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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Research your assigned category. Add information about what you learn (at least five facts in complete sentences and in your own words).

6. Why do you think your category is so important? Connect this to Neruda if you can!

7. Include a link to your source(s) and a picture that relates. Be ready to present your information to the class!

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1. Pablo Neruda was a communist poet who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.
2. He was born in 1904 and died in 1973 in Chile. His poems are about love and politics.
3. He published many volumes of poetry. He wrote under a pseudonym to avoid his father's disapproval (his real name was Neftali).
4. He was divorced twice.
5. He tried to write in a way that everyone understood, no matter their social class.

6. He is important because his poetry presents a time in Chile's history that would have otherwise gone undocumented.

7. Sources:
-https://www.biography.com/writer/pablo-neruda
-https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Neruda/Later-years

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1. The term fascism was made by Benito Mussolini in 1919
2. Fascism believes in the one-party state, which is when only one political party has the right to form a government.
3. the leader of a fascist country is usually a dictator
4. In fascist countries women roles should be more like a mother since they couldn't really participate in the workforce.
5. By 1921, fascism had about 250,000 members.
6. Fascism is important because it showed other countries the value of freedom. Fascist countries place the goals of their country over everything.

source- https://factsnfun.com/politics/10-facts-about-fascism/

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Fascism was popular during the First World War. It emerged in Italy under Benito Mussolini. It spread into other parts of European countries in the beginning of 20th century. This radical nationalism is seen as the opposition of anarchism, Marxism and liberalism. The First World War was viewed as a revolution according to the fascists. The nature of war would bring changes to the technology, society and state. The society would be divided into major options. They were the combatants and civilians. Find out other useful facts about fascism below:

Facts about Fascism 1: the military citizenship

During the war, all citizens would share their parts to contribute to the victory of the war. That is why the term military citizenship emerged.

Facts about Fascism 2: the powerful state

Due to the war, the powerful state would have the authority to manage logistics, mobilize million of people to participate in the war and interfere in citizen's life.

Facts about Fascism 3: the one-party state

Fascism believes in the power of one-party state, which has the authority to mobilize citizens for the war.

Related Article: 10 Facts about Fascist Italy

Facts about Fascism 4: the leader

The leader of a fascist country should be powerful and strong for he or she should be capable to maintain a stable national unity. The leader usually is a dictator.

Facts about Fascism 5: the national revolution

The national revolution can be achieved by having imperialism, war and politician violence according to the fascist ideology.

Facts about Fascism 6: the Red Years

The Red Years were the period in 1919 and 1920 marked by the peak of industrial workers' military strike. Mussolini and his fascist organization used this chaos to rise as a powerful leader in Italy.

Facts about Fascism 7: fascists vs. socialist

In Italy, the fascists were known as the opponent of the socialist party. The fascists tried to destroy the socialist party by making an alliance with other parties.

Facts about Fascism 8: fascism in Italy

The monarchy and Roman Catholic Church were supported by the fascists. However, it did not apply anticlericalism, republicanism and populism.

Read Also: 10 Facts about Fannie Lou Hamer

Facts about Fascism 9: policies

The family value was one of the primary policies of fascism. The women's role should be related to that of a mother since the participation of women in the workforce would be limited.

Facts about Fascism 10: the member

By 1921, fascism earned 250,000 members due to its accommodation as a political right.

Do you have any comment on facts about fascism?

Related Post To 10 Facts about Fascism

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Fascism was popular during the First World War. It emerged in Italy under Benito Mussolini. It spread into other parts of European countries in the beginning of 20th century. This radical nationalism is seen as the opposition of anarchism, Marxism and liberalism. The First World War was viewed as a revolution according to the fascists.

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1. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states.

2. An authoritarian military dictatorship ruled Chile for seventeen years, between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990

3. The dictatorship was established after the democratically-elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état backed by the United States on 11 September 1973.

4. The policies of the military government, though encouraging the development of free enterprise and a new entrepreneurial class, caused unemployment, a decline of real wages, and, as a consequence, a worsening of the standard of living of the lower and middle classes.

