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= A group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it

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Involves quoting the exact words spoken by a person.

Often enclosed in quotation marks. ("....")

TYPES:

1. Statements

Provides information, expresses a fact, or conveys an idea.

Example: "I love cat.", "The sun rises in the east."

"Tailgating is a top cause of car accidents." said Amir.

2. Questions

Seeks information, asks for clarification

Often begins with a question word (5W 1H) or an auxiliary verb.

Example: " What is your name?", "How to do this?"

"Why are you late?" Jimmy asks Diana.

3. Requests

Asks someone to do something, asks for something to be done

Use polite language (Would you..., Could you..., Will you...,

Example: "May I go out?", "Could you lend me a hand?"

4. Suggestions

Offers advice, recommends a course of action

Often more polite, less direct than a command (I suppose we could..., I think we could...,)

Example: "Which one do you prefer, coffee or tea?", "Why don't we try the new Italian restaurant for dinner?"

5. Advice

A recommendation or guidance given to help someone make a decision, take a specific action

Example: " We must study hard to pursue our ambition.", "You should start exercising regularly for better health."

6. Intentions

Conveys someone's emotions, intentions, or specific details

Example: " I will be there at 5 PM.", "I have no intention of quitting my job."

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A small group of words works together in a sentence.

Doesn't have both a subject + predicate (verb)

Often used for descriptions of people, things, or events.

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Finite clauses must contain a main verb (finite verb) which shows tense.

Tense can be changed (in the present tense or past tense)

EXAMPLE

1. The boy is playing football.

(present tense is used in the finite/main clause)

2. I went to school.

(past tense used in the finite/main clause)

3. She walks home.

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EXAMPLE

1. Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.

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BEFORE NOUN :

1. DETERMINER = Articles (a, an, the) , Possessive Determiners (my, your , his, her, its, our, their) , Demonstrative Determiners (this, that, these, those)

2. ADJECTIVES = Words that describes/modify noun ( Size, Color, Age, Emotions, The Five Senses)

3. NOUN = Head word

4. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (optional) = Further details about relationships, or locations.

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AS SUBJECT :

1. "The blue sky"

The + blue + sky

D A N

The blue sky is so breathtaking.

1. "My new laptop"

My + new + laptop

D A N

My new laptop was bought by my sister.

2. "Several happy children in the park"

Several + happy + children + in the park

D A N P

Several children in the park were playing together.

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Help to add detail and specificity to noun or pronoun - become more vivid & precise expression

Provide more information about a noun ( can be simple or complex )

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TWO STRUCTURES :

1. HEAD ADJECTIVE = The main word in the phrase as primary form.

2. MODIFIERS = Additional words or phrases to provide more information about the head adj ( adverbs, more adj, prepositional phrases )

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1. Head Adjective

The blue sky.

She is wearing a colorful bracelet.

2. Modifiers

He has a car that is very fast.

The movie was amazingly good.

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1. A group of words that functions as an adverb ( modify verbs, adjectives or providing additional information about the question 5W+1H)

2. Can be made up of two adverbs

3. Can be simple or complex

4. Often consist of an adverb along with any modifiers

FUNCTION

Help to clarify the manner, frequency, time, place, or degree of action or state

Add nuance (a subtle difference of meaning, expression) and detail

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1. Head Adverb

The primary word in the phrase ( main modifier )

2. Modifiers

Additional words or phrases that provide more information about the head adverb ( other adverbs, adverbial phrases, or adverbial clauses )

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1. Head Adverb

i) She walked quickly.

S V A

ii) They waited patiently.

2. Modifiers

i) She went to Korea as quickly as possible.

ii) They work hard because they want to succeed.

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DEFINITION

= A group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it.

Usually begins with "to"

KINDS OF INFINITIVE CLAUSES

1. As subject

e.g.

To swim after a meal is always wrong.

To walk in the morning is a good habit.

To eat more fruits daily is the first thing you should do.

2. As direct object

e.g.

Chapin girls like to study hard.

Phil agreed to give me a ride.

