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An economic system where private individuals or business own and operate the production and distribution of goods and services --> free enterprise and free-market economy

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Laissez-Faire Capitalism-

No government interferes in the economic or business affairs of individuals

·       An ideal rather than a description of an actual economic system

·       Ideal capitalist society there would be no state-funded social services, e.g. hospitals, schools or welfare

Social-Market Capitalism-

a socially minded form of capitalism, where the goal is making social improvements, rather than focusing on accumulating of capital in the classic capitalist sense

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Theodore Roosevelt

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Definition: an era of business expansion and progressive reform in the United States

A political movement interested in furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporation

Causes of the Progressive era-

Roosevelt campaign ran on progressives advocating democratic reforms and greater governmental regulation of the economy to temper the capitalistic excesses of the Gilded Age

At the end of the Gilded Age, there was increasing public awareness of the problems caused by unregulated capitalism, such as monopolies, poor working conditions

The Progressive Era arose out of a recognition that the government's hands-off approach to capitalism was creating significant social problems Progressives argued that government intervention was necessary to control the excesses of capitalism and protect workers, consumers, and the environment

The Progressive Era's impact on capitalism

The Square Deal was not about eliminating capitalism but rather ensuring that it operated fairly and ethically for everyone

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Robber Barrons: a wealthy person who tries to gain power through unethical means. Their prime motive was money.

Captains of industry: were essential to America's development in industry and modernisation, and made lives better for civilians.

Teddy Roosevelt: went on a trust busting campaign to eliminate monopolies in society.

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Progressive Era

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William Taft

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Definition-

An economic and political system in which country's trade and industry are controlled and owned by private individuals.

In a capitalist economy the market, not the state, determines distribution and the price of commodites

Workers sell their labour to employers in return for wages

Producers sell and trade goods for the best profit

Private ownership is a key feature of capitalism

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Woodrow Wilson

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Definition-

A decade of the 1920s which was a period of economic prosperity, cultural change, and a general sense of optimism and exuberance following World War I.

Caused by-

Post-World War I economic boom, fuelled by technological advancements, consumerism, and social change

Impacts-

Women Suffrage- The right for women to vote in elections

Equal rights amendment, promoted by national women's party, would eliminate legal distributions on the basis of gender, to end wage discrimination and voting

force feeding was common

women still remained in largely feminised professions, such as teaching and nursing

Flappers-

The Jazz age and Harlem Renaissance- A cultural flowering in New York, the black neighbourhood of Harlem, based on jazz music, but also excellent black architect, and novelist, poets and painters

Resulted in an increase and respect for African Americans, and being proud of their culture was welcomed into society

Renaissance promoted racial pride in black cultural history and achievements, which fuelled the civil rights movement

Scope trials-

Northern Migration-

African Americans moving from the south towards the north, (where the cities are)

Moved as farmers in the south

due to industralisation, farmers began to decline

Key Facts about farmers-

Failing farmers- 1919: $22 billion, 1928: $13 billion

42% of farmers below poverty line

32% of wealth belonged to the top 5%

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Definition-

A term used to describe American individuals and groups who worked to bring about change life

One of their main aims was to expose corruption in the American government and political system, and to address increasing social strains from rapid industrialisation and urban growth

A term adapted in 1910

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Atlanta Riots attacking African Americans

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Calvin Coolidge

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The negative side to the "Roaring twenties" (1920-1929)

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The negative side to the "Roaring twenties" (1920-1929)

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Decade saw-

Rise of organized crime due to Prohibition, significant income inequality, and social unrest

Prohibition- The legal act of prohibiting the production and sale of alcoholic beverages

The Volstead act 1920 permitted prohibition under the 18th Amendment

Prohibition fed into the idea that America was fighting a moral act

Reason it was implemented-

Many brewery's were from German immigrants, a patriotic duty not to buy German alcohol

The women's Christian temperate movement, campaigned for prohibition since the 19th century

Women wanted to take control over domestic violence, belief no alcohol would reduce this

Women tried to reduce poverty within the family, as men spent family salary on alcohol

The Klu Klux Klan- a white supremacies movement

Purpose-

To oppress their victims, most notably African Americans, Jews and Catholic

They were nationalistic (they used the word patriotic - "love your country), key difference was they believed they were superior, to keep whites in control

Key Facts-

Systemic Racism

Over 200 bombings

1940's their was a large decline

Covered their faces as they were seen as one

Members were Wasps, they believed in symbolism of the church so they burnt churches

KKK

Why become a member?

For jobs

African Americans were accused of taking white jobs

Many people were given a sense of purpose/belonging

offered people something they could hold onto

Red Scare- Russia had just become communist, Americans feared that recent immigrants were bringing similar radical ideas with them, reaction was called the red scare, red because of the revolution

Facts-

1920s saw an increase in racist attitudes towards immigrants as their fear of communism or bolshevism increased

Communist and foreigners become the target of fear

Immigrants were targets of resentment

Strikes-

Worker aren't on strike to maintain the gains won by the war

Most strikes focused on achieved union recognition

A few strikes were led by radical political groups

1919- their were 3600 strikes, involving 4 million workers

Palmer raids-

Nov 1919 - Jan 1920: Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer send federal agents to raid the officers of radical organisations

5000 arrests many people held for months with no charge

Hundreds of radical immigrants were deported

Opinion on raids-

raids criticised by congress, for breaching civil liberties

Widespread approval among conservatives for supressing radicals

Immigration restriction act

Total immigration limited was 357,000 per year

Favoured British and Western European immigrants, lowered amount of southern immigrants

Urban areas feared strikes and were seen as communist

Scare tactics made the government react to the public, fear for a political advantage

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The belief that a country's interests are best served by not becoming involved in political debates concerning other countries

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Herbert Hoover

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Beginning of World War I

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The growth of consumerism's impact on capitalism

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The growth of consumerism's impact on capitalism

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Franklin Roosevelt

Significance of 1932 election-

Roosevelt was the first Democrat to be elected president since 1916 (Woodrow Wilson)

first to win an outright majority of the popular vote since 1876

First to win a majority of both the electoral and popular vote since 1852.