5. Political and social conditions were complicated by a developing international economic crisis.

6. This is all important because it gives insight on what is happening in Chile during the 20th century.

7. Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chi

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1. In 1973, the armed forces established a dictatorship that lasted almost 17 years and imposed a new constitution that is still in place.
2. The military played a key role in the 20th-century politics since both constitutions were adapted under military tutelelage.
3. In the years following World War 1, the Chilean economy and international commerce experienced a big drop.
4. In the years under President Alessandri, the economy grows and unemployment shrinks.
5. From 1974-1975, political parties were outlawed and there was a rise in violence and disappearances.
6. This is important because Chile during this time was much different then life the way we know it and it is important to have a good understanding of the location at which the author wrote this literary piece.
Sources: https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1804;jsessionid=B377582FA3F2000074F5D8F914A42648
http://www1.udel.edu/leipzig/254/Chileanhist.htm

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1. The Second Spanish Republic was caused by the stock market crash of 1929.
2. It was the second period of democracy in Spain.
3. It lasted from 1931 to 1939.
4. It was terminated by a military coup that resulted in a decades-long dictatorship.
5. The Republican Party was elected into office during this time period.
6. This time period was important because many important reforms were made, such as granting women the right to vote, allowing divorce, and removing the Spanish monarchy.
7. https://www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/history/second-spanish-republic/

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1. Fascism is a far-right ideology/movement characterized by an authoritarian dictatorship that exalts extreme nationalism, centralized militarism, and forced submission of any opposition.
2. Fascism was born in Italy in 1919 . Benito Mussolini coined the term to describe his new political movement.
3. Fascists often believe in racial superiority.
4.Fascism gained traction in South America in between WWI and WWII.
5. The "goal" of fascism is to create a modern, self-determined culture, and to expand into an empire.

https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-25-4-mussolini-and-the-rise-of-fascism.html#:~:text=Fascism%20arose%20in%20Europe%20after,to%20describe%20his%20political%20movement.

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1. Communism is a political/economic system which makes all property publicly owned and citizens are paid according to their needs.
2. Communism is derived from marxism
3. Communism is seen as an extreme form of socialism
4. The Soviet Union were communist and China and Cuba are communist countries now
5. Pablo Neruda is from communist Chile and he was born in 1973

I think communism is important to Pablo Neruda because he is from a communist country so his themes and ideas in his poetry will contrast with our views and ideas.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism/Non-Marxian-communism#ref276335

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Neruda

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It was conceptualized by Karl Marc and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century

A political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society

The soviet union and china were examples of communism

It aims for a society in which all community members have equal access to resources and opportunities

The state or government owns the means of production and distributes them to community members

I think communism was important because it was set to abolish the systems of wealth and give power to the laborers in order to form a more equal society.

https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/communism/

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1.  The Cold War was a rivalry between the US and Soviet Union and their allies.
2. The Cold War wasn't an actual war fought between the US and Soviet Union, it was fought politically and economically.
3. The Cold War lasted from 1947-1991.
4. Some major wars fought during the Cold War were the Vietnam War and the Korean War.
5. People in the US were afraid of communism spreading in the country.
6. The Cold War is important because it gives background to a time period where the world was split between communism and capitalism.
7. Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history

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1. Marxism is defined by the teachings of Karl Marx who was a co-writer of the Communist Manifesto.
2. Carl Marx was a German Philosopher so Marxism is more so a philosophy than an economic plan.
3. The difference between communism and Marxism is the distribution of land ownership and lack of private property. In both Marxism and Communism, there is no private property but the difference is Communism has evolved to where the governing power then owns the land whereas Marxism is communism in its truest form so the people share the land ownership so no individual monetarily benefits from it.
4. Marxism seeks to create a classless society.
5. Marxism's ultimate goal is to take down political powers and build land for the working class. That is why modern-day Marxists are grouped under the political category of anarchists.

Why is this important?
Marxism is built on philosophical standards and knowing its background is important in knowing how it evolved from a fight for a classless society to an economic structure that is now known as communism and why it is destined to fail when applicated.

