacts, including more frequent and severe droughts, heatwaves and rainfall.

To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030.

The Paris Agreement is a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations together to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.

How does the Paris Agreement work?

Implementation of the Paris Agreement requires economic and social transformation, based on the best available science. The Paris Agreement works on a five-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action -- or, ratcheting up -- carried out by countries. Since 2020, countries have been submitting their national climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Each successive NDC is meant to reflect an increasingly higher degree of ambition compared to the previous version.

Recognizing that accelerated action is required to limit global warming to 1.5°C, the COP27 cover decision requests Parties to revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their NDCs to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2023, taking into account different national circumstances.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

In their NDCs, countries communicate actions they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement. Countries also communicate in their NDCs actions they will take to build resilience to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Long-Term Strategies

To better frame the efforts towards the long-term goal, the Paris Agreement invites countries to formulate and submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS).

LT-LEDS provide the long-term horizon to the NDCs. Unlike NDCs, they are not mandatory. Nevertheless, they place the NDCs into the context of countries' long-term planning and development priorities, providing a vision and direction for future development.

How are countries supporting one another?

The Paris Agreement provides a framework for financial, technical and capacity building support to those countries who need it.

Finance

The Paris Agreement reaffirms that developed countries should take the lead in providing financial assistance to countries that are less endowed and more vulnerable, while for the first time also encouraging voluntary contributions by other Parties. Climate finance is needed for mitigation, because large-scale investments are required to significantly reduce emissions. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation, as significant financial resources are needed to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the impacts of a changing climate.

Technology

The Paris Agreement speaks of the vision of fully realizing technology development and transfer for both improving resilience to climate change and reducing GHG emissions. It establishes a technology framework to provide overarching guidance to the well-functioning Technology Mechanism. The mechanism is accelerating technology development and transfer through its policy and implementation arms.

Capacity-Building

Not all developing countries have sufficient capacities to deal with many of the challenges brought by climate change. As a result, the Paris Agreement places great emphasis on climate-related capacity-building for developing countries and requests all developed countries to enhance support for capacity-building actions in developing countries.

How are we tracking progress?

With the Paris Agreement, countries established an enhanced transparency framework (ETF). Under ETF, starting in 2024, countries will report transparently on actions taken and progress in climate change mitigation, adaptation measures and support provided or received. It also provides for international procedures for the review of the submitted reports.

The information gathered through the ETF will feed into the Global stocktake which will assess the collective progress towards the long-term climate goals.

This will lead to recommendations for countries to set more ambitious plans in the next round.

What have we achieved so far?

Although climate change action needs to be massively increased to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the years since its entry into force have already sparked low-carbon solutions and new markets. More and more countries, regions, cities and companies are establishing carbon neutrality targets. Zero-carbon solutions are becoming competitive across economic sectors representing 25% of emissions. This trend is most noticeable in the power and transport sectors and has created many new business opportunities for early movers.

By 2030, zero-carbon solutions could be competitive in sectors representing over 70% of global emissions.

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The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016.