The team set its own rules, to practice daily and to work hard.

3. As subject complement

e.g.

The trick was to carry the egg slowly.

His goal was to become a well known writer.

Your duty is to finish the work in time.

4. As appositive

e.g.

My teacher's wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.

His decision to become an actor was not supported by his family.

She wanted to find a job.

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= Group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends with a noun or pronoun ( referred to as the object of the preposition )

FUNCTION

= Add detail and context to sentences by indicating relationships in terms of location, time, direction, manner, and more.

= As modifiers, providing additional information about a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb within a sentence.

Preposition + Object + Modifier = Prepositional Phrase

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1. Preposition - The first word that begins the phrase

2. Object of the preposition ( Noun or Pronoun ) - The word that follows the preposition and completes the phrase

3. Modifiers - Additional words or phrase that provide more information about the preposition or its object.

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1. She is sitting on the chair.

2. The car is hiding under the bed.

3. He went for a walk in the park.

4. They travelled by car.

5. They walked with great enthusiasm.

6. The book is on the top shelf.

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DEFINITION

Can stand alone and make complete sense. (MAKE SENSE ON ITS OWN AS A SENTENCE)

Written with a capital letter at the beginning and a period at the end (simple sentence).

I sleep.

S + V

EXAMPLES

1. Hanis ate Nasi Lemak.

2. The children went to the park.

3. I sleep.

TO BETTER UNDERSTANDING

1. I will call you when I reach home.

2. I enjoy eating in a restaurant because the food is better.

3. Waiting for the mail to come is tedious especially when I have better things to do.

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HI EVERYONE !

This is my note contains :

1. GRAMMAR FOR SHORT STORIES & NARRATIVES

Sentence Patterns

2. GRAMMAR FOR REPORTS

Phrases and Clauses

3. GRAMMAR FOR SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND RECOUNTS

Reported structures

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1. Subject-Verb (SV)

2. Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

3. Subject-Verb-Adverbial (SVA)

4. Subject-Verb-Complement (SVC)

5. Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object (SVIODO)

6. Subject-Verb-Object-Complement (SVOC)

7. Subject-Verb-Object-Adverbial (SVOA)

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The American School Of English , International

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7 Basic Sentence Patterns You Should Know

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SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. She dances.

S + V

2. He sings.

3. The cat sleeps.

4. They laugh.

5. I write.

6. We listen.

7. Rain falls.

8. The students studies.

9. The birds flies.

10. The bell rang.

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= A verb that does not require a direct object to complete its meaning in a sentence.

= Can stand alone - doesn't transfer its action to another noun.

= The action is complete without something or someone to receive the action.

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= Requires an object (direct object) in the form of a noun or pronoun to complete its meaning.

EXAMPLE

Turn on (...?)

She turns on (V) the lamp (DO).

Push

They push the car.

Empower

My teacher empowers us.

Teach

The incident teaches a lesson.

Hold

Please hold my bag.

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SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + OBJECT

1. She eats an apple.

2. They built a sandcastle.

3. We watched a movie.

4. He plays the guitar.

5. The cat chased a mouse.

6. I wrote a letter.

7. The teacher explains the lesson.

8. They baked a cake.

9. We painted the walls.

10. He fixed the broken bicycle.

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= Modifies the meaning of a verb, or adds more detail or description to a sentence.

TYPES OF ADVERBIAL PHRASE

1. Adverbs of time = when something happened

e.g. "yesterday afternoon" , "this morning"

2. Adverbs of place = where something happened

e.g. "here", "there", "somewhere", "anywhere"

3. Adverbs of manner = how something happened

e.g. "quickly", "slowly", "carefully", "happily"

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1. She runs quickly.

2. They speak softly.

3. He works diligently.

4. The students listen attentively.

5. We play tennis every weekend.

6. The birds sing at dawn.

7. I studied French intensively.

8. They laughed at the joke.

9. The train arrived late.

10. She writes passionately.

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= In grammar, it's a word, phrase, or clause that provides additional information about the subject or the object in a sentence.