Sources:
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/

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1. The cold war was a war that had to do with a satellite in space that created a power struggle.
2. The cold war lasted from 1947 to 1991
3. The cold war was between the United States and the Soviet Union
4. Sputnik was released during this war as it was the first satellite to orbit the earth.
5. The cold war had a completion known as the space race.
6. This war was important because it shaped American foreign policy.
7. Sources
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/oct4/ussr-launches-sputnik/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1950s-america/a/the-start-of-the-space-race

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1. The Surrealist movement was started by French Poet Andre Breton who wrote The Surrealist Manifesto in 1924.
2. Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I.
3. Artists would depict unnerving, illogical scenes and develop techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself.
4. Its powerful art continues to offer a new direction for exploration from its beginnings in Paris in 1924, to today.
5. Surrealism aimed to liberate the emotions and desires of the subconscious from the rational mind.

6. Neruda's poems were a fresh approach to poetry and they were renowned for their imagery and surreal use of language. His poems form a critical link between the surrealist movement in the 20th century of central Spain.

7. Sources: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pablo_Neruda#:~:text=Neruda's%20poetry%20is%20renowned%20for,twentieth%2Dcentury%20in%20South%20America.

https://www.ducksters.com/history/art/surrealism.php

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1. Was an artistic movement that had an impact on painting, sculpture, literature, photography and film.
2. Officially began with Dadaist writer Andre Breton.
3. Spain is home to many of the surrealist masterpiece.
4. The Spanish painter Salvador Dali joined the surrealist movement in 1928.
5. Artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself.
6. Surrealism is important to Neruda because it brought new ways of writing like being able to include imagery and surreal use of language.

https://www.history.com/topics/art-history/surrealism-history
https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/an-introduction-to-spanish-surrealism-in-8-artists/

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1. Started by German philosopher "Karl Marx".
2. Marxian Economics have been criticized, thinking it wouldn't work.
3. It believes all countries should become capitalists.
4. It is very similar to communism.
5. It shows the struggle of the capitalists and the working class.

6. This is important because the poetry takes place back when Marxism was happening.

7. Sources:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/karl-marx.asp
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marxism.asp

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1. Surrealism is an art and literature movement that was created between WW1 and WW2, it stemmed from the early Dada movement which created negative pieces of anti art.  Surrealism followed the same concept of lacking reason but focused on a more positive expression.
2. Surrealism in literature was commonly expressed by a juxtaposition of words that don't necessarily make logical sense, because they were decided by an unconscious thought process.
3. Surrealism in Spain was made popular because it was used to express the artists political views, many of which were anti facist at the time.
4. Pablo Neruda's connection to Surrealism is that he was the bridging artist between surrealism and Magical Realism, he incorporated multiple Surrealist techniques (such as strong imagery and extraordinary use of language) into his writing.
5. Pablo Picasso is one of the most popular Surrealist artists to date
6. Surrealism in Spain is important because it created a new type of expressive art for the world, literary Surrealism provided Pablo Neruda with multiple of his writing techniques.
7. Sources https://www.britannica.com/art/Surrealism/Surrealist-techniques
https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Surrealism-and-the-Spanish-Civil-War/51ABAB1F1FD6E85F
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pablo_Neruda#:~:text=Neruda's%20poetry%20is%20renowned%20for,twentieth%2Dcentury%20in%20South%20America.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

A number of specific techniques were devised by the Surrealists to evoke psychic responses. Among these were frottage (rubbing with graphite over wood or other grained substances) and grattage (scraping the canvas)-both developed by Ernst to produce partial images, which were to be completed in the mind of the viewer. Other methods include automatic drawing, a spontaneous, uncensored recording of chaotic images that "erupt" into the consciousness of the artist, and "exquisite corpse," whereby an artist draws a part of the human body (a head, for example), folds the paper to hide his or her contribution, and passes it to the next artist, who adds the next part (a torso, perhaps), and so on, until a collective composition is complete. Surrealists also used found objects to create assemblies that feature familiar items in unfamiliar conjunctions. The German-born Swiss artist Meret Oppenheim used this method to great effect with her best-known piece, (1936), a fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon.

