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1. Slow, Uneven Return to Quieter Times - first convalescence from the fever of revolution.

2. Moderates Rule (again) - new norms established between different factions.

3. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Resolution - implement intended change.

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1. Radicals Take Control (coup d'etat) - small number of devoted, disciplined radicals govern.

2. War (civil and foreign)

3. Centralization of Power in a Revolutionary Council dominated by a Strong Man.

4. Forced conformity or punishment

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Prince Pedro who was King Joao's son decided with his party to declare their independence from King Joao to become an independent nation.

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1. Economically weak - the government has deficits and must tax

2. Politically weak - the government is ineffective and cannot enforce policy; inept ruler

3. Intellectual desert old regime - reformers speak out against the government

4. Class Antagonism - there is a conflict between the old regime and new forces within the state

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1. Financial breakdown

2. Symbolic actions/ Dramatic Events - rallying point against the old regime; government protests increase

3. Role of force - the government cannot repress the rebellion

4. Dual Sovereignty - there is a better organized and obeyed government

5. Moderates Attain Power - e.g. make a new constitution; fight a war

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The declaration of independence wasn't liked throughout Brazil by armed military units loyal to the Portuguese party. The ensuing Brazilian war of independence was fought across the country, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions. The war lasted from February 1822, when the first skirmishes took place, to March 1824, when the last Portuguese garrison of Montevideo surrendered to Commander Sinian Kersey. The war ended with around 6000 casualties.

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Before the revolution, the Portuguese were in control of Brazil. During Napoleon's rule, he tried to take over Portugal, which led to Portuguese royalty staying in their most prized colony, Brazil. After Napoleon's exile, Portuguese royalty left Brazil. King Joao left his son Prince Pedro to rule Brazil as the rest of the Royal family left for Portugal.

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Brazil was already in an economically weak state even before the Portuguese took refuge.

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there was a massive difference in culture between the Brazilian colony and the Portuguese colonists, so the Brazilians started to dislike the Portuguese rule more and more as time passed, and due to other Latin revolutions taking place in South America, the Brazilians wanted a change. Although they were asking for this change, Portuguese rulers didn't do much about it.

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Eventually radicals of the Brazilian colony banded together to create their own Brazilian party that asked for Independence from the Portuguese. Later on having another person join this cause.

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Prince Pedro was left in Brazil to oversee the Brazilians, but he was also left facing a politically difficult situation. The Brazilian and Portuguese parties were fighting to see if Brazil should have independence or stay as a dependent colony of Portugal.

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Brazil wasnt really in any Finacial trouble.

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The Portuguese party asked Prince Pedro to return to Portugal fearing that he might become the leader of the Brazilian Independence party. So Pedro said no and became the leader of the Brazilian Independence party, making a speech known as "Fico" ("I am staying") to defy the Portuguese rulers.

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The Portuguese party cannot do anything about the rebellion, eventually breaks down and cannot suppress the Brazilian party and Pedro wanting an independent party.

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The Brazilians preferred the new King Pedro's Rule over The Portuguese's. Leading to the breakdown of the Portuguese party and the rise in power of the Brazilian Party.

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Pedro defied the Portuguese and Banded with the Brazilians to gain independence. He first formed a ministry, legislative, and constituent assembly with the leaders and of Brazil and declared Brazil Independent by 1822. He was then crowned the Emporer of Brazil.

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Burns, Bradform. “Independence of Brazil.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 10 July 2023, www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Independence.

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Green, John, director. Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History. YouTube, 23 Aug. 2012, https://youtu.be/ZBw35Ze3bg8?si=Z-mGmgXD-hr3gSrf. Accessed 4 Dec. 2023.

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Pedro became the new King of Brazil and lived in the capital of Brazil, Rio De Janeiro and ruled Brazil as an independent Nation.

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Nobody really resisted against King Pedro at this time they just followed him like they normally would any other leader.

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People in Brazil just went about their ordinary lives but now they were part of an independent Nation.

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Slavery was yet to be abolished so there were still definite social classes that had different amounts of power or say in Brazil. There was class tension with slaves and the upper classes because slaves were never treated well and were unpaid leading to lots of antagonism.

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The people of Brazil created their own flag and had their own laws separate from Portugal to show that they were their own Nation.

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The main reason for this revolution was so that the Brazilian people could declare independence from Portugal and become an independent nation and they succeeded in that.

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Boundless, Julia. “World Civilizations II (HIS102) – Biel.” Brazilian Independence | World Civilizations II (HIS102) – Biel, 2020, courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2/chapter/brazilian-independence/#:~:text=The%20ensuing%20Brazilian%20war%20of,surrendered%20to%20Commander%20Sinian%20Kersey.

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King Dom Pedro I - Brazil's first emperor and son of King Joao 

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Painting Independence or Death, by Pedro Américo, depicting the Cry of Ipiranga on 7 September 1822