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1.  Reiterate the importance of your lens-focused question.
2.  Circle back to how the three themes connect with each other AND how these themes shed light on your lens-focused question.
3.  Based on these implications, suggest how to proceed with investigating different solutions.

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Source 2 connects to source 1 as it gives more financial perspective on the effect of systemic racism, both sources talk about similar results if a discriminatory law or policy were to be passed. However, the sources differ when the focus shifts to economic sectors, in Source #1 the housing market was the one affected by redlining, in this source tax policies affect everything. In this source, the effects of systemic racism are much higher.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Set up your next theme by highlighting how the takeaways from the previous theme "are in conversation with" and connect with the upcoming theme.

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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TRANSITION:  CONNECTION FROM THEME TO THEME

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Set up your next theme by highlighting how the takeaways from the previous theme "are in conversation with" and connect with the upcoming theme.

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The Law and Economics of Racial Discrimination in Employment: The Case for Numerical Standards: This source helped me understand that 3 decades back there was a good chance to change the direction of the country from the racial discrimination perspective but there was no action and things have come a full circle to where it was 30 years before that.

REDLINING: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: This source helped me understand what changes in tax and lending laws need to be effected and how and where they create an impact on the systemic racism problem. It also makes me understand how long these changes take to effect.

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Source: REDLINING: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 

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Source: REDLINING: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 

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The article reviews the lending practice in urban vs rural areas and gaps in the taxes and mortgage components between lending in these areas. The author then summarizes their analysis by saying that there is a need to modify the lending laws and mortgage practices coupled with the tax reforms to aid rural borrowers and warn of a collapse of the housing market in the long run if we fail to do so and continue to favor urban borrowers.

Quote: “The present system encourages unsound lending and costly foreclosures.”

Significance: This quote is significant because these practices did not change for decades to come and only worsened the mortgage industry, and housing market, and in turn redlining and racial discrimination ultimately collapsed the housing market in 2008.

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Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Housing Markets: New Methods and Findings: This source helped me better understand a different reason for the market change. In previous sources, I learned more about the technical causes however, in this source, I learned more about how the presence of the buyer itself can change the outcome of the deal. This source was very useful in my research because it showed that changing laws is not enough to remove implicit bias from people's minds.

The Economics of Racism: This source helped me understand that racism although is all about black vs white for the most part is gray. It made me understand that neither white nor black people stand to gain from racism and people who gain from racism are sometimes black too.

The Rising of Systemic Racism and Redlining in the United States of America: This source helped me understand that racism is still prevalent in some parts of America exactly as it was 50 years ago and practically nothing has changed in those parts.

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Emory Law Journal - This article made me better understand how redlining and housing market changes were administered to essentially block certain communities from becoming homeowners. It also helped me understand certain economic aspects that I didn’t previously know, which correlated with the changes of systemic racism, such as; mortgage change imbalance, fixed private mortgage loan changes, etc.

TPC - PUBLIC FINANCE AND RACISM - This source helped me get a  better grape on the financial perspective on what systemic racism is and how devastating the effects can be if they were ever implemented. It also helps me analyze what it takes for something to be inclusive of all people. It also gave me a better understanding of discriminatory policies, that either still remain in place in certain areas or were revoked.

Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions - This source gives me a new perspective to work with and also gives me a supplementary source that helps me explain the effects of systemic racism on the economy. It gives me an entire industry to analyze and work with so I can better understand the issue as a whole.

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Source 3 connects well with source 2 because both sources talk about how detrimental a racial change can be to the public and community, the information from this source correlates extremely well when talking about the psychological and economic effects of systemic racism on the public. However, they differ when talking about how the solution can be solved, the policies can be changed however the racism in the health care industry is purely based on the subjects. The beliefs of a person can’t be changed as easily as a tax policy.

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Highlight the relationship between these two sources and how they are in conversation with one another.

Furthermore, accentuate how the implications of this connection better help the audience understand the theme and its relationship to your RQ.

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How does systemic structural racism contribute to discrimination in different sectors of economics?