Women artists

Though it was a movement dominated by men-and often regarded as outright sexist-several talented women made inroads, if only briefly, into Breton's tight-knit circle. Many of the women had close, usually intimate, relationships with the male artists, but they also flourished artistically and exhibited at Surrealist exhibitions. Essential members of the group include American painter and writer Dorothea Tanning, whose paintings often feature young women seemingly at the mercy of intangible forces; American painter and poet Kay Sage, known for works characterized by stiff architectural objects and suggestions of figures against bleak landscapes or wastelands; English-born Mexican artist and writer Leonora Carrington, whose haunting, autobiographical, somewhat inscrutable paintings incorporate images of sorcery, metamorphosis, alchemy, and the occult; Oppenheim, who was famous for her assemblages of everyday items, many of which evoked eroticism; and British artist Eileen Agar, known for her paintings, collages, and objects, who had close connections with the British Surrealist community. These women's role in the movement was explored in depth by scholar Whitney Chadwick in her groundbreaking book Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement (1985).

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Augustyn.

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Surrealism - Automatism, Dream-like, Symbolism

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Surrealism - Automatism, Dream-like, Symbolism: A number of specific techniques were devised by the Surrealists to evoke psychic responses. Among these were frottage (rubbing with graphite over wood or other grained substances) and grattage (scraping the canvas)-both developed by Ernst to produce partial images, which were to be completed in the mind of the viewer.

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1. Surrealism aimed to free the emotions and desires of the subconscious mind and its socially-enforced norms and taboos.
2. Salvador Dali is the father of the Surrealism movement
3.  The movement's artists find magic and strange beauty in the unexpected, disregarded, and the unconventional.
4. The movement began in the 1920s
5. Spain was one of the only governments that actively supported surrealism during their civil war
6. This movement was important because it served as a way to resist the fascist regime as it was heavily censored.

Sources-
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/surrealism#:~:text=Surrealism%20aims%20to%20revolutionise%20human,the%20disregarded%20and%20the%20unconventional.
https://www.thecollector.com/surrealism-art-of-unconscious-mind/

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1. The word communism comes from the latin communis which means shared or common
2.  The term communism came into use during the 1840's.
3. North Korea is a strong communist state.
4. Karl Marx is the founder of communism
5.  communism is seen as a strong form of socialism.
6. Communism is important to Pablo Neruda because he was from and lived in a communist country so it will sway his beliefs towards it and has first hand experience so when he writes about it his ideas will be very passionate and real.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism

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Which countries are communist?

communism, political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society. Communism is thus a form of socialism-a higher and more advanced form, according to its advocates. Exactly how communism differs from socialism has long been a matter of debate, but the distinction rests largely on the communists' adherence to the revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx.
(Read Leon Trotsky's 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)
Like most writers of the 19th century, Marx tended to use the terms communism and socialism interchangeably. In his Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875), however, Marx identified two phases of communism that would follow the predicted overthrow of capitalism: the first would be a transitional system in which the working class would control the government and economy yet still find it necessary to pay people according to how long, hard, or well they worked, and the second would be fully realized communism-a society without class divisions or government, in which the production and distribution of goods would be based upon the principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs." Marx's followers, especially the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Ilich Lenin, took up this distinction.

In State and Revolution (1917), Lenin asserted that socialism corresponds to Marx's first phase of communist society and communism proper to the second. Lenin and the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party reinforced this distinction in 1918, the year after they seized power in Russia, by taking the name All- Russian Communist Party. Since then, communism has been largely, if not exclusively, identified with the form of political and economic organization developed in the Soviet Union and adopted subsequently in the People's Republic of China and other countries ruled by communist parties.

For much of the 20th century, in fact, about one-third of the world's population lived under communist regimes. These regimes were characterized by the rule of a single party that tolerated no opposition and little dissent. In place of a capitalist economy, in which individuals compete for profits, moreover, party leaders established a command economy in which the state controlled property and its bureaucrats determined wages, prices, and production goals. The inefficiency of these economies played a large part in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the remaining communist countries (excepting North Korea) are now allowing greater economic competition while holding fast to one-party rule. Whether they will succeed in this endeavour remains to be seen. Succeed or fail, however, communism is clearly not the world-shaking force it was in the 20th century.

