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SCOTUS ruled that all slaves, including Dred Scott, and all descendants were not "citizens of the United States."

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Part I of the Reconstruction Era Amendments, this Amendment made slavery illegal. However, the aftereffects of making slavery illegal were seen in many instances of fueled violence and racial discrimination against African-Americans and other minority groups.

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The 14th Amendment is the umbrella amendment for the judicial amendments (4th-8th), which includes the equal protection and due process clauses. The equal protection clause protects anybody from discrimination from any race, gender, religion, etc.

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Part III of the Reconstruction Era Amendments, this gave the right to vote for all African Americans, which was a big turning point after the Dred Scott v. Sanford SCOTUS case

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This collection of state and local laws started to take effect immediately as soon as the 13th Amendment passed and prevented African-Americans from exercising certain rights, including the ability to vote, where one was able to live, the conditions they had to live in, etc. The Jim Crow laws were further enforced by the Ku Klux Klan, a secret organization dedicated to terrorizing the African-American community throughout America, specifically the Southern states.

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Plessy was "7/8 Caucasian," but was still considered an African-American under Louisiana law. Thus, he was arrested for not sitting in separate seating areas. While African Americans recently received suffrage, SCOTUS still legalized segregation to a certain degree. The Supreme Court allowed "separate but equal" facilities, which lasted for over half a century.

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After many months of protests and arguments, the 19th Amendment was finally passed to allow women the right to vote. This was huge because despite the already racial discrimination, gender discrimination was also present.

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Brown wanted to send his daughter to an all-white school because he feared that it would be a danger for his daughter to commute to school through the busy and dangerous Rock Island railroad yards. Brown's request was denied, thus he with the assistance of the NAACP was able to sue the school district. Because they lost at the state level, they appealed to SCOTUS, and they finally agreed that the precedent case (Plessy v. Ferguson), which had established "separate but equal" segregation was legal was flawed.

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9 African-American girls were enrolled in an all-white school. Although President Eisenhower was against segregation, the state governor Faubus supported segregation at the state level. This immediately became the national attention and debate regarding racial segregation and civil rights. Due to the huge uproar and rage from the white community, the National Guard had to escort these young women from and to their classes. Eventually, Ernest Green became the first African-American to graduate from Little Rock Central High School.

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The Voting Rights Act prohibited literacy tests as a way of measure to determine whether or not one was eligible to vote. Also, this authorized federal officers from the Judicial Branch to be sent to districts that didn't cooperate with the federal's desegregation plans.

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This was a major proposition from President Kennedy prior to his assassination, which was later continued and passed by his successor President Johnson, to desegregate public facilities, including public schools, and make voting a lot easier for the underprivileged and minority groups. Also, federal funding was not provided to school districts that didn't support desegregation.

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Policies that are passed and reserved for African-Americans and other minority groups to provide special opportunities for those underrepresented or have faced heavy discrimination in the past.

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Roe v. Wade, a SCOTUS case that focused on one's privacy, specifically abortion rights, ruled that a woman's right to have an abortion does fall under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. SCOTUS ruled that states may not violate a woman's right to have an abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy no matter the case (the decision is only up to the woman and her physician). During the second trimester, states can regulate to a certain degree whether or not a woman can have an abortion ONLY if it's reasonably connected to a to-be mother's health. At the last trimester, states can completely have control on whether or not abortions are allowed or prohibited.

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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Bakke v. University of California (1978)

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In a SCOTUS case, Bakke legally fought against the University of California at Davis that the university had rejected him to medical school due to affirmative action. Bakke argued that he had higher academic excellence than the other applicants who were accepted and that it wasn't fair due to the 14th's equal protection clause. Thus, after this case, it became one of the precedent cases to establish what the boundaries were for affirmative action.