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The Native Americans lived a hard-working, simple, and independent lifestyles their whole life. Around the fourteenth century, their peace was disturbed. European colonization began to take place on their homeland. The Natives stayed strong in their culture and used their literature traditions to comfort them.

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The Natives had their own distinctive culture. They used oral tradition usually in large groups. They spoke of folktales, myths, and creation stories. The Natives shared their stories using cardinal directions. Sharing their stories was key to their culture and how they spent a lot of their free-time.

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-Zitkála-Šá
-James Welch
-Paula Gunn Allen
-Eden Robinson
-Sherman Alexie
-William Apess
-Elias Boudinot
-Charles Eastman
-Samson Occum
-Sarah Winnemucca

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-Press of Thomas and Samuel Green (Moses Cook)
-A Short Narrative of My Life (Samson Occum)
-An Anthology of Early Prose (Multiple Authors)

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The villages were formed through religious groups. These Europeans were in the beginning phases of constructing their new lives. A lot of writers were Puritans.

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-John Smith
-Anne Bradstreet
-John Winthrop
-Cotton Mather

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-The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (Anne Bradstreet)
-The Crucible (Arthur Miller)
-Treasure Island (Robert Louis Stevenson)

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American independence was gained from Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution had taken place, adding new technologies like steamboats, the lightbulb, and the telegraph.

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-William Hill Brown
-Thomas Paine
-Alexander Hamilton
-Benjamin Franklin
-Thomas Jefferson

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-Federalist Papers (Multiple Authors)
-The Age of Reason (Thomas Paine)
-The Power of Sympathy (William Hill Brown)

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The American Gothic literature developed with the nation. It was used by a lot of Southerners and plantation owners. This literary element is still used today.

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-Grant Wood
-Nathaniel Hawthorne
-Edgar Allen Poe
-Charles Brockden Brown
-Washington Irving

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-The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (Washington Irving)
-Young Goodman Brown (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
-Edgar Huntly (Charles Brockden Brown)

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During this time period, Americans began to focus on the ideas of emotional freedom. They began to spread the idea of following the way you're feeling.

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-Nathaniel Hawthorne
-Henry David Thoreau
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
-Margaret Fuller
-Herman Melville
-Thoreau Walden

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-Scarlet Letter (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
-Molby Dick (Herman Melville)
-The Blithedale Romance (Nathaniel Hawthorne)

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This time period takes place after the civil war. At this time, slavery was just abolished and skepticism was becoming more popular in literature.

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-Mark Twain
-John Steinbeck
-Frank Norris
-Stephen Crane
-Ernest Hemingway
-Gertrude Stein
-F. Scott Fitzgerald

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-The Open Boat (Stephen Crane)
-The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mark Twain)
-Great Expectations (Charles Dickens)
-The Great Gatsby (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

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This is after World War I and II. This period is characterized by radical break from traditional literature.

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-John Updike
-Thomas Berger
-Angela Carter
-William Gaddis

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-Catch-22 (Joseph Heller)
-Pale Fire (Vladimir Nabokov)
-White Noise (Don DeLillo)
-Gravity's Rainbow (Thomas Pynchon)