Historical background

Although the term communism did not come into use until the 1840s-it is derived from the Latin communis, meaning "shared" or "common"-visions of a society that may be considered communist appeared as long ago as the 4th century bce. In the ideal state described in Plato's , the governing class of guardians devotes itself to serving the interests of the whole community. Because private ownership of goods would corrupt their owners by encouraging selfishness, Plato argued, the guardians must live as a large family that shares common ownership not only of material goods but also of spouses and children.

Other early visions of communism drew their inspiration from religion. The first Christians practiced a simple kind of communism-as described in Acts 4:32-37, for example-both as a form of solidarity and as a way of renouncing worldly possessions. Similar motives later inspired the formation of monastic orders in which monks took vows of poverty and promised to share their few worldly goods with each other and with the poor. The English humanist Sir Thomas More extended this monastic communism in (1516), which describes an imaginary society in which money is abolished and people share meals, houses, and other goods in common.

Other fictional communistic utopias followed, notably City of the Sun (1623), by the Italian philosopher Tommaso Campanella, as did attempts to put communist ideas into practice. Perhaps the most noteworthy (if not notorious) of the latter was the theocracy of the Anabaptists in the Westphalian city of Münster (1534-35), which ended with the military capture of the city and the execution of its leaders. The English Civil Wars (1642-51) prompted the Diggers to advocate a kind of agrarian communism in which the Earth would be "a common treasury," as Gerrard Winstanley envisioned in The Law of Freedom (1652) and other works. The vision was not shared by the Protectorate led by Oliver Cromwell, which harshly suppressed the Diggers in 1650.

It was neither a religious upheaval nor a civil war but a technological and economic revolution-the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries-that provided the impetus and inspiration for modern communism. This revolution, which achieved great gains in economic productivity at the expense of an increasingly miserable working class, encouraged Marx to think that the class struggles that dominated history were leading inevitably to a society in which prosperity would be shared by all through common ownership of the means of production.

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Communism | Definition, History, Varieties, & Facts

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Communism, political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society.

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1. Marxism is a social and economic theory by Karl Marx that focuses on the struggles and differences between capitalists and the working class.
2. Marxism was founded on the idea that once the working class realized they were being exploited by the ruling class, workers would revolt and take over.
3. They believed that this social utopia could be achieved by creating a "classless society" without a government.
4. The idea and popularity of Marxism followed the publication of Karl Marx's book, The Communist Manifesto.
5. Marxism has influenced the establishment of many other political views, including social democracy.
6. Neruda works to create pieces that can be understood regardless of class, reflecting the increasingly popular idea of a "classist society". This was especially true in Chile, as they had multiple Marxist leaders and movements throughout the time of Neruda's writings.
7. Sources: https://www.marxist.com/chile.htm https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism

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1. The Second Spanish Republic was the form of government in Spain from 1931-1939.
2. It established freedom of speech and association.
3. It extended suffrage to women in 1933.
4. The two major goals were universal suffrage and unemployment relief.
5. It began as a consequence of the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and it ended with General Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War.

6. This is important because Neruda often wrote about Spain during the years of the Spanish Civil War, which the Second Spanish Republic played a significant role during that war.

7. https://poemanalysis.com/pablo-neruda/what-spain-was-like/
www.donquijote.org

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1. Fascism is a system of governance where people's lives are controlled by a dictatorial government and they are not permitted to express their disagreement with the government
2. Fascists viewed World War I as a revolution that drastically altered society, the state, technology, and the essence of war.
3. Fascism is positioned in the extreme right of the political spectrum by academics.  Such research focuses on its authoritarian methods of combating egalitarianism as well as its social conservatism.
4. Fascist has been used as a derogatory epithet to describe a variety of movements on the far right of the political spectrum.
5. The first fascist party outside of Italy was founded by Georges Valois, who asserted that the Jacobin movement of the late 18th century served as the forerunner to fascism by virtue of its authoritarian nature.
6. The Spanish Civil War was started by a military coup headed by the fascist leader Francisco Franco. He received planes and arms from Mussolini and Hitler. The nationalist militants moved swiftly in the direction of Madrid, where Neruda and his associates were residing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism
https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/03/26/pablo-nerudas-poetry-of-resistance/