= Essential to complete the meaning of a sentence.

= Two main types of complements

Subject complements

A word or phrase that follows a linking verb ( is, are, was, were, become, seem ) and provides additional.

e.g. She (subject) is a doctor(subject complement).

Object complements

A word or phrase that completes the meaning of the direct object in a sentence. It follows and modifies the direct object.

e.g. I find the movie(object) interesting(object complement).

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INDIRECT OBJECT ( A recipient that receives the thing )

= A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb

= Answer the question "for what/whom", "of what/whom", "to what/whom"

DIRECT OBJECT ( The thing that is received )

= A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb

= Answer the question "what" or "whom"

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1. They sent us a letter.

They (S) + sent (V) + us (IO) + a letter (DO)

2. He bought his sister a gift.

3. I cooked my family a delicious dinner.

4. My mother made us a sandwich.

5. They manager offers the workers a bonus.

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1. She considers him a friend.

She + considers + him + a friend

(S) (V) (O) (C)

2. They appointed her the team captain.

3. The audience elected him the winner.

4. They painted the room blue.

5. I found the movie fascinating.

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EXAMPLE

1. Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.

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DEFINITION

A dependent clause (or subordinate clause)

= can't stand alone as a complete sentence

= doesn't express a complete thought

= relies on being used with another clause

Has a SUBJECT + VERB

EXAMPLE

1. When the aeroplane lands we will get off it.

2. I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.

3. Because I cannot go to the concert, you can have my ticket.

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WHAT IT IS ?

Involves paraphrasing or reporting what someone else has said without quoting to exact words.

Involves a change in pronouns, tenses, & sometimes other elements

EXAMPLE :

He said he was late. I convinced myself to stop crying.

TYPICALLY INTRODUCED BY THE VERBS:

say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc (in the past tense)

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1. She wrote a letter quickly.

(S) (V) (DO) (A)

2. The played the game enthusiastically.

3. He built a sandcastle on the beach.

4. We completed the project in time.

5. Aina Abdul sang the song beautifully.

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Watch this video to know moreeee ! ;)

1. Present - Past

"I never understand you," she told me. (Direct Speech)

✓ She told me she never understood me.

2. Present perfect - Past perfect

"I have broken the window," he admitted.

✓ He admitted that he had broken the window.

3. Past - Past perfect

" She went to Rome, " (I thought)

√ I thought that she had gone to Rome.

4. Past perfect - Past perfect ( DOESN'T CHANGE)

"I'd never been there before." (She said)

✓ She said that she had never been here before.

5. Will - Conditional

"I will come on Sunday," he reminded me.

✓ He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

USUALLY :

shall --- would

should --- would

may --- might

6. TENSE/VERB (DOESN'T CHANGE)

1) Reporting verb is in the present tense.

E.g. Bill : "I am enjoying my holiday."

✓ Bill says he is enjoying his holiday.

2) When report something true (fact)

E.g. Emma : "Asia is the largest continent."

✓ Emma said Asia is the largest continent.

3) When the speech and the repoerted at the same time & fact is still true

E.g. Michael : "I am thirsty."

✓ Michael said he is thirsty.

4) With modal verbs would, might, could, should, ought to, used to

E.g. George : "I would try it."

✓ George said he would try it.

5) After wish, would rather, had better, it is time.

E.g. Nadia : "I would rather fly."

✓ Nadia said he would rather fly.

6) In if-clauses

E.g. Maria : "If I became a teacher, my parents would be proud."

✓ Maria said that if she became a teacher, her parents would be proud.

7) In time-clauses

E.g. Julia : "When I was staying in Kota Bharu I met my best friend."

✓ She said that when she was staying in Kota Bharu she met her best friend.

8) The past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation when the action happened

E.g. "She did it on Sunday," I said.

✓ I said she did it on Sunday.

7. Change

Must that become had to or wouldn't have to (if want to express an obligation)

"I must wash up."

✓ He said he must wash up/ He had to wash up.

If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we don't change it

"We must relax for a while." (suggestion)

✓ He said they must relax for while.