Economic Lense

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Source 3: Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions

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Source 3: Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions

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The article deems racism a dangerous effect, due to the overwhelmingly negative effects it holds. The article specifies that racism has an overwhelming stress component and a vast decrease in the health care quality of those working in the medical industry. It also goes on to specify how systemic racism has caused the limiting of healthcare in certain regions which in turn causes the community to become impoverished.

Quote: “These community-specific, multisector interventions that seek neighborhood-wide coverage have thus far focused primarily on predominantly black and Latino neighborhoods, and also on Native American reservations, that have experienced high levels of poverty, health-limiting built environments, and substandard resources for schools and housing as a result of generations of structural racism.”

Significance: This quote is significant because it explains the effect of the generations of racism and how it the effects can be detrimental to a community. This gives the reader a variety of information regarding the effect of racism in the healthcare industry.

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The Law and Economics of Racial Discrimination in Employment: The Case for Numerical Standards 

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The Law and Economics of Racial Discrimination in Employment: The Case for Numerical Standards 

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The article details how racism in America today (1991)  is much different from what it was back in the 50s and 70s and hence requiring the laws to be revisited based on that context. This article takes a statistical/numerical look at various aspects of discrimination like legal, employment laws etc and analyzes how to interpret various stats with the respect to these aspects. The author concludes that the laws regarding racism in the country need to be revisited since a lot has changed and the old laws don't make sense anymore and that using a numerical method could aid in rewriting these laws to today's society.

Quote: “the effort to identify individual acts of discrimination is both costly and ineffective.”

Significance: This quote is significant because although this is in the context of employment discrimination, taking into account individual cases of discrimination is what gave birth to laws in the past. So an event like George Floyd death may be an individual act of discrimination but it cannot be ignored when we make laws for racism even today. Again the context of the above quote was workforce discrimination but it is key because the suggested approach is not right.

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The article found that both the US government (in the past) and banks had worked together to give more power to white homeowners through a set of laws and jurisdiction. Since the federal government had intervened in an economic matter, the housing market prices had changed and now benefited white owners rather than everyone. The article highlights the use of redlining to make housing prices change vary from buyer to buyer. The article states that the usage and effects of these new laws grew as time went on and in return made it exceedingly difficult for black and Latino to buy homes and find affordable rental housing.

Quote: “After the Great Depression and World War II, Congress revised federal laws or enacted sweeping new ones to boost homeownership rates and convince banks to approve borrower-friendly mortgage loans. Specifically, Congress changed banking laws to create longer-term (fifteen- or thirty-year), safer (selfamortizing), and more affordable (fixed interest rate) mortgage loans that made homeownership cheaper and less risky for eligible borrowers. To give banks an incentive to originate more mortgage loans, the government created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insurance program, which promised lenders that the U.S. government would repay long-term and fixed-rate private mortgage loans if the borrower was unable to do so (Dickerson, 2021).”

Significant of Quote Above: This quote is significant because it gives an example of the laws passed to give white homeowners more power over black and Latino homeowners due to them not being able to use the low-cost and low-risk federally insured mortgage loans white homeowners used to buy homes and increase their household wealth.

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Source 2: TMC- Public Finance and Racism

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Source 2: TMC- Public Finance and Racism

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The article talks about how that to make policies less racially motivated, the policy must be looked at from a multitude of perspectives and has to have the ability to be statistically tracked. The article explains that economists have the power to determine the costs and benefits of alternative ways to reallocate resources or reshape tax policy; however, they must be able to incorporate new perspectives into the policy. Hence, for a tax policy to be considered equal in all terrains, the policy must be able to incorporate ideas and perspectives that could hold great effect not only in the present but also in the future.

Quote: “The practice of examining the effects of policies in the context of the conditions or existing policies that surround them should be an obvious approach to economists. But such practice is not new: It reflects a central tenet of critical race theory, which holds that past policies were built to sustain a racial hierarchy and that because of this racist structure shaping American society, new race-neutral policies uphold racism rather than ignoring it (see, for example, Crenshaw et al. 1996; Crenshaw 2011).”

Significance: This quote is significant because it gives an understanding that examining policies is not enough to change them or administer a more inclusive policy. It explains that simply doing this will only confirm the existence of systemic racism in tax policies rather than solving the issue itself.