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1.  In 1927, Gen. Carlos Ibanez del Campo takes over Chile and establishes a dictatorship.
2. In the 1940's-50's, the Communist Party is banned.
3. In the early 20th century, Chilean workers began forming trade unions.
4. The economy was very unstable, with the vast majority of money being spent and made by the minute upper class.
5.  A working class was beginning to form, however (hence the trade unions).
6. Pablo Neruda's experiences with chaotic Chilean politics likely formed his opinions on communism, workers rights, and poverty. The harsh violent protests and struggling economy may offer context about Neruda's style and topics.
7. Sources
https://www.insightguides.com/destinations/south-america/chile/historical-highlights/chile-in-the-20th-century

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19356356

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1.  Marxism is a philosophy and doctrine named after its father, Karl Marx.
2. There are many facets and types of Marxism, such as Socialist Marxism (pre-1914), Soviet Marxism (Marxism-Leninism), and post-WW2 Marxism modified by other common philosophies of the time.
3. Marxism follows the idea that all individuals should be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor but are unable to in a capitalist economic system, called alienation. Once workers reclaim the fruits of their labor, class divisions and alienation would cease.
4. Marxism defines two classes of people; the proletariat (the worker class) and the bourgeoisie (the class exploiting the labor class)
5. Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels developed
the Marxism ideology in the late 1800's but it gained much more traction as a philosophy in the 1900's.
6. Pablo Neruda was known for his belief in Marxism and his portrayal of the ideology in his poetry.
7. Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts | Britannica
Marxism summary | Britannic
Marxism | Definition, Theory, Ideology, Examples, & Facts (simplypsychology.org)

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Where did Marxism come from?

Why is Marxism important?

How is Marxism different from other forms of socialism?

How does Marxism differ from Leninism?

Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program. There is also Marxism as it has been understood and practiced by the various socialist movements, particularly before 1914. Then there is Soviet Marxism as worked out by Vladimir Ilich Lenin and modified by Joseph Stalin, which under the name of Marxism-Leninism ( see Leninism) became the doctrine of the communist parties set up after the Russian Revolution (1917). Offshoots of this included Marxism as interpreted by the anti-Stalinist Leon Trotsky and his followers, Mao Zedong's Chinese variant of Marxism-Leninism, and various Marxisms in the developing world. There were also the post-World War II nondogmatic Marxisms that have modified Marx's thought with borrowings from modern philosophies, principally from those of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger but also from Sigmund Freud and others.
(Read Leon Trotsky's 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)

The thought of Karl Marx

The written work of Marx cannot be reduced to a philosophy, much less to a philosophical system. The whole of his work is a radical critique of philosophy, especially of G.W.F. Hegel's idealist system and of the philosophies of the left and right post- Hegelians. It is not, however, a mere denial of those philosophies. Marx declared that philosophy must become reality. One could no longer be content with interpreting the world; one must be concerned with transforming it, which meant transforming both the world itself and human consciousness of it. This, in turn, required a critique of experience together with a critique of ideas. In fact, Marx believed that all knowledge involves a critique of ideas. He was not an empiricist. Rather, his work teems with concepts (appropriation, alienation, praxis, creative labour, value, and so on) that he had inherited from earlier philosophers and economists, including Hegel, Johann Fichte, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. What uniquely characterizes the thought of Marx is that, instead of making abstract affirmations about a whole group of problems such as human nature, knowledge, and matter, he examines each problem in its dynamic relation to the others and, above all, tries to relate them to historical, social, political, and economic realities.

In 1859, in the preface to his Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy), Marx wrote that the hypothesis that had served him as the basis for his analysis of society could be briefly formulated as follows:

In the social production that men carry on, they enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will, relations of production which correspond to a definite stage of development of their material forces of production. The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure, and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and intellectual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness.

Raised to the level of historical law, this hypothesis was subsequently called historical materialism. Marx applied it to capitalist society, both in Manifest der kommunistischen Partei (1848; The Communist Manifesto) and Das Kapital (vol. 1, 1867; "Capital") and in other writings. Although Marx reflected upon his working hypothesis for many years, he did not formulate it in a very exact manner: different expressions served him for identical realities. If one takes the text literally, social reality is structured in the following way:

1. Underlying everything as the real basis of society is the economic structure. This structure includes (a) the "material forces of production," that is, the labour and means of production, and (b) the overall "relations of production," or the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution. Although Marx stated that there is a correspondence between the "material forces" of production and the indispensable "relations" of production, he never made himself clear on the nature of the correspondence, a fact that was to be the source of differing interpretations among his later followers.