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Reported speech | How to change direct speech into Indirect speech | Narration | Eng Teach

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Have to change the pronouns to keep the same meaning of a sentence

E.g.

"We are the best students," he said.

✓ He said they were the best students.

Sometimes use a noun instead of a pronoun, otherwise the new sentence is confusing

E.g.

"He killed them," Kevin said.

✓ Kevin said that the man had killed them.

This & These

E.g.

"They will finish it this year," he said.

✓ He said they would finish it that year.

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Let's suppose that we talked to our friend Mary on Friday.

And she said: "Greg came yesterday."

It means that Greg came on Thursday.

If we report Mary's sentence on Sunday, we have to do the following:

Mary : "Greg came yesterday."

✓ Mary said that Greg had come the day before.

× Mary said Greg had come yesterday.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Today - that day

Tomorrow - the next day/the following day

The day after tomorrow - in two day's time

Yesterday - the day before

The day before yesterday - two days before

Next week/month - the following week/month

Last week/month - the previous week/month

A year ago - a year before/the previous year

# If something is made and reported at the same time, expressions can remain the same.

E.g.

"I will go on holiday tomorrow," he told me today.

✓ He told me today he would go on holiday tomorrow.

# If something is reported later, the time expressions are different in the reported speech

E.g.

Last week Jim said: "I'm playing next week"

✓ Jim said he was playing this week.

# Here - there

At school: "I'll be here at 10 o'clock," he said.

✓ He said he would be there at 10 o'clock.

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Becomes statements

The reporting verb say ---- ask,want to know, wonder ...

"Where have you been?" he said.

✓ He asked me where have I had been.

Subject comes before the verb

In yes/no questions we use if or whether in questions.

If is more common & whether is more important formal

"Will you come?" she asked me.

✓ She asked me if/whether I would come.

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Mostly have the same form in English : verb + object + infinitive ( advise, ask, beg, forbid, order, persuade, recommend, tell, urge, warn etc ).

The person addressed must be mentioned in the indirect speech.

"Get up!" he said.

✓ He told me to get up.

Negative commands, requests and advice are made by verb + object + not + infinitive.

"Don't hesitate," he said.

✓ He persuaded me not to hesitate.

Tell can introduce statements, commands, requests or advice

"I'm leaving," he told me.

✓ He told me that he was leaving.

Commands, request or advice with tell

" Leave the room," he told John.

✓ He told John to leave the room.

Similarly ask is used in reported questions, commands, requests or advices

1. "Will you make coffee?" he said.

✓ He asked me if I would make coffee.

2. "Make coffee, please," he said.

✓ He asked me to make coffee.

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1. NOUN-FINITE CLAUSE

a) INFINITIVE CLAUSES

b) PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES

- ing

-en

2. FINITE CLAUSES

a) Main / Independent Clauses

b) Subordinate / Dependent Clauses

3. NOUN CLAUSES

4. ADVERB CLAUSES

5. RELATIVE CLAUSES

a) Defining / Restrictive Clauses

b) Non-defining / Non- restrictive clauses

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NOUN CLAUSE

A type of dependent clause functioning as a noun in a sentence.

Begins with a relative adverb or relative pronoun:

What Jamil wrote was very interesting.

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= A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

= It begins with a subordinating conjunction

= It tells how, when, where, why or to what extend.

EXAMPLE :

1. If Sam calls, please tell him that I will be late.

2. We played in the garden until the sun set.

3. Though she was busy, Alice helped the young boy.

4. John went home after he finished his lunch.

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= A kind of dependent clause that helps modify a noun or pronoun in your main clause.

= It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun.

EXAMPLE:

"The book that I'm reading is really good."

In this sentence, "that I'm reading" is a relative clause that modifies the noun "book". It tells us which book we're talking about.

RELATIVE CLAUSE WORD ORDER

Simple sentence : The man is a teacher.

Relative clause : The man who lives in that house is a teacher.

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Basically, these are 3 important things in writing your essays. Digest all of the notes. Thanks me later !