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Significance:

Roosevelt was the first Democrat to be elected president since 1916 (Woodrow Wilson)

first to win an outright majority of the popular vote since 1876

First to win a majority of both the electoral and popular vote since 1852.

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A person who believes that white people are superior to other races and that they should have control over all other races

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End of the Progressive Era

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The right for women to vote in elections

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America enters into the World War (WWI).

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The legal act of prohibiting the production and sale of alcoholic beverages

Americans voted to introduce prohibition in 1918 and it was introduced in 1920 under the Volstead act

Prohibition was repealed in 1933

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World War I comes to an end

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Russia had just become communist, Americans feared that recent immigrants were bringing similar radical ideas with them to America, reaction was called the Red Scare, Red because of the revolution

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Isolationism introduced to US

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White supremacist organisation was founded in 1877

Revived during the 1920's in both the south and north of the USA

Used violence to intimate African Americans, Catholics, foreigners, Jews and bootleggers

The KKK's aims was for Anglo-Saxon, white protestant values to dominate society

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Beginning of "Golden Age, Jazz age, The Roaring Twenties",

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A belief that business, industry, services and the monetary system should be owned and controlled by the community as the whole through government

The socialist party of America was established in 1901

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1925 'Monkey Trial'

John T. Scopes on trial in Texas for teaching evolution

Against Butler Act which only allowed teaching of Biblical history not evolution theory

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The idea that equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved

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The Wall Street Crashes

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The idea were America was the place that immigrants lost their old identity and became Americans (Assimilation)

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1932 Election-

Franklin Roosevelt (Democratic) wins by a land slide against Herbert Hoover (Republican)

Won by a 88.9% Electoral Vote

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An active democratic program used to combat against the Great Depression (GD)

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Start of New Deal

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World War II began

The Great Depression ends

End of New Deal

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America officially enters WWII-

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A bit blank so just ignore that or add too it

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Workers

·           25% unemployment nationally in America

·           65%in Detroit,  80% in Toledo and Cleveland

·           1/3 of banks failed, resulting in 15% of deposits being lost

·           25% wage cuts

·           reliance on state handouts, had to swallow pride

·           bonus army perceived as a quasi-communist revolution

o   douglas marcarthur – ‘mob … animated by the essence of revolution’

·           psychological impact – men felt inadequate (something wrong with a man who can’t support his family)

·           monopoly board game became popular-get rich quick in your imagination

·           mining families in the mountains of Appalachia reduced to berries and dandelions

·           looked to cinema for distractions/ cinemas encouraged to produce ‘happy films’ by New York Mayor

o   cinema key propaganda tool for NRA

·           National Mine Wroerks Union (communist)

·           Communism ‘gaining a foothold’ – Theodore Bilbo (Gov- MSS)

·           However party membership never rose above 100 000

·           Hunger marches

Women

·           retained their employment moreso than men (23.2% unemployment vs 39% northern men)

·           women were usually breadwinners (services was stronger than industry)

o   shift in domestic power balance, men did not take to this well

·           25% of workforce

·           federal agencies had anti-women employment policy despite efforts of Frances Perkins, Eleanor Roosevelt

·           unions were also unwilling to admit women

·           marriage rate/fertility rate dropped

o   22% decline in marriages, 15% decline in births

o   below replacement rate for first time in US history

·           divorce rate fell – divorce fee

·           1.5 million women were abandoned by their husbands – 1940 report

·           resurgence of conservative attitudes towards family unit

o   the new ideas of the twenties – behaviourism/feminism undermined

o   flappers ceased to exist as a cultural icon

·           Practically every woman, whether she is rich or poor, is facing today a reduction of income. –Eleanor Roosevelt

·           Women who sought relief or paid employment risked public scorn or worse for supposedly taking jobs and money away from more deserving men.-Susan Ware

·           Sweatshops, child labour – exploitation

·           Women’s fashion – less makeup, more affordable dresses, lower heels

Farmers

·           750 000 farms abandoned

·           Penny (forced) Auction

·           Foreclosing magistrates threatened with lynching

·           Farmers Holiday association (militant)

o   Block highways, empty milk cans, attacked deputies

·           Iowan governor placed six counties under martial law

·           Share Croppers Union

·           Pouring milk into the streets, blockading food going to market

·           Anti-Okie law in California

·           Dustbowl

·           43% of farmers were migrated, some of which were expatriated

·           keep warm by burning corn

·

Afro-Americans

·           invariably first to be retrenched

·           women fared better than men as ‘domestic hands’

o   jargon of ‘slave market’

·           New Deal programs such as Federal Music Project, Federal Theatre Project, Federal Writers facilitated Harlem Renaissance

·           Harry Hopkins (WPA) worked with NAACP to protect rights of blacks

·           Desert Republican Party

·           Anti-lynching bill filibustered 1937

·           a study in Harlem revealed that 65% of African-American children were malnourished.

·           Stealing jobs from ‘real’ Americans

·           Jim Crow laws refused African-Americans accommodation in hotels, motels

·           Blacks normally involved in textiles or sharecropping

·           9/10 African American women involved in worst hit industries – textiles

·           Scottsboro case – Share Croppers Union