2. Above the economic structure rises the superstructure, consisting of legal and political "forms of social consciousness" that correspond to the economic structure. Marx says nothing about the nature of this correspondence between ideological forms and economic structure, except that through the ideological forms individuals become conscious of the conflict within the economic structure between the material forces of production and the existing relations of production expressed in the legal property relations. In other words, "The sum total of the forces of production accessible to men determines the condition of society" and is at the base of society. "The social structure and the state issue continually from the life processes of definite individuals . . . as they are in reality, that is acting and materially producing." The political relations that individuals establish among themselves are dependent on material production, as are the legal relations. This foundation of the social on the economic is not an incidental point: it colours Marx's whole analysis. It is found in Das Kapital as well as in Die deutsche Ideologie (written 1845-46; The German Ideology) and the Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844 (Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844).

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Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts

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Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program.

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1. In 1932 a successful coup established the short-lived Chilean Socialist Republic.

2. The Cuban Revolution Cold War wave of military coups in Latin America resulted in the downfall of the Chilean political system in 1973.

3. The military adopted a new constitution in 1973 that is still in effect in 2020 and instituted a dictatorship that lasted for approximately 17 years (with amendments).

4. In order to urge Allende's resignation the US sponsored Allende's opponents in Chile throughout his presidency.

5. President Allende committed suicide in order to avoid defeat in 1973.

6. This information is vital because it highlights Chile's constant violence and change during the time Neruda was writing his poetry.

7. https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1804;jsessionid=3855C89010A415B3CD76213FFD2984C7

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19356356

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1. It is a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production are owned by the public associated with ideas of karl Marx
2. North Korea has an old Soviet-style of communism, an isolated and repressive regime
3. For the large part of the 20th century one third the world lived in communist countries
4. The basic ideas of communism did not originate from karl marx they were discussed by Plato and Aristotle in ancient times karl marx developed these ideas into a popular doctrine
5. As of 2020 five proclaimed communism countries are left: North Korea, China, Cuba ,Vietnam, and Laos

6. It is important because it tried to make everyone equal in society but ended giving power to the government istead of the individuals
7. Sources:
1.https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism
2. https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism/Non-Marxian-communism#ref276335

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1. The Cold War was developed after World War ll between the United States and Soviet Union.
2. The rivalry between the US and the USSR caused millions of people to die from the proxy wars.
3. The three effects of the Cold War were military alliances, proxy wars, and technological growth.
4. The Cold War lasted about 45 years.
5. The tension between US and USSR grew because of the differences with their political, economic, and social structures.
6. The Cold War is important because during the time, Neruda created political poems about the struggles of the working class
7. https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War

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1. Was a military revolt against the Republican government of Spain
2. Lasted from July 17th, 1936-April 1st, 1939
3. The war was an outcome of polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades
4. The two opposing sides were the Republicans who supported the Soviet Union, and supported the government of Spain. Whereas the Nationalists, supported by Mussolini's Italy and Nazi Germany, and were against the Spanish government.
5. The Nationalists were led by General Franco, who would become the dictator of Spain upon their victory.
6. The Spanish Civil War was important because it changed the Spanish republic into a monarchy, and it held as a preview for World war II. The war was important to Neruda because he helped thousands of republican refugees escape to Chile
7. Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War
https://www.spanish.academy/blog/spanish-history-who-won-the-spanish-civil-war/

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1. Theoretical political and economic system based upon shared communal welfare for all which seeks to eliminate poverty and bring equity
2. No modern country has ever been a true communist system
3. "The Communist Manifesto" written by Karl Marx and Engels in 1848 defining the theoretical system is still read today and was a best seller in Britain in 2015
4. Communism is not based upon dictatorship command as some "communist" parties have led the public to believe but in fact, is meant to be that the public owns everything
5.  During the "Red Scare" Mrs. Thomas J. White of the Indiana Textbook Commission once called for the removal of the book and references to Robin Hood from schools
6. Neruda believed in the popular communist ideology that symbolizes equity and freedom for the negativity of our current societal structure
7. https://www.britannica.com/summary/communism