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The article details how racism played in the job market influencing the pay to black workers vs white workers and what impact it ultimately had on the society. The article uses stats like median household income in different families and how to interpret the same as impacts of racism vs the usual effect of capitalism. The article sums up saying that racism is not purely economy driven.It has a psychological aspect to it where even the oppressor uses racism as an outlet to compensate for his or her own problems in life. The article summarizes that racism is simply a byproduct of capitalism and unless there comes an alternate for capitalism, there will be racism existing in one form or the other.

Quote: “a full assessment of the importance of racism for capitalism would probably conclude that the primary significance of racism is not strictly economic. The simple economics of racism does not explain why many workers seem to be so vehemently racist, when racism is not in their economic self interest”

Significance: This quote is significant because at some level the author absolves Capitalist Bosses from propagating racism as he claims that racism is not just economic and it's not in the workers best interest to be racist. But the workers still are racist knowing they don't stand to gain anything by that. This is where he stresses on the psychological impact of racism on the workforce.

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Source 6: The Rising of Systemic Racism and Redlining in the United States of America

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Source 6: The Rising of Systemic Racism and Redlining in the United States of America

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The article details how even after all the laws against redlining and better housing practice regulations, there is still voter suppression which happens by Governors passing discriminatory laws specifically targetting black communities. The article details that even after all the civil rights laws and black lives matter movement, still the rioters in the Capitol were all white and a black group of people could never get away with those types of actions. The article summarily states that racism has gone nowhere and has stayed exactly where it was if not empowered by the past administration. The article sums up saying that racism still exists at all levels in society today and that all the work force discrimination laws, civil rights movement, black lives matter still could not stop the discriminatory practices by the Trump Administration which accelerated racist ideology in the government and acknowledged white supremacy at all levels so much so to empower them to riot inside the capital on January 6th. .

Quote: "While Americans watched a live insurrection of the United States on January 6, 2021, where thousands of White Americans stormed and committed destruction of the U.S. Capitol building without any arrests at the time, many observers confirmed that systemic racism is more than alive and well. If Black Lives Matter (BLM) had stormed the U.S. Capitol building, they would have been arrested or shot before stepping foot on the property.”

Significance: This quote is significant because the author with this one sentence clearly proves that even today black and white people are not equal in any sense. There is literally no need to read the rest of the article as this line sums up the main idea of the entire source.

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Source 4: Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Housing Markets: New Methods and Findings

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Source 4: Use of Black English and Racial Discrimination in Urban Housing Markets: New Methods and Findings

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The articles stated that a combination of laws set in the past cumulated in the setback of black communities in the sense of homeownership. The article also talks about how certain types of speech patterns can help the existence of racism. This form of racism has a direct relationship with urban markets and how they change based on the subjects. Research in the article suggests that speech patterns offer rental agents an opportunity to discriminate over the phone. This study was later proven by a study conducted by the authors testing male and female speakers of different accents.

Quote: “In this day and age, there is ample opportunity for discrimination before a personal encounter between a landlord and renter. Research shows that Americans are capable of making fairly accurate racial attributions on the basis of linguistic cues alone (Feagin 1994). Not only are they quick to identify the race of someone speaking Black English Vernacular, but they are also able to identify the race of code-switching blacks—those speaking Standard English but with a “black” pronunciation of certain words (see Doss and Gross 1994). Indeed, subjects in one study were shown to be quite capable of making accurate racial inferences based solely on hearing the word hello (Purnell, Idsardi, and Baugh 1999).”

Significance: This quote is significant because it explains how speech patterns can help with the growth of racism and also talks about it relationship between the buyer and realtor changes as the speech pattern becomes much more explicit.

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 2: Varying Effects of Racism  

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 2: Varying Effects of Racism  

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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(2-3 sources)  SITUATE your investigation of the complexities of the issue.  Present why this issue/problem is worth investigating, and begin to focus this issue within the framework of your specific lens.

Make clear the significance of your lens focus in relation to the broader context/issue.

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 1: Different Economic Forms of Racism

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THEMATIC CLUSTER 1: Different Economic Forms of Racism