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/indiana-textbook-commission-member-charges-that-robin-hood-is-communistic

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Was a democratic republic
The second Spanish Republic started in 1931.
Many reforms were carried out while they were in power such as giving women the right to vote and more rights to the working class.
The Second Spanish Republic completely ended after battling a war starting in 1936 on April 1st 1939.
The second Spanish Republic was created after the fall of the monarch and gave hope to many.
Wasnt the first attempt of a republic in Spain.
This is important because the war between Franco and the second Spanish republic impacted Neruda's poems.

https://twincitiesdsa.org/2021/05/the-second-spanish-republic-and-civil-war/
https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/second-spanish-republic-1931-1939/

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1. The Spanish Civil War was fought between the Nationalists (rebels) and the Republicans.

2. The Nationalists received help from other authoritarian groups like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

3. The Nationalist side was mostly made up of the wealthy, landowners, and the Roman Catholic population.

4. The Republican side was mostly made up of the educated middle class as well as the labor workers which explains why they were supported by the Soviet Union.

5. General Francisco Franco would eventually be appointed the Caudillo of Spain by the Nationalists and would use his military power to overthrow the democratic republic of Spain and instal himself as dictator for 36 years until his death in 1975.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco

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1. The Spanish Civil war took place in Spain from Jul 17, 1936 – Apr 1, 1939.
2. It was fought between the nationalists supported by fascist Italy and Germany and the Republicans who received aid from the Soviet Union.
3. The Nationalists were mainly roman Catholics, landowners, and businessmen. The Republicans were urban workers, agricultural laborers, and the educated middle class.
4. Labor unrest was widespread, and the election caused fascist and extreme-right forces to respond with an army mutiny.
5. The nationalists won the war, and as a result, a dictatorship ruled the country for 40 years after.
6. During the Spanish civil war, Neruda helped thousands of republican refugees escape to Chile
Sources: https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War

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1. religion was a major factor in this war.
2.The Spanish Civil War was the bloodiest conflict western Europe experienced since the end of World War I
3.The death toll estimates from 1,000,000 to 150,000
4.The war also caused a massive displacement of more than 400,000 people
5. thousands of Americans signed up to fight in this war.

The Spanish civil War is important because it was an economic hardship that was caused by the Great depression. It connects to Pablo Neruda because during the war he was an outspoken loyalist, which led to his recall from Madrid.

https://www.spanish.academy/blog/spanish-history-who-won-the-spanish-civil-war/

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1. Fascism is hard to define, but those who can tend to define it as a set of political actions, a political philosophy, or a mass movement. But most can agree that Fascism is Authoritarian and drives the idea of nationalism deeply.
2. While other countries have been ruled by a fascism regime, it is more commonly associated with the Italian and German powers that came about post WWI.
3. Some of the most well known fascist leaders have been Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Francisco Franco, and Juan Perón.
4. The term Fascism, coined by Mussolini in 1919, comes the the Italian word "fascio", meaning bundle or group, and generally used as a term for militant brotherhood.
5. The reason Fascism is so hard to define is because it takes on the individual characteristics of the country it is in.

6. The reason Fascism is important to this topic is because Neruda’s literary art was directly shaped by the historical events in which he played a part. At some point in time he was tied up in a fascist revolution and throughout certain events he determined that Lorca, an important poet assassinated for speaking out through his work, was the embodiment of poetry; and Fascists had assissinated poetry itself.

Sources:
https://www.livescience.com/57622-fascism.html
https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/03/26/pablo-nerudas-poetry-of-resistance/

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Fascism is a political ideology that’s actually pretty difficult to define.

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1) A war between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II
2)The Soviets placed missiles in Cuba that could be used on the United States.
3) Both sides signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 to ban above-ground testing.
4) The United States and European countries formed NATO to resist communist rule.
5)When the Berlin Wall was torn down, the Soviet Union fell apart and the war ended.
6) Neruad wrote his poems about political events and often catered his words to the people who were ignored by their government.

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history#the-end-of-the-cold-war-and-effects